Suppressing high mobility group box-1 release alleviates morphine tolerance via the adenosine5'-monophosphate-activated protein kinase/heme oxygenase-1 pathway

Opioids,such as morphine,are the most potent drugs used to treat pain.Long-term use results in high tolerance to morphine.High mobility group box-1(HMGB1) has been shown to participate in neuropathic or inflammatory pain,but its role in morphine tolerance is unclear.In this study,we established rat and mouse models of morphine tolerance by intrathecal injection of morphine for 7 consecutive days.We found that morphine induced rat spinal cord neurons to release a large amount of HMGB1.HMGB1 regulated nuclear factor κB p65 phosphorylation and interleukin-1β production by increasing Toll-like receptor 4receptor expression in microglia,thereby inducing morphine tolerance.Glycyrrhizin,an HMGB1 inhibito r,markedly attenuated chronic morphine tole rance in the mouse model.Finally,compound C(adenosine 5’-monophosphate-activated protein kinase inhibitor) and zinc protoporphyrin(heme oxygenase-1 inhibitor)alleviated the morphine-induced release of HMGB1 and reduced nuclear factor κB p65 phosphorylation and interleukin-1β production in a mouse model of morphine tolerance and an SH-SY5Y cell model of morphine tole rance,and alleviated morphine tolerance in the mouse model.These findings suggest that morphine induces HMGB1 release via the adenosine 5’-monophosphate-activated protein kinase/heme oxygenase-1 signaling pathway,and that inhibiting this signaling pathway can effectively reduce morphine tole rance.

High mobility group box 1 protein (HMGB1) as an immune-modulating factor for polarization of human T lymphocytes

Objective This study was performed to investigate the effect of high mobility group box-1 protein (HMGB1) on immune function of human T lymphocytes in vitro and explore its potential role in cell-mediated immune dysfunction. Methods Fresh blood was obtained from healthy adult volunteers and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were isolated, then rhHMGB1 was added to PBMCs. Four-color flow cytometric (FCM) analysis was used for the measurement of intracellular cytokine including interleukin IL-4 and interferon IFN- ? ELISA kits were employed for the determination of IL-2 and sIL-2R protein levels in cell culture supernatants. Results (1) Different stimulating time and dosage of rhHMGB1 did not alter the number of IFN- αpositive cells (Th1). rhHMGB1 stimulation provoked a dose-dependent and time-dependent increase in Th2 subset and decrease in ratio of Th1 to Th2. (2) Compared with the untreated cells, when the cells were coincubated with rhHMGB1 (10-100ng/ml) for 12 hrs, protein release of IL-2 and sIL-2R were significantly up-regulated. At 48 hrs, in contrast, protein production was relatively lower in cells after exposure to 100-1000 ng/ ml rhHMGB1. Conclusions These findings demonstrated that HMGB1 has a dual influence on immune functions of human T lymphocytes.

Relationship of plasma homocysteine, soluble intercellular adhesion molecule-1, high mobility group box 1 protein with carotid intima-media thickness in elderly patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus

Objective:To explore the relationship of plasma homocysteine(Hcy),soluble intercellular adhesion molecule-1(sICAM-1)and high mobility group box 1 protein(HMGB1)with carotid intima-media thickness(c-IMT)in elderly patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus.Methods:A total of 100 elderly patients who were diagnosed as type 2 diabetes mellitus in Baogang Hospital of Inner Mongolia from June 2017 to May 2020 were chosen as research objects.According to c-IMT,they were divided into the normal group(n=35),the mild to moderate group(n=41)and the severe group(n=24).The expression levels of plasma Hcy,sICAM-1 and HMGB1 were compared between groups respectively.Pearson’s correlation coefficient was used to analyze the relationship of plasma Hcy,sICAM-1,HMGB1 with c-IMT.Results:The comparison in plasma Hcy,sICAM-1,HMGB1 and c-IMT among the three groups of patients was of statistical significance(p<.05).The results of correlation analysis showed that the expression levels of plasma Hcy,sICAM-1 and HMGB1 were positively correlated with c-IMT in elderly patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus(r=.627,.598,.614;p<.05).Conclusions:The expression levels of plasma Hcy,sICAM-1 and HMGB1 are abnormally increased in elderly patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus,and related to c-IMT,which can provide a strong evidence for clinical diagnosis and treatment by detecting their levels in clinical practice.

High-mobility group box 1 protein and its role in severe acute pancreatitis

The high mobility group box 1(HMGB1),which belongs to the subfamily of HMG-1/-2,is a highly conserved single peptide chain consisting of 215 amino acid residues with a molecular weight of approximately 24894 Da.HMGB1 is a ubiquitous nuclear protein in mammals and plays a vital role in inflammatory diseases.Acute pancreatitis is one of the most common causes of acute abdominal pain with a poor prognosis.Acute pancreatitis is an acute inflammatory process of the pancreas(duration of less than six months),for which the severe form is called severe acute pancreatitis(SAP).More and more studies have shown that HMGB1 has a bidirectional effect in the pathogenesis of SAP.Extracellular HMGB1 can aggravate the pancreatic inflammatory process,whereas intracellular HMGB1 has a protective effect against pancreatitis.The mechanism of HMGB1 is multiple,mainly through the nuclear factor-κB pathway.Receptors for advanced glycation endproducts and toll-like receptors(TLR),especially TLR-2 and TLR-4,are two major types of receptors mediating the inflammatory process triggered by HMGB1 and may be also the main mediators in the pathogenesis of SAP.HMGB1 inhibitors,such as ethyl pyruvate,pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate and Scolopendra subspinipes mutilans,can decrease the level of extracellular HMGB1 and are the promising targets in the treatment of SAP.

High mobility group box-1 protein inhibits regulatory T cell immune activity in liver failure in patients with chronic hepatitis B

BACKGROUND: Liver failure in chronic hepatitis B (CHB) patients is a severe, life-threatening condition. Intestinal endotoxemia plays a significant role in the progress to liver failure. High mobility group box-1 (HMGB1) protein is involved in the process of endotoxemia. Regulatory T (Treg) cells maintain immune tolerance and contribute to the immunological hyporesponsiveness against HBV infection. However, the roles of HMGB1 and Treg cells in the pathogenesis of liver failure in CHB patients, and whether HMGB1 affects the immune activity of Treg cells are poorly known at present, and so were explored in this study. METHODS: The levels of HMGB1 expression were detected by ELISA, real-time RT-PCR, and Western blotting, and the percentage of CD4(+)CD25(+)CD127(low) Treg cells among CD4(+) cells was detected by flow cytometry in liver failure patients with chronic HBV infection, CHB patients, and healthy controls. Then, CD4(+)CD25(+)CD127(low) Treg cells isolated from the peripheral blood mononuclear cells from CHB patients were stimulated with HMGB1 at different concentrations or at various intervals. The effect of HMGB1 on the immune activity of Treg cells was assessed by a suppression assay of the allogeneic mixed lymphocyte response. The levels of forkhead box P3 (Foxp3) expression in Treg cells treated with HMGB1 were detected by RT-PCR and Western blotting. RESULTS: A higher level of HMGB1 expression and a lower percentage of Treg cells within the population of CIA(+) cells were found in liver failure patients than in CHB patients (82.6+/-20.1 mu g/L vs. 34.2+/-13.7 mu g/L; 4.55+/-1.34% vs. 9.52+/-3.89%, respectively). The immune activity of Treg cells was significantly weakened and the levels of Foxp3 expression were reduced in a dose- or time-dependent manner when Treg cells were stimulated with HMGB1 in vitro. CONCLUSIONS: The high level of HMGB1 and the low percentage of Treg cells play an important role in the pathogenesis of liver failure in patients with chronic HBV infection. Moreover, HMGB1 can weaken the immune activity of Treg cells. It is suggested that effectively inhibiting HMGB1 expression could be a feasible way to treat liver failure by suppressing endotoxemia and enhancing Treg cell activity.

Novel insights for high mobility group box 1 proteinmediated cellular immune response in sepsis:A systemic review

BACKGROUND:High mobility group box 1 protein(HMGB1) is a highly conserved,ubiquitous protein in the nuclei and cytoplasm of nearly all cell types.HMGB1 is secreted into the extracellular milieu and acts as a proinflammatory cytokine.In this article we reviewed briefly the cellular immune response mediated by HMGB1 in inflammation and sepsis.METHODS:This systemic review is mainly based on our own work and other related reports.RESULTS:HMGB1 can actively affect the immune functions of many types of cells including T lymphocytes,regulatory T cells(Tregs),dendritic cells(DCs),macrophages,and natural killer cells(NK cells).Various cellular responses can be mediated by HMGB1 which binds to cell-surface receptors[e.g.,the receptor for advanced glycation end products(RAGE),Toll-like receptor(TLR)2,and TLR4].Anti-HMGB1 treatment,such as anti-HMGB1 polyclonal or monoclonal antibodies,inhibitors(e.g.,ethyl pyruvate) and antagonists(e.g.,A box),can protect against sepsis lethality and give a wider window for the treatment opportunity.CONCLUSION:HMGB1 is an attractive target for the development of new therapeutic strategies in the treatment of patients with septic complications.

High mobility group protein 1: A collaborator in nucleosome dynamics and estrogen-responsive gene expression

High mobility group protein 1(HMGB1) is a multifunctional protein that interacts with DNA and chromatin to influence the regulation of transcription, DNA replication and repair and recombination. We show that HMGB1 alters the structure and stability of the canonical nucleosome(N) in a nonenzymatic,adenosine triphosphate-independent manner. As a result, the canonical nucleosome is converted to two stable, physically distinct nucleosome conformers. Although estrogen receptor(ER) does not bind to its consensus estrogen response element within a nucleosome, HMGB1 restructures the nucleosome to facilitate strong ER binding. The isolated HMGB1-restructured nucleosomes(N' and N'') remain stable and exhibit a number of characteristics that are distinctly different from the canonical nucleosome. These findings complement previous studies that showed(1) HMGB1 stimulates in vivo transcriptional activation at estrogen response elements and(2) knock down of HMGB1 expression by siR NA precipitously reduced transcriptional activation. The findings indicate that a major facet of the mechanism of HMGB1 action involves a restructuring of aspects of the nucleosome that appear to relax structural constraints within the nucleosome. The findings are extended to reveal the differences between ER and the other steroid hormone receptors. A working proposal outlines mechanisms that highlight the multiple facets that HMGB1 may utilize in restructuring the nucleosome.

Scolopendra subspinipes mutilans protected the ceruleininduced acute pancreatitis by inhibiting high-mobility group box protein-1

AIM:To evaluate the inhibitory effects of Scolopendra subspinipes mutilans(SSM) on cerulein-induced acute pancreatitis(AP) in a mouse model.METHODS:SSM water extract(0.1,0.5,or 1 g/kg) was administrated intraperitoneally 1 h prior to the first injection of cerulein.Once AP developed,the stable cholecystokinin analogue,cerulein was injected hourly,over a 6 h period.Blood samples were taken 6 h later to determine serum amylase,lipase,and cytokine levels.The pancreas and lungs were rapidly removed for morphological examination,myeloperoxidase assay,and real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction.To specify the role of SSM in pancreatitis,the pancreatic acinar cells were isolated using collagenase method.Then the cells were pre-treated with SSM,then stimulated with cerulein.The cell viability,cytokine productions and high-mobility group box protein-1(HMGB-1) were measured.Furthermore,the regulating mechanisms of SSM action were evaluated.RESULTS:The administration of SSM significantly attenuated the severity of pancreatitis and pancreatitis associated lung injury,as was shown by the reduction in pancreatic edema,neutrophil infiltration,vacuolization and necrosis.SSM treatment also reduced pancreatic weight/body weight ratio,serum amylase,lipase and cytokine levels,and mRNA expression of multiple inflammatory mediators such as tumor necrosis factor-α and interleukin-1β.In addition,treatment with SSM inhibited HMGB-1 expression in the pancreas during AP.In accordance with in vivo data,SSM inhibited the cerulein-induced acinar cell death,cytokine,and HMGB-1 release.SSM also inhibited the activation of c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase,p38 and nuclear factor(NF)-κB.CONCLUSION:These results suggest that SSM plays a protective role during the development of AP and pancreatitis associated lung injury via deactivating c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase,p38 and NF-κB.

Effect of high mobility group box-1 protein on immune cells and its regulatory mechanism

High mobility group box-1 protein(HMGB1),which is a nuclear protein,participates in chromatin architecture and transcriptional regulation.When released from cells,HMGB1 also plays a well-established role as a pro-inflammatory mediator during innate immune responses to injury.In the initial stage of injury,there is a release of large quantities of early pro-inflammatory mediators to initiate or perpetuate immune responses against pathogens,but this pro-inflammatory period is transient,and it is followed by a prolonged period of immune suppression.At present,several lines of evidences have suggested that HMGB1 is a late cytokine provoking delayed endotoxin morbidity,which may enhance the production of early proinflammatory mediators,and it can contribute potently to the activation of different immune cells and play a role in the development of host cell-mediated immunity.The biology of HMGB1 has been extensively studied as a pro-inflammatory cytokine of systemic inflammation,however,this review will attempt to provide a summary of the effects of HMGB1 on different immune cells and its regulatory mechanism in acute insults.

血清HMGB1、CCL20、HSP27水平与慢性牙周炎患者牙周病变程度的相关性分析

目的探讨血清高迁移率族蛋白1(HMGB1)、CC趋化因子配体20(CCL20)、热休克蛋白27(HSP27)水平与慢性牙周炎(CP)患者牙周病变程度的相关性。方法选取2021年9月至2023年8月在新乡医学院第一附属医院诊治的60例CP患者纳入观察组,根据1∶1原则,另选取同期牙周健康者60例纳入对照组。比较两组及不同牙周病变程度CP患者血清HMGB1、CCL20、HSP27水平,分析各指标水平与CP牙周病变程度的相关性及联合诊断价值,并分析不同血清水平患者发生CP的危险度。结果观察组血清HMGB1、CCL20、HSP27水平高于对照组(P<0.05);不同牙周病变程度CP患者血清HMGB1、CCL20、HSP27水平比较:轻度<中度<重度,且各指标水平与牙周病变程度均呈正相关(P<0.05);入院时HMGB1、CCL20、HSP27水平联合诊断CP的曲线下面积(AUC)为0.905,最佳诊断敏感度为91.67%,特异度为88.33%,约登指数0.800,且各指标高水平患者发生CP的危险度是低水平的1.105倍、1.034倍、1.105倍(P<0.05)。结论HMGB1、CCL20、HSP27在CP患者血清中呈异常高表达,各指标水平与牙周病变程度均呈正相关,且联合检测对CP具有较高诊断价值,可作为临床诊断CP、评估牙周病变程度的有效指标。

miR-141-3p靶向调控HMGB1对LPS诱导的A549细胞损伤的影响

目的探讨miR-141-3p通过靶向调控高迁移率族蛋白1(HMGB1)对脂多糖(LPS)诱导的A549细胞损伤的影响。方法以Ⅱ型肺泡上皮细胞来源的A549细胞作为研究对象,将miR-141-3p mimics、mimics NC、HMGB1基因过表达质粒(pcDNA3.1-HMGB1)和空载质粒(Vector)分别或共转染至A549细胞中,再采用10μg/ml LPS处理24 h。细胞计数试剂盒8(CCK-8)检测各组细胞增殖活性;比色法检测各组细胞培养上清液中乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)活性;流式细胞术检测各组细胞凋亡水平;酶联免疫吸附测定法(ELISA)检测各组细胞中白介素(IL)-1β、IL-6和肿瘤坏死因子α(TNF-α)水平;双荧光素酶报告基因实验验证miR-141-3p与HMGB1之间的靶向调控关系。结果LPS干预后,A549细胞增殖活性及细胞中miR-141-3p表达水平降低(P<0.05),细胞凋亡率升高(P<0.05),细胞中IL-1β、IL-6、TNF-α水平及上清液中LDH活性升高(P<0.05)。过表达miR-141-3p可增强LPS处理后的A549细胞增殖活性(P<0.05),降低细胞凋亡率及细胞中IL-1β、IL-6、TNF-α水平和上清液中LDH活性(P<0.05)。然而,HMGB1基因过表达可逆转miR-141-3p对LPS诱导A549细胞损伤的改善作用。双荧光素酶报告基因实验证实,HMGB1是miR-141-3p下游靶基因。结论miR-141-3p可抑制LPS诱导的A549细胞凋亡,降低炎症因子表达水平,改善A549细胞损伤,其作用机制可能与靶向调控HMGB1表达有关。

血清Ang-2和HMGB1水平与脓毒症患者病情及预后相关性的研究

目的 探究血清血管生成素-2(Ang-2)和高迁移率族蛋白B1(HMGB1)水平与脓毒症患者病情及28天预后的相关性。方法 回顾性分析41例脓毒症患者资料,根据患者28天的预后情况分为存活组和死亡组;根据患者病情严重程度将2组患者分别分为脓毒症组和脓毒性休克组。记录所有入组患者的一般资料并进行第1天、第3天、第5天及第7天的APACHEⅡ评分,测定Ang-2和HMGB1水平。结果 存活组与死亡组患者的一般资料比较差异无统计学意义。死亡组脓毒症休克患者占比及入科APACHEⅡ评分为(85.71%)和(29.29±5.99)分,均明显高于存活组(51.84%)和(24.96±5.84)分。2组患者血清Ang-2和HMGB1水平比较差异无统计学意义。第7天的HMGB1水平与脓毒症患者预后显著相关,而第1天、第3天、第5天的HMGB1水平及上述各时间点的Ang-2水平与患者预后均无相关性。各时间点血清Ang-2水平的算术平均值与APACHEⅡ评分的算术平均值呈正相关,HMGB1水平与APACHEⅡ评分并无相关性。联合第7天的APACHEⅡ评分、Ang-2和HMGB1水平的曲线下面积最大为0.78,灵敏度为92.9%,特异度为59.3%。联合第7天的Ang-2和HMGB1水平预测预后不良的曲线下面积为0.71,灵敏度为92.9%,特异度为55.6%。结论 脓毒症患者第1天、第3天、第5天及第7天的平均血清Ang-2水平与病情严重程度呈正相关;联合脓毒症患者第7天的血清Ang-2和HMGB1水平对其预后进行评估灵敏度最高,明显高于单独某项指标的评估价值。

HMGB1中和抗体抑制细胞焦亡改善系统性红斑狼疮小鼠肺损伤的机制研究

目的探究高迁移率族蛋白1(high-mobility group box 1,HMGB1)中和抗体对系统性红斑狼疮(systemic lupus erythematosus,SLE)小鼠肺损伤的影响及机制。方法30只MRL/lpr小鼠随机分为MRL/lpr组、MRL/lpr+HMGB1中和抗体(anti-HMGB1)组、MRL/lpr+MCC950组,每组10只,另取10只野生型C57BL/6小鼠作为对照组,给药4周。苏木精-伊红(HE)染色和马松三色(Masson)染色观察各组小鼠肺组织病理学变化及胶原纤维沉积情况,酶联免疫吸附法(ELISA)检测各组小鼠肺泡灌洗液中白细胞介素-1β(IL-1β)、IL-6、IL-18及肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)含量,免疫荧光染色观察各组小鼠肺组织内核苷酸结合寡聚化结构域样受体蛋白3(NLRP3)荧光表达,蛋白质免疫印记(Western blotting)检测各组小鼠肺组织中HMGB1及NLRP3、凋亡相关斑点样蛋白(ASC)、含半胱氨酸的天冬氨酸蛋白水解酶-1(Caspase-1)、gasdermin D(GSDMD)的蛋白表达水平。结果与对照组比较,MRL/lpr组小鼠肺组织呈现严重病理损伤症状,胶原纤维沉积面积显著增加(P<0.05),肺泡灌洗液中IL-1β、IL-6、IL-18、TNF-α含量显著升高(P<0.05),肺组织内NLRP3平均荧光强度显著增加(P<0.05),HMGB1蛋白相对表达量及NLRP3、ASC、Caspase-1、GSDMD蛋白相对表达量均显著上调(P<0.05);与MRL/lpr组比较,MRL/lpr+anti-HMGB1组和MRL/lpr+MCC950组小鼠肺组织损伤得到明显改善,胶原纤维沉积面积显著减少(P<0.05),肺泡灌洗液中IL-1β、IL-6、IL-18、TNF-α含量显著降低(P<0.05),肺组织内NLRP3平均荧光强度显著减小(P<0.05),同时,肺组织中HMGB1蛋白相对表达量及NLRP3、ASC、Caspase-1、GSDMD蛋白相对表达量均显著下调(P<0.05)。结论HMGB1中和抗体能够改善SLE模型小鼠肺损伤,该作用可能是通过抑制细胞焦亡实现的。

脓毒症患者血清HMGB1、sTLT-1、NLR变化及其对并发急性肺损伤的预测价值

目的探讨脓毒症患者血清高迁移率族蛋白B1(HMGB1)、可溶性髓样细胞触发受体样转录因子-1(sTLT-1)、中性粒细胞/淋巴细胞比值(NLR)变化及其对并发急性肺损伤(ALI)的预测价值。方法回顾性分析2022年1月至2023年12月新乡医学院第一附属医院收治的120例脓毒症患者的临床资料,根据住院期间是否发生ALI分为ALI组35例、非ALI组85例。比较ALI组与非ALI组、ALI组不同病情程度患者血清HMGB1、sTLT-1、NLR水平,并采用受试者工作(ROC)曲线分析血清HMGB1、sTLT-1、NLR对脓毒症并发ALI的预测价值。结果ALI组患者的血清HMGB1、sTLT-1、NLR水平分别为(74.21±11.70)pg/mL、(593.06±82.45)pg/mL、5.13±1.16,明显高于非ALI组的(60.15±7.95)pg/mL、(525.73±54.84)pg/mL、4.08±0.64,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05);ALI组中,高危组患者的血清HMGB1、sTLT-1、NLR水平分别为(86.43±5.90)pg/mL、(686.31±23.91)pg/mL、(6.49±1.11),明显高于中危组的(76.64±11.44)pg/mL、(599.28±88.40)pg/mL、5.27±1.00及低危组的(64.48±5.06)pg/mL、(539.93±35.90)pg/mL、4.27±0.71,且中危组患者均高于低危组,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05);血清HMGB1、sTLT-1、NLR联合预测脓毒症并发ALI的曲线下面积(AUC)、敏感度、特异度分别为0.890、90.60%、92.10%,HMGB1单独检测分别为0.848、84.70%、77.10%,sTLT-1单独检测分别为0.732、71.40%、68.20%,NLR单独检测分别为0.785、62.90%、84.20%,联合检测高于各指标单独检测(P<0.05)。结论脓毒症并发ALI患者血清HMGB1、sTLT-1、NLR明显升高,且三者联合检测对并发ALI有较高的预测价值。

儿童肺炎支原体肺炎肺泡灌洗液CARDS TX、HMGB1、TLR2表达及临床意义

目的研究肺炎支原体肺炎(MPP)患儿肺泡灌洗液中社区获得性呼吸窘迫综合征毒素(CARDS TX)、高迁移率族蛋白1(HMGB1)、Toll样受体2(TLR2)表达,探讨其在MPP发病中的临床意义。方法回顾性分析55例MPP病例组及20例对照组临床资料,同时检测两组支气管肺泡灌洗液(BALF)中CARDS TX、HMGB1、TLR2、TLR4、晚期糖基化终末产物受体(RAGE)及髓样分化因子88(MyD88)表达,体外检测不同浓度CARDS TX刺激下HMGB1、TLR2的表达并进行比较。结果与对照组相比,MPP组LYM绝对值计数、PA、CD3^(+)、CD3^(+)CD4^(+)、CD3^(+)CD8^(+)、CD3-CD19^(+)、NK cell、CD19^(+)CD23^(+)明显下降,CRP、LDH、D-二聚体、IgA、IgG、IgM、CARDS TX、HMGB1、TLR2、MyD88均升高,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05或0.001)。CARDS TX刺激后HMGB1、TLR2的表达升高,且呈正相关,差异有统计学意义(P<0.001)。结论CARDS TX可能通过HMGB1-TLR2-MyD88途径参与肺炎支原体(MP)的致病。

芦丁调控miR-155和HMGB1/RAGE通路对糖尿病视网膜病变大鼠炎性反应的影响

目的:探讨芦丁对糖尿病视网膜病变大鼠炎性反应的影响及其机制。方法:采用腹腔注射链脲佐菌素的方法制备糖尿病大鼠模型,将造模成功的大鼠随机分为模型组(0.9%氯化钠溶液灌胃)和芦丁低、中、高剂量组[分别以50、100、150 mg/(kg·d)芦丁灌胃],并取正常大鼠作为对照组(0.9%氯化钠溶液灌胃),每组20只,持续给药12周后,比较各组大鼠视网膜组织中伊凡斯兰渗透量、神经节细胞凋亡和微小RNA(miR)-155、高迁移率族蛋白1(HMGB1)、晚期糖基化终产物受体(RAGE)mRNA表达水平,以及炎症因子水平。结果:对照组、模型组和芦丁低、中、高剂量组中伊凡斯兰渗透量分别为(1.61±0.31)μg/g、(12.84±1.24)μg/g、(9.85±0.62)μg/g、(6.80±0.53)μg/g、(2.87±0.51)μg/g,神经节细胞凋亡指数分别为(1.09±0.45)%、(30.96±2.50)%、(24.65±2.48)%、(18.61±1.41)%、(8.36±0.54)%,miR-155表达水平分别为(0.38±0.03)、(1.92±0.15)、(1.55±0.12)、(1.09±0.10)、(0.55±0.05),HMGB1 mRNA表达水平分别为(0.26±0.03)、(0.77±0.05)、(0.68±0.04)、(0.57±0.04)、(0.34±0.03),RAGE mRNA表达水平分别为(0.18±0.02)、(0.67±0.04)、(0.58±0.03)、(0.45±0.03)、(0.23±0.02)。模型组和对照组比较,伊凡斯兰渗透量、凋亡指数和miR-155、HMGB1、RAGE mRNA水平均升高(均P<0.05);芦丁低、中、高剂量组中上述指标呈剂量依赖性降低(均P<0.05)。模型组、对照组与芦丁低、中、高剂量组,芦丁各组的炎症因子水平低于模型组(均P<0.05)。结论:芦丁可保护糖尿病大鼠视网膜损伤,延缓视网膜炎症效应,其作用机制可能与抑制miR-155和HMGB1/RAGE通路有关。

HMGB1对呼吸道合胞病毒毛细支气管炎合并肾脏受累型过敏性紫癜患儿单核细胞免疫功能的影响

目的:探讨高迁移率族蛋白1(HMGB1)对呼吸道合胞病毒(RSV)毛细支气管炎合并肾脏受累型过敏性紫癜(HSP)患儿单核细胞免疫功能的影响。方法:选择初诊为RSV毛细支气管炎合并肾脏受累HSP患儿30例作为观察组,选取同期进行体检的健康足月婴幼儿30名作为对照组,2组婴幼儿入院后采集血浆样本,进行常规血细胞分析和C反应蛋白(CRP)水平检测,并采用ELISA法检测2组婴幼儿血浆中HMGB1的表达水平。采用人重组RSV-A2病毒转染人支气管上皮细胞系16HBE,并收集细胞培养上清检测HMGB1。使用经孔板共培养RSV感染细胞、无感染组的人支气管上皮细胞系16HBE和单核细胞THP1,qRT-PCR法测定细胞总RNA,采用Western blotting检测单核细胞中Toll样受体TLR-4和TLR-7的水平。结果:RSV毛细支气管炎合并肾脏受累HSP患儿外周血较健康对照组较健康对照组中HMGB1的表达水平升高(t=5.84,P<0.05),且外周血单核细胞数量、外周淋巴细胞数量及CRP水平与RSV毛细支气管炎合并肾脏受累HSP患儿外周血中HMGB1表达水平呈正相关关系(r=0.606、0.301、0.394,P<0.05),其中外周血单核细胞数量与外周血中HMGB1表达水平相关性最显著(P<0.05)。经qRT-PCR检测,经病毒转染后的16HBE细胞培养基中HMGB1的表达相较对照组显著增加(t=5.41,P<0.05)。RSV转染的16HBE细胞、感染对照组、HMGB1抑制组分别与单核细胞THP-1进行共培养后,经Western blotting检测单核细胞中TLR-4和TLR-7蛋白的表达水平,结果显示THP-1细胞中TLR-4的表达水平增加(P<0.05),而TLR-7水平无显著变化(P>0.05)。结论:HMGB1的表达水平与儿童RSV毛细支气管炎合并肾脏受累HSP病情的发展有关,HMGB1在单核细胞介导的免疫性炎症中起着重要作用,对掌握儿童RSV毛细支气管炎的发病机制具有重要意义。

穿心莲内酯调节HMGB1/RAGE信号通路对糖尿病周围神经病变大鼠坐骨神经功能损伤的影响

目的探讨穿心莲内酯调节高迁移率族蛋白B1(HMGB1)/晚期糖基化终产物受体(RAGE)信号通路对糖尿病周围神经病变(DPN)大鼠坐骨神经功能损伤的影响。方法将84只大鼠随机分为对照组(生理盐水)、DPN组(生理盐水)、穿心莲内酯低剂量组(0.833 mg/kg)、穿心莲内酯高剂量组(3.332 mg/kg)、硫辛酸组(阳性对照,0.1 g/kg)、重组大鼠HMGB1蛋白(rHMGB1,8μg/kg)组、穿心莲内酯高剂量+rHMGB1组,每组12只。除对照组外,其余各组大鼠均采用高糖高脂饲料喂养联合腹腔注射链脲佐菌素的方式构建DPN模型。造模成功24 h后,进行给药处理,每天1次,持续8周。给药结束后,检测大鼠空腹血糖、机械痛阈值、热痛阈值、坐骨神经传导速度的变化;观察大鼠坐骨神经病理变化;检测大鼠坐骨神经中超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性及丙二醛(MDA)含量;检测大鼠坐骨神经中HMGB1、RAGE蛋白表达水平和核因子κB p65(NF-κB p65)蛋白磷酸化水平。结果与对照组比较,DPN组大鼠坐骨神经病理损伤严重,空腹血糖、热痛阈值、MDA含量及HMGB1、RAGE蛋白表达水平和NF-κB p65蛋白磷酸化水平均显著升高(P<0.05),机械痛阈值、感觉神经传导速度、运动神经传导速度、SOD活性显著降低/减慢(P<0.05);与DPN组比较,穿心莲内酯低、高剂量组和硫辛酸组大鼠上述指标均显著改善(P<0.05),rHMGB1组对应指标变化趋势与上述3个给药组相反(P<0.05);并且,rHMGB1可减弱高剂量穿心莲内酯对DPN大鼠血糖的降低作用及坐骨神经氧化应激损伤的改善作用(P<0.05)。结论穿心莲内酯可能通过抑制HMGB1/RAGE信号通路来降低血糖、抑制氧化应激,进而改善DPN大鼠坐骨神经损伤。

沉默HMGB1通过抑制p38 MAPK信号通路减少LPS或IL-17A诱导的中耳腔上皮细胞的炎症与凋亡

目的:探讨高迁移率族蛋白B1(High Mobility Group Protein 1,HMGB1)对脂多糖(lipopolysaccharide,LPS)或白细胞介素-17A(interleukin-17A,IL-17A)诱导人中耳腔上皮细胞(human middle ear epithelial cells,HMEEC)的炎症反应与凋亡的调控作用与机制。方法:培养HMEEC细胞系。将HMEEC分为对照组、LPS组、LPS联合短发夹RNA(shRNA)沉默质粒阴性对照处理组(LPS+shNC组)、LPS联合shRNA沉默HMGB1处理组(LPS+shHMGB1组)、LPS联合p38-丝裂原激活的蛋白激酶(p38 MAPK)抑制剂SB202190处理组(LPS+SB202190组)、IL-17A组、IL-17A+shNC组、IL-17A+shHMGB1组、IL-17A+SB202190组。酶联免疫吸附测定(enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay,ELISA)法检测TNF-α、IL-1β和IL-6的水平变化。用Western blot检测粘蛋白5AC(mucoprotein 5AC,MUC5AC)、粘蛋白8(mucoprotein 8,MUC8)、p38 MAPK、磷酸化的p38 MAPK(p-p38 MAPK)、E26样蛋白1(E-twenty-six like 1 protein,ELK1)、B细胞淋巴瘤2蛋白(B-cell lymphoma 2 protein,Bcl-2),以及Bcl-2相关X蛋白(Bcl-2 associated X protein,Bax)的表达。流式细胞术检测细胞的凋亡。结果:与对照组比,LPS组或IL-17A组的HMEEC的凋亡率都增加,且HMGB1、MUC5AC、MUC8、TNF-α、IL-1β、IL-6、p38、p-p38、ELK1、Bax的表达水平升高,而Bcl-2的表达水平降低(均P<0.05)。与LPS组或IL-17A组比,LPS+shHMGB1组或IL-17A+shHMGB1组的凋亡率都降低,且HMGB1、MUC5AC、MUC8、TNF-α、IL-1β、IL-6、p38、p-p38、ELK1、Bax的表达水平都减少,而Bcl-2的表达水平升高(均P<0.05)。与LPS组或IL-17A组比,LPS+SB202190组或IL-17A+SB202190组的的凋亡率都降低,MUC5AC、MUC8、TNF-α、IL-1β、IL-6、p38、p-p38、ELK1、Bax的表达水平都降低,而Bcl-2的表达水平升高(均P<0.05)(均P<0.05)。结论:沉默HMGB1通过抑制p38 MAPK信号通路减少LPS或IL-17A诱导的HMEEC的炎症与凋亡。