Transmission Characteristic Simulation of High Frequency Acousto-Optic Modulators

The way by which one can make sure the operating mode of the modulation is by observing the Comsol results of the designed model of proposed acousto-optic modulator (AOM). These results include the pressure distribution, sound pressure distribution, stress distribution at piezoelectric, far-field analysis that describes the diffracted light orders, and electric potential versus light frequency. Throughout the simulating process of modulator operating using Comsol, it begins when the RF is power by a voltage of 100 V, the light is then split into first ordered diffraction, which implies that the modulator is in the operating mode. The use of semiconductor materials is due to its smaller gap that easily transfers the energy that leads to generating first order diffraction when they provided a voltage power. It mentioned that zero order diffraction indicates the modulator does not run;other orders are appearing with increasing the frequency of light leading to decrease of the efficiency of the modulator performance.

High Frequency Transformers for DC/DC Converter Used in Solar PV System

This paper presents and investigates planar and coaxial high frequency power transformers used for DC/DC converters in a three phase photo voltaic （PV） power systems. The winding structure including a Faraday shield between the primary and secondary windings is designed to minimize eddy current losses, skin and proximity effects, and to reduce the leakage inductance, and the inter winding coupling capacitance. Finite Element Method is employed to analyze the magnetic flux and eddy current distributions. The two different kinds of prototype high frequency transformers are designed and tested. The simulation and experiment results are demonstrated and compared with non-shielded transformers. The shielded transformers have achieved the expected results with a relatively small coupling capacitance, compared with the conventional high frequency transformer. This shield decreases the inter-winding coupling capacitance Cps. The topology of this shield has to be such that it acts as a Faraday screen while avoiding eddy current generation.

Conditions of the Classical Transmission Line Equations at High Frequency

New transmission line equations are deduced applying Maxwell's equations in this paper. The conditions of the classical transmission line equations have been discussed, which is important to solve the EM problems in high frequency case.

A Data Transmission Method Using a Cyclic Redundancy Check and Inaudible Frequencies

This paper describes a data transmission method using a cyclic redundancy check and inaudible frequencies.The proposed method uses inaudible high frequencies from 18 k Hz to 22 k Hz generated via the inner speaker of smart devices.Using the proposed method,the performance is evaluated by conducting data transmission tests between a smart book and smart phone.The test results confirm that the proposed method can send 32 bits of data in an average of 235 ms,the transmission success rate reaches 99.47%,and the error detection rate of the cyclic redundancy check is0.53%.

An Approach towards Pulse Data Transmission Using Modified Negative Luo Converter (MNLC) for Telecoms

Telecom sectors generally operate at negative voltages to reduce the effect of corrosion caused in the metallic wire due to electrochemical reaction while communicating signals. To feed those lines and to have an effective digital data transmission, a power electronic converter referred as Modified Negative Luo Converter (MNLC) is proposed in this paper. MNLC is a high gain converter in which the output voltage increases in geometric progression. This paper portrays a novel concept of a 50 Hz pulse data transmission through RLCG (Resistance-inductance-capacitance with a shunt conductance) transmission line using MNLC. Signal frequency of 50 Hz to be transmitted is anded with a high frequency pulse that charges and discharges MNLC and produces the boosted negative output voltage. The boosted output is again transmitted through the RLCG transmission line from which 50 Hz data pulse is retrieved at the output of the transmission line by comparing with a comparator signal. This sort of MNLC aided data transmission not only introduces less loss in its transmitted data but also overcomes various health hazards of conventional radio frequency (RF) communication. This technique also proves that any data bit stream can be transmitted and retrieved using the proposed high gain DC-DC converter. The simulation model of the proposed system is implemented in MATLAB for various switching frequencies with its prototype of the converter developed and the results are verified.

High Frequency Resonance in DFIG-Based Wind Farm with Variable Power Capacity

As wind power penetration has been gaining in the power grid for decades,a large number of the doubly fed induction generator(DFIG)based wind farms are being established around the globe.The power capacities of these wind farms may vary around hundreds of MW,and most of the wind farms are connected to long transmission cables whose impedances can not be ignored and require careful attention.Several works have investigated the impedance interaction between the DFIG based wind farm and long transmission cables which may unfortunately cause high frequency resonance(HFR).The main contribution of this paper is to investigate the influence of the variable wind farm capacity on the behavior of the HFR when certain transmission cables are provided.It is found out that the potential HFR may happen in certain wind farms,and the larger wind farm capacity causes more severe HFR due to the relatively weaker grid transmission capability.Simulation results based on Matlab/Simulink are given to validate the analysis of HFR.

A New High Rate Differential Space-Time-Frequency Modulation for MIMO-OFDM

In this paper, we propose a new differential space-time-frequency （DSTF） modulation for MIMOOFDM system with four transmit-antennas and arbitrary receive-antennas, which can improve the transmission rate since it can adopt high order quadrature amplitude modulation （QAM） modulation. Our proposed DSTF scheme embeds some full diversity full rate （FDFR） quasi-orthogonal space-time codes （QOSTBC） with QAM modulation into the frequency intervals and adopts the differential modulation in both time and frequency domains. The simulation results demonstrate that the proposed DSTF scheme can improve transmission rate greatly. Compared with the conventional differential unitary space-time modulation （DUSTM）, it can get better transmission performance in high transmission rate for MIMO-OFDM system.

Highly efficient optics/microwave beam splitter based on frequency selective surface

The development of hybrid optics/microwave communication systems puts forward a new requirement for beam splitters to efficiently transmit microwave signals and simultaneously reflect optical signals. Owing to mechanical constraints, the physical thickness of beam splitters is of the order of tens of millimeters. The corresponding electrical thickness has the same order of magnitude as microwave wavelengths, and the resulting multi-beam interference effect significantly reduces the microwave transmittance, impacting the beam splitting quality.This study presents a new optics/microwave beam splitter based on the ability of the frequency selective surface(FSS) to shape the resonant curve. A beam splitter sample,whose physical thickness and substrate material are 20 mm and quartz glass, respectively, is designed, simulated, fabricated, and characterized to validate the feasibility of this strategy. The measured results show that the minimum microwave transmittance between 35 and 36.5 GHz with an incidence angle of 45° under TE polarization is 86.43%, and the mean value of the reflectance spectra from 450 to 900 nm and that from 7.7 to 10.5 μm both exceed 96%. This FSS-based optics/microwave beam splitter is expected to play a key role in hybrid optics/microwave communication systems.

柔直换流阀用相变冷却工质击穿特性研究

相变冷却技术冷却效率高、安全可靠,有望攻克柔直换流阀散热瓶颈,实现其高压、大容量发展,在换流阀冷却领域具有良好的应用前景。为实现相变冷却换流阀绝缘系统可靠设计,该文设计研制了三相态相变冷却工质可调频绝缘特性测试专用平台,并以换流阀用相变冷却工质为研究对象,依据换流阀典型运行工况,利用专用测试平台开展了相变冷却工质三相态、50~300 Hz频率范围的绝缘击穿特性研究。得到了相变冷却工质击穿特性随工质相态及电压频率的变化规律,分析了相变冷却工质不同相态的击穿机理,揭示了工质相态和电压频率变化对冷却工质击穿特性的影响机制。研究工作不仅解决了高频下相变冷却工质的三相态耐压测试方法问题,且所得研究成果为相变冷却柔直换流阀的绝缘设计奠定了基础,同时可指导相变冷却技术在其他电力电子器件及装备上的应用。

一种适用于混合双极直流输电的纵联方向保护方法

直流输电线路通常是以大电感和直流滤波器作为边界,故障行波在边界发生折射和反射时,其行波能量也会因为电感和滤波器的存在而被吸收,导致区内、外高频行波能量产生差异.当故障发生为正方向故障时,其高频前行波能量小于高频反行波能量;当故障发生为反方向故障时,其高频前行波能量大于高频反行波能量.由此特征提出了一种基于前、反行波高频能量差异的纵联方向保护,该保护采用小波包变换提取行波的高频能量,利用前行波与反行波在区内故障和区外故障时的高频能量差异判别故障.仿真结果表明,该保护能快速准确地识别故障,并且不受故障类型、过渡电阻以及故障发生位置距离和噪声的影响,具有一定的实用性.

基于ARM架构柔性直流控制保护系统的低链路延时优化设计

基于进阶精简指令集机器(ARM)架构多核处理器芯片设计了柔性直流控制保护系统新一代平台,提出适用于柔性直流输电的4层控制系统通用架构,给出新平台控制保护主机配置方案及功能配置原则。建立换流器高频阻抗简化模型,推导得到负阻尼频率与控制链路延时的数学关系。分析柔性直流控制系统的链路延时构成,提出一种链路复用的在线延时测试方法;基于多核架构与高速接口,研究控制系统的低延时优化方案。最后,在基于实际工程参数的实时仿真系统中,对ARM架构新平台开展了功能和性能测试,并验证了低延时优化方案的有效性。

MMC型柔性直流输电系统的中高频振荡无源阻尼抑制策略

较长的控制链路延时会导致基于模块化多电平换流器(modular multilevel converter,MMC)的柔性直流输电系统阻抗在高频段出现负阻尼区间,易与交流系统分布电容相互作用引发高频振荡。现有有源阻尼抑制策略虽可有效抑制高频振荡,但会恶化中频段阻抗特性,增加中频振荡发生的风险。为有效抑制中高频振荡,提出在MMC交流侧母线处并联无源阻抗重塑装置的无源阻尼抑制策略。首先,推导出MMC简化模型并验证其准确性。其次,根据奈奎斯特稳定判据与最小功率损耗约束设计阻抗重塑装置参数,实现MMC系统阻抗重塑。最后,应用阻抗法对比分析重塑前后MMC系统阻抗特性,分析阻抗重塑装置对MMC系统阻抗的修正效果。在PSCAD/EMTDC中搭建含无源阻抗重塑装置的MMC电磁暂态仿真模型。仿真结果表明,该抑制策略在中高频段均可有效抑制MMC系统的振荡现象,对系统稳态特性影响小,且基频功率损耗低。

柔性直流输电系统的高频谐波保护方法与工程实践

柔性直流输电系统受电力电子设备本身特性以及控制系统影响,在多种运行工况下易出现不同频率的振荡问题。作为实现设备安全和电网稳定运行的决定因素,保护系统应实现对系统谐波的准确监测以及可靠动作。根据高频振荡时的电流能量累积作用,给出了基于反时限动作的电流类谐波保护算法。基于高频谐波电压特性,分别给出了过零点监测保护算法、谐波畸变率保护算法以及宽谐波保护算法,各保护算法相互配合,实现对不同电压振荡类型的全面保护。最后,给出了国内柔性直流工程实践中配置的高频谐波保护,结合保护原理对系统发生高频振荡后的动作特性进行分析,验证了高频谐波保护的有效性和准确性。

基于PMU的特高压直流输电系统孤岛运行控制方法

受特高压(Ultra-High Voltage,UHV)直流输电系统自身运行特点的影响,孤岛运行阶段的环流难以实现快速维稳,提出基于电源管理单元(Power Management Unit,PMU)的特高压直流输电系统孤岛运行控制方法。考虑输出电压的角度会受电压源换流器(Voltage Sourced Converters,VSC)的影响发生瞬时改变,提出有功-相角下垂控制方法,逆变器通过微型PMU的同步信号,确定派克变换的参考坐标系,将特高压直流输电系统孤岛运行阶段的目标维持频率作为控制基准。以调整特高压直流输电系统中所有分布式发电装置(Distributed Generation,DG)的相角参考值处于一致状态为导向,结合微型PMU测得的公共母线电压相角参数,控制有功补偿量。在测试结果中,环流达到0值后出现的偏离情况程度稳定在10.0 VA以内,并在测试后的0.8 s内达到0稳态。

基于混频电源运行的模块化多电平矩阵式换流器阀段试验系统

模块化多电平矩阵式换流器(M^(3)C)是目前柔性低频输电系统完成频率变换的主要电力电子设备。M^(3)C包含9个桥臂,应用在高压大功率场合的串联模块数目众多,对其设备子模块的生产提出了特殊试验需求。在M^(3)C桥臂稳态电压和电流分析基础上,设计了一种应用于数个串联桥臂子模块(阀段)的对拖运行试验系统,可对其进行等效功率运行测试,以辅助M^(3)C设备的生产和出厂测试。提出了对拖试验系统的控制策略,搭建了由两组4个串联子模块构成的阀段对拖试验系统,进行了相关试验验证。试验结果表明,所提出的试验系统能够满足M^(3)C桥臂串联子模块的等效功率运行试验,并且对电源功率消耗要求不高。

基于T区中低频衰减特性构成方向元件的特高压三端混合直流输电线路单端方向保护研究

将保护装置安装在T区两侧,基于T区中低频衰减特性构成方向元件,提出一种特高压三端混合直流输电线路单端方向保护方法。分析特高压三端混合直流输电系统整流侧、T区以及线路末端逆变侧三端边界频率特性,发现T区边界对故障电流暂态信号中低频分量有一定的衰减作用、整流侧边界和线路末端逆变侧边界对故障电流暂态信号高频分量有明显衰减作用。利用小波分解,根据T区两侧线路暂态电流中低频能量差判断故障方向,并提出故障方向判据。当T区左侧发生故障时,利用线路L1末端所检测到的高频暂态电流能量与低频暂态电流能量的比值来判别整流侧区内、外故障;当T区右侧发生故障时,利用线路L2首端所检测到的高频暂态电流能量与低频暂态电流能量的比值来判别线路末端逆变侧区内、外故障;T区发生故障时,判定为线路区外故障。给出基于T区中低频衰减特性构成方向元件的特高压三端混合直流输电线路单端方向保护方案,最后在PSCAD/EMTDC仿真平台搭建昆柳龙特高压三端混合直流输电系统模型并对所提保护方法进行验证,仿真表明该文所提保护方法能实现特高压三端混合直流输电线路全线速动保护。

基于复频率信号注入的直流接地极线路故障测距方法

在直流输电系统接地极线路配备阻抗监视系统的背景下,可利用高频测量阻抗特性实现故障距离的精确计算。然而,分析发现直流系统接地极线路在不同故障条件下可能产生相同的高频测量阻抗,这意味着测量阻抗与故障距离间不是一一映射关系,由单一测量阻抗难以得到准确的故障距离。文中分析了高频测量阻抗的重合特性随注入信号变化的特征,提出了基于复频率信号注入的故障测距方法,并给出了复频率的选定策略。该方法改进了基于高频测量阻抗幅相特性的接地极线路故障测距方法,实现了故障位置的准确计算。最后,通过仿真算例充分验证了所提测距方法的可行性和精确性。

南黄海强屏蔽层下富低频强能量气枪震源设计及应用

南黄海盆地新近系和中—古生界地层之间存在一个强屏蔽层,阻碍地震波能量向下传播,导致深部地层地震反射波能量低、波组特征差,严重制约了中—古生界油气勘探的突破。为了进一步改善南黄海强屏蔽下中—古生界地层的成像质量,从震源激发端进行大量的模拟分析研究,提出了富低频、强能量震源设计方法,优化设计了6 050 in~3富低频、强能量震源。在崂山隆起西部极浅水区开展了拖缆地震采集,新采集的资料在强屏蔽层下深层的信噪比更高,同相轴更连续,构造特征更清晰,强屏蔽层下的地震资料品质改善明显。

基于频率控制的封闭腔体微波无线输能技术

随着航空航天技术的快速发展,封闭腔体内的无线能量传输(Wireless Power Transmission,WPT)技术开始受到广泛关注.基于频率控制的WPT技术,可实现对电大封闭腔体(103×λ3)内的多方位传感器进行可控和高效的无线充电.电大腔体内的电场分布对频率的变化敏感,利用频率变化实现对封闭腔体场分布控制.实验结果表明,在S波段的1 m3腔体最高WPT传输效率为96.6%.设计的宽带整流电路实测整流效率最高为80%,整流效率高于50%的带宽为1.65 GHz.在2.401~2.495 GHz频段实现控制双接收机的不同工作状态,展现其在航空航天器等封闭空间中为传感器无线供电的应用前景.

海上风电经柔性直流送出系统高频振荡分析及抑制策略

近年来,柔性直流输电已经是风电深远海开发的有效方案,随着大量用于远海风电并网的柔性直流输电系统不断投运,高频振荡现象在实际工程中频繁出现。然而,现有研究大多聚焦于新能源交流并网系统或异步分区电网交互所产生的高频振荡现象,针对海上风电经柔性直流送出系统的高频振荡研究尚不充分。并且现有模块化多电平换流器(MMC)高频段阻抗模型通常忽略换流器中、低频段特性,使得投入高频振荡抑制策略对中、低频阻抗特性的影响无法被准确揭示。为此,本文首先考虑系统链路延时的影响,基于谐波状态空间建立MMC全频段阻抗模型。在此基础上,分析海上风电经柔性直流送出系统高频振荡机理,并设计控制参数优化策略。最后,基于Matlab/Simulink搭建海上风电经柔性直流送出系统电磁暂态仿真模型,并验证本文所建阻抗模型的精确性以及高频振荡抑制策略的有效性。