Improvement of three popular Indian groundnut varieties for foliar disease resistance and high oleic acid using SSR markers and SNP array in marker-assisted backcrossing

Foliar fungal diseases(rust and late leaf spot)incur large yield losses,in addition to the deterioration of fodder quality in groundnut worldwide.High oleic acid has emerged as a key market trait in groundnut,as it increases the shelf life of the produce/products in addition to providing health benefits to consumers.Marker-assisted backcrossing(MABC)is the most successful approach to introgressing or pyramiding one or more traits using traitlinked markers.We used MABC to improve three popular Indian cultivars(GJG 9,GG 20,and GJGHPS 1)for foliar disease resistance(FDR)and high oleic acid content.A total of 22 BC3F4 and 30 BC2F4 introgression lines(ILs)for FDR and 46 BC3F4 and 41 BC2F4 ILs for high oleic acid were developed.Recurrent parent genome analysis using the 58 K Axiom_Arachis array identified several lines showing upto 94%of genome recovery among second and third backcross progenies.Phenotyping of these ILs revealed FDR scores comparable to the resistant parent,GPBD 4,and ILs with high(~80%)oleic acid in addition to high genome recovery.These ILs provide further opportunities for pyramiding FDR and high oleic acid in all three genetic backgrounds as well as for conducting multi-location yield trials for further evaluation and release for cultivation in target regions of India.

Development Prospect and Strategies of High Oleic Acid Rapeseed in Hengyang City

On basis of characteristics and use way of high oleic acid rapeseeds, the research detailed significance in developing high oleic acid industry and performed analysis on relationship between research progress and development status at home and abroad, as well as natural conditions, industry basis and development potential in Hengyang. The research concluded that Hengyang takes advantages in developing high oleic acid industry and proposed development suggestions and countermeasures in Hengyang.

Frying Performance of High Oleic Oil Enriched in Biophenols during Discontinuos and Prolonged Thermal Treatment

Biophenols are potent natural antioxidants that protect food quality by preventing oxidative deterioration of lipids. During heat treatment this protective rule prevents oxidation caused by many factors, as high temperature reached, presence of oxygen and water contained in food matrix. The aim of this study was to evaluate the frying performance of high oleic oil enriched in biophenols, comparing its thermal stability with those of high oleic oil (control sample) during thermo-oxidation and deep fat frying process. Positive effects when biophenols were added to oil were found: lower acidity levels, lower TPC values during the first 16 hours of heat treatment, absence of short chain fatty acids (C8:0) until 24 h of thermo-oxidation treatment and detection of lower acrylamide content in French friesrespect to those fried in the control oil.

Comprehensive analysis and selection of high oleic peanut varieties in China:A study on agronomic,yield,and quality traits

Peanut(Arachis hypogaea L.)is an important oil crop.Oleic acid is a major factor that determines the quality of peanuts.Therefore,the high oleic and high oleic to linoleic acid ratio are the target traits in an advanced peanut breeding program.This study provided an extensive evaluation of the genetic and physical characteristics as well as disease resistance of 220 high oleic peanut varieties in China.Notably,these varieties clustered into five major categories based on their traits.A majority of these varieties have been bred using interspecific hybridization or selected from mutants of self-crossed parents,with the main parent varieties being Kaixuan 016 and CTWE.Analysis of disease resistance showed that most high oleic peanut varieties could resist two or three diseases.However,those varieties with resistance to multiple diseases were relatively scarce.Moreover,some high oleic peanut varieties showed no disease resistance or inadequate testing.The results further indicate that the genetic basis for high oleic peanut breeding is insufficient,highlighting the need for its further development.Importantly,our findings lay a critical foundation for future high oleic peanut breeding and promote better understanding of the genetic and trait diversity offered by these varieties.

An improved high-oleic line created by chemical mutagen of ‘Huayu 40’

By using chemical mutagenesis, ‘Huayu 40’, a normal-oleic(NO) large-seed high yielding peanut cultivar with wide adaptability was transformed into mutants with desirable high-oleic(HO) quality traits, comparable productivity and adaptability. Of the 3 chemical treatments, viz. 5 mM ethyl methane sulfonate(EMS), 25 mM EMS and 15 mM sodium azide(NaN_3), only NaN_3 produced HO M_2 mutant plants. High oleate phenotype was initially identified by near infrared spectroscopy(NIRS) screening, and was further confirmed by gas spectrometry(GC) analysis. Sequence analysis showed that HO plant had a 448 G>A mutation in FAD2 A and a 441_442 insA mutation in FAD2 B, respectively. Although the direct use of high yielding and stress resistant cultivars/lines to induce quality mutations might be a judicious choice to accelerate breeding, our results showed that chemical mutagenesis could quickly create HO peanut materials and expand the genetic bases of HO peanuts.

A comparison of methods used to determine the oleic/linoleic acid ratio in cultivated peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.)

There is an increasing demand in the peanut industry for high oleic peanuts and also for the incorporation of the high oleate trait into newly released varieties. Early generation screening of breeding lines for high oleic acid content greatly increases the efficiency of developing new peanut varieties. The objective of this study was to compare the accuracy of methods used to classify individual peanut seed as high oleic or not high oleic. Results from capillary electrophoresis (CE), two variations of near-infrared reflectance spectroscopy (NIRS), and real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) genotyping, were compared with the traditionally accepted reference standard results from gas chromatography (GC). Three hundred and seventy-four (374) seeds, spanning twenty-three (23) genotypes and all four peanut market-types (runner, Spanish, Valencia and Virginia), were individually tested by each method. Percent accuracy levels for rating individual seed as high oleic (H) ranged from 97.4% (NIRS) to 99.5% (CE). All of the methods examined in this study carry only a minor risk for miss-classification (loss of material) and are suitable for use by peanut breeding programs in early generation breeding line screening.

不同气象条件对高油酸花生产量的影响

以河南、山东等5个花生主要产区培育的19个高油酸花生新品种为材料,于2019年~2021年连续3年在郑州种植,采集3年间花生关键生育期(6月~9月)的旬平均气温、旬降水量和旬日照时数等气象数据,结合各个品种的产量数据进行综合分析。研究结果表明,不同的品种对于气温、降水量和日照时数的敏感程度不同,冀花16、冀花11对开花下针期的温度和日照时数比较敏感,该时期的异常高温会致使其产量明显下降。中花413、中花412和花育917的产量与旬降水量成显著负相关,耐涝程度较差。对品种的稳定性分析表明,开农1768、南充1704、冀农16、开选016、花育961、郑农花25、郑农花23、冀农11、花育633和1508G等10个高油酸品种为年际间稳定性较好的品种,研究结论为高油酸品种的培育及深入利用提供了指导。

高油酸食用型黑花生新品种浙黑甜1号的选育

浙黑甜1号是浙江省农业科学院作物与核技术利用研究所以花育51号为母本、云南四粒黑为父本进行有性杂交,经过多年多代选育出的高油酸食用型黑花生新品种。该品种具有高产稳产、早熟性好、抗病性强、黑色种皮、口感微甜等突出特性。2020—2021年连续2 a参加浙江省区域试验,荚果平均产量为3 892.95 kg·hm^(-2),籽仁平均产量为2 817.30 kg·hm^(-2),分别比对照小京生增产30.37%和36.27%。浙黑甜1号蛋白质含量27.1%,粗脂肪含量45.8%,油酸含量76.9%,油亚比(O/L)12.05,抗叶斑病、青枯病,中抗锈病。该品种于2023年12月通过国家非主要农作物品种登记,适宜在长江中下游生态区浙江春播及夏播种植。

高油酸花生品种展示试验

为科学促进高油酸花生生产,筛选出优质多抗高油酸花生品种,有效提高其产量品质和种植效益。本研究对豫花22、阜花35和豫花37等10个高油酸花生品种进行展示比较试验。结果表明,品种豫花37、花育958和冀花11的生育期适宜、生育进程稳健、田间长势长相好、抗旱耐病性强且产量高,可作为高油酸花生品种在研究区及相似区域推广种植。

不同品种高油酸花生热风干燥特性及热力学性质研究

为探究高油酸花生干燥过程中的水分变化规律,本文研究了不同风温(35、40、45、50℃)、风速(0.5、0.8、1.1 m/s)对三种不同高油酸花生热风干燥特性的影响,并借助Weibull分布函数分析干燥过程。结果表明,高油酸花生干燥过程以降速干燥为主;风温、风速越高,高油酸花生有效水分扩散系数越大、干燥速率越快,干燥用时越短。其中,‘圣油3号’花生水分扩散速率最快、活化能最低,与Weibull分布函数拟合结果最佳;尺度参数α值随风温、风速的升高而降低,风温对α值影响极显著(P<0.01),风速对α值影响显著(P<0.05);干燥条件对形状参数β值无显著影响。另外,温度的升高促进了焓值和熵值的降低和吉布斯自由能的增加,表明干燥过程需要从干燥介质中吸收能量方能进行。Weibull分布函数可用于描述高油酸花生的热风干燥过程,为高油酸花生的工业化干燥提供技术依据,奠定理论基础。

不同花生油对月饼饼皮面团特性及月饼品质的影响

旨在通过改变油脂来提升广式月饼的品质,以市售压榨一级花生油(PO,高温压榨)、市售压榨精制高油酸花生油(HO,高温压榨)、低温压榨高油酸花生油(RO,经脱胶处理)、低温压榨高油酸花生油(CO,未脱胶处理)为油脂原料来制作月饼,探究了4种花生油的品质差异,及其对月饼饼皮面团动态流变学特性、水分分布、质构特性的影响,以及对广式月饼理化特性和感官评分的影响。同时,对月饼饼皮面团特性与月饼品质进行了Pearson相关性分析。结果表明:低温压榨花生油在酸值、过氧化值和氧化稳定性方面均优于高温压榨花生油;相比于普通花生油,高油酸花生油的油酸含量较高,而亚油酸含量大幅减少;RO制作的面团与PO制作的面团相比弹性模量和黏性模量均显著降低,损耗因子显著增加,且PO制作的面团最大曲率时间最长,CO制作的面团最大曲率时间最短,不同花生油制作的面团质构特性不存在显著差异;RO制作的月饼感官得分最高,品质最好;面团黏性模量、最大曲率时间与月饼硬度呈显著正相关,面团最大曲率时间与月饼感官得分呈显著负相关。综上,低温压榨高油酸花生油可以改变月饼饼皮面团的流变学特性和水分分布,并对最终产品的感官品质具有一定的改善作用。

制油技术和储藏条件对高油酸花生油品质的影响

为更好地把控花生油的品质和安全,研究了不同炒制温度(132、137、142℃)、过滤介质(厚布/薄布/滤纸板、花生饼层/厚布/薄布、助滤剂/厚布/薄布、厚布/薄布)、储藏条件(室内储藏、室外储藏)对高油酸花生油品质的影响。结果表明:选择炒制温度为137℃,采用花生饼层/厚布/薄布作为过滤介质,能够获得风味与品质俱佳的高油酸花生油,且这种优化能够降低生产成本,为企业节约资源;随着储藏时间的延长和温度的升高,普通花生油和高油酸花生油的酸值和过氧化值均逐渐升高,且酸值变化较小,过氧化值变化显著,在25℃室内储藏182 d时,普通花生油和高油酸花生油的过氧化值涨幅分别为398%和77%,而在45℃室内储藏182 d时,2种花生油过氧化值的涨幅分别为927%、271%;在室外储藏45 d,未包裹瓦楞纸的普通花生油与高油酸花生油的过氧化值涨幅分别为582%和87%,经过瓦楞纸包裹处理后,2种花生油的过氧化值涨幅分别为116%、19%。综上,在不同储藏条件下,高油酸花生油均展现出较好的储藏稳定性,且低温、使用瓦楞纸进行包裹更有利于其储藏。

滴灌条件下不同高油酸花生品种比较

【目的】比较不同高油酸花生品种间产量及品质的差异,为筛选出适宜于新疆北疆地区种植的优良高油酸花生品种提供参考依据。【方法】选用5个高油酸花生品种为材料,分析各品种出苗率、农艺性状、单株干物质积累量、产量及品质等指标的差异。【结果】花育655在单株荚果数达21.33个,籽粒脂肪含量最高为43.35%;花育917主茎高最高为27.80 cm,第一对侧枝长最高22.47 cm,分枝数最多达7.33个,且各时期单株干物质积累最高、百果重172.49 g、百仁重92.41 g、产量达4644.04 kg/hm^(2)、O/L值为9.30;花育951蛋白质和油酸含量最高,分别为26.71%和80.05%;花育956的出苗率最高为82.75%。花育917的产量最高,花育951的品质最佳。【结论】花育917是新疆北疆地区较为适合种植的高油酸花生品种。

21个高油酸花生品种(系)对赤拟谷盗的抗性鉴定

为探究高油酸花生对赤拟谷盗的抗性情况,本研究以21个高油酸花生品种(系)为材料,按0~4级花生籽仁受害标准,对花生籽仁的虫情指数、相对虫情指数及相对抗虫指数进行测定。结果表明,21个花生品种(系)虫情指数为0.49~37.36,相对虫情指数为0.01~1.00,相对抗虫指数为0~0.99,鉴定出高感、感、抗、中抗、高抗材料分别为2、4、2、8、5个。生化品质与抗虫性相关分析发现,花生籽仁相对抗虫指数与蔗糖含量、可溶性总糖含量及棕榈酸含量呈显著负相关。本研究所用品种(系)不仅具备高油酸特性,而且具有高产特性,有望育成抗仓储害虫的高油酸高产花生新品种,为花生抗仓储害虫育种提供了优异的亲本材料。

基于主成分分析和聚类分析的高油酸花生芽综合品质评价

花生因发芽后营养价值大幅度提高,尤其是花生发芽后酚类物质含量丰富,有抗氧化、预防心血管疾病等多种作用,常被用于食品、医药领域。该文对不同地区主栽的16种高油酸花生进行发芽处理,测定其发芽率和发芽5 d后的芽长、水分、灰分、粗蛋白、粗脂肪、粗纤维、总氨基酸、总脂肪酸等多种基础营养物质及总酚含量,并利用相关性分析、聚类分析和主成分分析法对16个高油酸花生品种进行综合品质评价。结果表明,多个营养成分之间具有一定相关性:发芽率与粗蛋白含量呈显著负相关(p<0.05),而总酚含量与发芽率和芽长呈显著正相关(p<0.05,p<0.01)。聚类分析可将16个高油酸花生品种分为三类,其中阜花27、阜花22和阜花30为一类群,其特点是总脂肪酸含量和发芽率较高。利用主成分分析可将11个理化指标分为4个主成分,其累计方差贡献率达到88.08%。经过进一步的综合分析筛选得出阜花22综合品质得分最高,为1.6153,是适合发芽的高油酸花生品种。

镁肥用量对花生养分吸收和光合特性的影响

【目的】探明镁肥适宜用量对花生养分吸收运转和光合特性的影响,为花生高产高效提供理论支持。【方法】于2021和2022年在河南新乡开展田间试验,设置施MgSO_(4) 0、20、40、60 kg·hm^(-2)等4个镁肥用量,研究镁肥用量对花生生长发育、养分吸收、光合特性、光合限速酶及抗氧化酶的影响。【结果】合理施镁显著影响花生株高,各生育时期均以施镁肥40 kg·hm^(-2)花生株高达到最大值;对分枝的影响最主要发生在花针期,施镁处理与不施镁相比平均增加分枝数8.8%;施镁显著影响花生干物质积累,成熟期施镁与不施镁相比增加3.5%—15.1%;施镁对产量、单株果数、百果重、百仁重提升有显著影响,其产量、单株果数、百果重、百仁重增幅分别为7.6%—15.5%、2.4%—18.1%、1.5%—11.1%、3.5%—10.9%,且均以施镁肥40 kg·hm^(-2)时达到最大值。成熟期4个处理花生平均氮素吸收量分别为197.3、206.8、217.9、204.8 kg·hm^(-2);磷素吸收量为37.1、40.1、42.3、39.4 kg·hm^(-2);钾素吸收量为75.6、79.7、81.1、78.5 kg·hm^(-2);钙素吸收量为38.5、45.4、46.8、42.3 kg·hm^(-2);镁素吸收量为20.9、25.4、26.6、23.6 kg·hm^(-2)。施镁肥40 kg·hm^(-2)时氮、磷、钾、钙和镁的吸收量均达到最大,比不施镁分别提高10.4%、14.0%、7.3%、21.6%、27.3%。合理施镁能显著提高花生叶片SPAD值、净光合速率、Rubisco酶活性和抗氧化酶活性。各生育时期的SPAD值均在施镁肥40 kg·hm^(-2)时达到最大;施镁对花生上中部叶片光合性能的改善明显,结荚期净光合速率(Pn)、气孔导度(Gs)、蒸腾速率(Tr)、胞间CO_(2)浓度(Ci)的变化分别为2.7%—10.3%、-3.7%—15.8%、-6.6%—5.9%、-8.2%—-3.0%;结荚期Rubisco酶、超氧化物歧化酶、过氧化氢酶活性分别提高2.7%—9.1%、0.6%—5.3%、2.1%—7.3%,脯氨酸含量(PRO)降低3.3%—10.3%。【结论】合理施用镁肥可以促进花生的生长,提高养分吸收和产量,改善花生光合特征,延缓叶片衰老。在本试验土壤交换性镁243 mg·kg^(-1)条件下施镁肥40 kg·hm^(-2)效果最好。

化肥减量及配施有机肥对冀花19号综合经济效益的影响

【目的】明确高油酸花生有机肥与化肥合理施用量。【方法】以高油酸花生冀花19号为对象,设置不施化肥、常规施肥、化肥减施及化肥减施下不同比例有机肥替代(15%、30%、45%),共计6个处理,研究其对高油酸花生产量品质、土壤性状以及经济效益的影响。【结果】与不施肥相比,各施肥处理的花生产量品质均不同程度提高,30%有机肥替代化肥的效果最好,单株果重、百果重、产量、蛋白质含量和脂肪含量分别为68.2 g、232.5 g、6093.1 kg/hm2、24.85%和56.03%,其后随有机肥用量增加均呈下降趋势;与不施肥相比,各施肥处理的土壤理化性状均不同程度改善,且随有机肥用量效果逐渐增强,45%有机肥替代化肥效果最好,土壤有机质、碱解氮、有效磷、速效钾和阳离子交换量分别为14.7 g/kg、95.8 mg/kg、32.5 mg/kg、160 mg/kg和14.05 cmol/kg;与不施肥相比,各施肥处理的经济效益呈先升高后降低趋势,增收率分别为6.29%、8.37%、8.43%、9.16%、-14.91%,30%有机肥替代化肥的经济效益最好。【结论】与常规施肥相比,肥料用量减少10%对产量、品质和土壤性状无显著影响,但可提高经济效益;此外,化肥减施下有机肥合理替代化肥的花生产量品质、土壤性状和经济效益进一步提高,但有机肥替代比例过大则导致增产提质效果和经济效益不同程度降低,30%有机肥替代化肥综合效果最佳。

不同施钙量对高油酸花生主要农艺性状、产量和品质的影响及经济效益评价

【目的】探究不同施钙量对高油酸花生主要农艺性状、产量、品质和经济效益的影响,为合理施用钙肥和优化高油酸花生种植技术提供理论依据。【方法】以高油酸花生品种冀花19号为研究对象,在大田条件下设置0、75、150和225 kg/hm^(2)4个钙肥梯度,研究不同施钙量对高油酸花生农艺性状、产量品质及经济效益的影响。【结果】与对照相比,施用钙肥后SPAD值均有显著提升,提升幅度在6.71~30.63%。其中T2处理效果最好,在苗期、花针期、结荚期和饱果期可显著提升SPAD值37.55%、43.44%、47.89%和37.49%;可提高花生的主茎粗、根瘤数和根瘤干重,提升幅度分别在25.70%~26.40%、31.68%~96.04%和13.43%~97.51%,其中T2处理显著提高了根瘤数96.04%和根瘤干重97.51%,对根瘤特性改善效果最好;与对照相比,施用钙肥后百果重、百仁重、出米率、产量、油酸含量、油亚比和净利润均提升,提升幅度分别在4.28%~10.52%、4.92%~9.31%、1.19%~3.77%、3.83%~10.86%、0.19%~1.51%、0.19%~3.45和4.14%~14.22%,其中,T2处理分别提高了10.52%、9.31%、3.77%、10.86%、1.25%、2.5%和14.22%,综合效果最佳。此外,施钙后SPAD值和产量变化趋势呈先升高后降低,钙肥用量为75 kg/hm2时对品质无明显改善,这表明钙肥不足或过量均不能达到最优效果。【结论】综合考虑,试验条件适宜下钙肥用量为150 kg/hm^(2)。

国产毕赤酵母菌脂肪酶催化酯交换制备零反式、低饱和人造奶油基料油

旨在低成本制备零反式、低饱和人造奶油基料油,以高油酸葵花籽油和棕榈硬脂为原料油,采用国内外9种脂肪酶为催化剂催化酯交换制备人造奶油基料油,以固体脂肪含量(SFC)和滑动熔点为考察指标,筛选出一种经济且高效的脂肪酶,采用单因素实验和响应面法优化其酶促酯交换的反应条件,并对比酶促酯交换反应前后油脂的脂肪酸组成、甘三酯(TAG)组成以及热力学性质。结果表明:国产毕赤酵母菌脂肪酶价格低廉且催化活性高;酶促酯交换最优工艺条件为酶添加量17%、反应时间28min、反应温度48℃;在最优条件下进行10倍放大实验,其5、25℃时的SFC分别为22.35%、11.67%;与酯交换前相比,酯交换产物的脂肪酸组成无显著变化,TAG由U3和S3型向S2U和SU2型转化,酯交换率为76.40%,中间熔点的TAG含量增加,高熔点和低熔点TAG含量降低,熔化所需热量减少,利口爽滑感更强。因此,国产毕赤酵母菌脂肪酶价格低廉,适宜作为酶促酯交换制备零反式、低饱和人造奶油基料油的催化剂。

温度对不同油酸含量花生品种种子萌发的影响

本试验在人工气候箱内采用培养皿发芽方式,研究普通和高油酸花生种子萌发对温度响应的差异,温度设置为10.0、12.5、15.0、20.0、25.0、30.0、35.0℃,品种包含高油酸大花生品种(GD,花育951)、高油酸小花生品种(GX,花育51)、普通大花生品种(PD,花育22)和普通小花生品种(PX,花育20)。结果表明:(1)在15.0~35.0℃范围内,4个花生品种的总出芽率均为100.0%;10.0℃时,2个普通花生品种(PD、PX)的总出芽率均较低,分别为60.0%和56.7%,两个高油酸花生品种(GD、GX)则几乎不能出芽;12.5℃时,2个高油酸花生品种的总出芽率仍较低,分别为70.0%和40.0%,2个普通花生品种则均达到100%。(2)出芽动态结果显示,低温(10.0℃和12.5℃)和高温(35.0℃)条件下,2个高油酸花生品种的瞬时出芽率明显低于2个普通品种,15.0~30.0℃范围内这种差异明显减小。(3)多数情况下,高油酸花生品种出芽的平均速率和最高速率低于相同果型的普通花生品种;在10.0℃和12.5℃条件下,GD的出芽平均速率较PD分别降低80.6%和31.7%,GX较PX分别降低97.1%和67.6%。(4)与普通花生品种相比,高油酸花生品种在不同温度条件下的出芽高峰期、始盛期和盛末期均推迟。综上可知,低温(≤12.5℃)时,高油酸花生品种的瞬时出芽率及总出芽率均明显低于相同果型的普通花生品种,高油酸花生品种的适宜出芽温度为15.0~35.0℃。