Optimization of Inactivation Conditions of High Hydrostatic Pressure Using Response Surface Methodology

Response surface methodology (RSM) was employed in the present work and a second orderquadratic equation for high hydrostatic pressure (HHP) inactivation was built. Theadequacy of the model equation for predicting the optimum response values was verifiedeffectively by the validation data. Effects of temperature, pressure, and pressureholding time on HHP inactivation of Escherichia coli ATCC 8739 were explored. Byanalyzing the response surface plots and their corresponding contour plots as well assolving the quadratic equation, the optimum process parameters for inactivation E. coliof six log cycles were obtained as: temperature 32.2℃, pressure 346.4 MPa, and pressureholding time 12.6min.

Extensional Tectonic Framework of Post High and Ultrahigh Pressure Metamorphism in Dabieshan,China

The most prominent feature of the extensional tectonic framework of post high pressure (HP) and ultrahigh pressure (UHP) metamorphism in Dabieshan is the development of the multi layered extension detachment zones surrounding the core of the Luotian dome, and the separation of the UHP, HP and epidote blueschist units by the detachment zones, which form the vertically stacking sheet like slices of the HP and UHP metamorphic rocks. From the core outwards, exist the HP and UHP rock barren Dabie complex, UHP unit, HP unit and epidote blueschist unit. The extension tectonics of post HP and UHP metamorphic event constrain the distribution and present configuration of the HP and UHP metamorphic rocks, and the extensional tectonic framework bears some similarities to the Cordillera metamorphic core complex. It is suggested that partial melting happened in the Dabie gneiss complex (DGC) and UHP unit contemporaneously with the extrusion of UHP metamorphic rocks into the lower-middle crust. The formation and emplacement of the migmatite and granites are the response to the change in thermal state, facilitating the transfer from the compressive regime to extensional regime in the crust. The large scale crustal extension and uplift and the accompanying anatexis in Dabieshan are probably related to the delamination and magmatic underplating in the mantle and the lower crust.

High- and Ultrahigh-pressure Metamorphism and Retrogressive Textures of Gneiss in the Donghai Area——Evidence from gneisses in drillhole ZK2304

In the gneisses from the drillhole ZK2304 of the Donghai area, there have been preserved high- and ultrahigh-pressure metamorphic mineral assemblages, a series of complicated retrogressive textures and relevant metamorphic reactions. In addition to garnet, jadeititic-clinopyroxene and rutile, other peak stage (M2) minerals in some gneisses include phengite, aragonite and coesite or quartz pseudomorphs after coesite. The typical peak-stage mineral assemblages in gneisses are characterized by garnet + jadeitic-clinopyroxene + rutile + coesite, garnet + jadeitic-clinopyroxene + phengite + rutile ± coesite and garnet + jadeitic-clinopyroxene + aragonite + rutile ± coesite. The grossular content (Gro) in garnet is high and may reach 50. 1 mol%. The SiO2 content of phengite ranges from 54.37% to 54.84% with 3.54-3.57 p.f.u. Quartz pseudomorphs after coesite occur as inclusions in garnet.The gneisses of the Donghai area have been subjected to multistage recrystallization and exhibit a closewise P-T evolutional path characterized by the near-isothermal decompression. The inclusion assemblage (Hb+Ep+Bi+Pl+Qz) within garnet and other minerals has recorded a pre-peak stage (Mi) epidote amphibole fades metamorphic event. High- and ultrahigh-pressure peak metamorphism (M2) took place at T=750-860℃ and P>2.7 GPa. The symplectitic assemblages after garnet, jadeitic-clinopyroxene and rutile imply a near-isothermal decompression metamorphism (M3, M4) during the rapid exhumation. Several lines of evidence of petrography and metamorphic reactions indicate that both gneisses and eclogites have experienced ultrahigh-pressure metamorphism in the Donghai area. This research may be of great significance for an in-depth study of the metamorphism and tectonic evolution in the Su-Lu ultrahigh-pressure metamorphic belt.

In situ electrical resistance and activation energy of solid C_(60) under high pressure

The in situ electrical resistance and transport activation energies of solid C60 fullerene have been measured under high pressure up to 25 GPa in the temperature range of 300-423 K by using a designed diamond anvil cell. In the experiment, four parts of boron-doped diamond films fabricated on one anvil were used as electrical measurement probes and a W-Ta thin film thermocouple which was integrated on the other diamond anvil was used to measure the temperature. The current results indicate that the measured high-pressure resistances are bigger than those reported before at the same pressure and there is no pressure-independent resistance increase before 8 GPa. From the temperature dependence of the resistivity, the C60 behaviors as a semiconductor and the activation energies of the cubic C60 fullerene are 0,49, 0.43, and 0.36 eV at 13, 15, and 19 GPa, respectively.

The Metamorphic Evolution and Tectonic Significance of the Sumdo High and Ultrahigh Pressure Metamorphic Terrane, Central-South Lhasa Block, Tibet

Asthemaintectoniccomponentofthe Himalayan–Tibetan orogen,the Lhasa terrane has received much attention as it records the entire history of the orogeny.The occurrence of high pressure eclogite in the Sumdo complex in central Lhasa terrane has a significant importance on the understanding of the Paleo-Tethys subduction and plate itineration processes in this area.The petrological,geochemical and geochronological data of eclogite and associated blueschist and garnet-bearing mica schist from Sumdo,Jilang and Bailang area have been briefly reviewed to explore the origin and metamorphic evolution of this suture.Eclogites from the Sumdo complex have experienced low temperature,high pressure to ultrahigh pressure metamorphism,revealing a fastsubduction and exhumation process in a typical oceanic subduction zone.The large P-T range between different eclogites in the literature may be affected by the big error of unappropriated using geothermobarometry and may also because of slices of subducted blocks derived from different depths juxtapose together during exhumation.By summarizing the U-Pb,Lu-Hf and Sm-Nd ages of eclogites,the eclogite facies metamorphism is likely to occur in early Triassic during 245-225 Ma,but not the previously accepted late Permian at ca.260 Ma by the reinterpretation of the former geochronological data from literature.The opening of Paleo-Tethys Ocean between the Lhasa terrane initiate prior to ca.280 Ma and ultimate closure to integrate the Lhasa terrane was no earlier than225 Ma and may triggered by the initial subduction of Bangong-Nujiang Tethys Ocean in the north.

Geobarmal Gradient in Orogenic Belt and Metamorphism Caused by Ultrahigh Pressure

The components and structures of lithosphere, inhomogeneous, are changing incessantly in different periods. Therefore, the state of load, called the pressure, in lithosphere is also incessantly changing. When the lithosphere volume remains the same, namely on the premise of isovolumes, the geobarmal gradient is: (d p /d h) v =( p / h) v +( p / T) v (d T /d h) v . If β =(d p /d h) v /( p / h) v is supposed, then β =1+ rg -1 C v (d T /d h) v . When the geothermal degree in (d T /d h) v is zero, then the pressure grade of lithosphere is equal to the lithostatic grade, which is the minimum value in the pressure grade of lithosphere. Suppose that the lithosphere is made only up of quartz, C v ≌ C p =0.782+5.718×10 -4 T -1.883×10 4 T -2 (J· g -1 · K -1 ) is obtained, which is the minimum one in lithospheric rock, and then the geothermal grade value of 20 ℃/km is calculated according to the geophysical transection data of Qinling Mountain orogeny. The results show that the high pressure and ultrahigh pressure eclogites in Jiangsu Province and Huangzhen, Dabie may, on the condition of incompletely isovolumes, occur in the depths of 17-40 km with the increase in geothermal temperature, whose values of β do not correspond to the theoretic value of 3.08.

Stony Brook’s High-Pressure Laboratory Collaborations with French Scientists

For more than a half century, my colleagues and I in the Stony Brook High Pressure Laboratory have profited from collaborations with French scientists in their laboratories in Orsay, Paris, Toulouse, Lille, Lyon, Strasbourg and Rennes. These interactions have included postdoctoral appointments of French colleagues in our laboratory as well as two année sabbatique by me;in 1983-84, in the Laboratoire de Géophysique et Géodynamique Interne at the Université Paris XI in Orsay and in 2020-2003 in the Laboratoire des Méchanismes et Transfert en Géologie at the Université Paul Sabatier in Toulouse. The objective of this report is to relate this history and to illustrate the scientific advances which resulted from these collaborations.

Effects of Combined Instantaneous High-Pressure and Medium Temperature on Peroxidase Activity in Wax Gourd Juices

Based on the instantaneous pressurization and depressurization produced by high pressure single pole cylinder pump and valve, the effects of the continuous processing on the peroxidase (POD) activity in wax gourd juices were investigated. Results showed that the processing factors such as pressure, temperature, pH and processing time are important to the POD activity. POD in crude juices could be inactivated apparently above 50 MPa(pH 4.6, 35℃, 4 min), and activated at 20 MPa ( P < 0.01). Its remarkable inactivation could also be observed at 45 and 55℃ (20 MPa, pH 4.6, 4 min), and the evident activation appears at the material temperature 35℃ ( P < 0.01). The pH 3.0 could destroy POD almost completely (20 MPa, 35℃, 4 min), while pH 6.0 could not influence apparently the POD activity in crude juices( P > 0.05). In addition, the rules of POD activity along with the treatment time are variational under different processing pressures. The higher the treating pressure is, the shorter the processing time is needed to inactivate POD.

Kinetic study on pressure leaching of high iron sphalerite concentrate

The kinetics of pressure leaching high iron sphalerite concentrate was studied.The effects of agitation rate,temperature, oxygen partial pressure,initial acid concentration,particle size,iron content in the concentrate and concentration of Fe2 +added into the solution on the leaching rate of zinc were examined.The experiment results indicate that if the agitation rate is greater than 600 r/min,its influence on Zn leaching rate is not substantial.A suitable rise in temperature can facilitate the leaching reaction,and the temperature should be controlled at 140-150℃.The increase trend of Zn leaching rate becomes slow when pressure is greater than 1.2 MPa,so the pressure is controlled at 1.2-1.4 MPa.Under the conditions of this study,Zn leaching rate decreases with a rise in the initial sulfuric acid concentration;and Zn leaching rate increases with a rise of iron content in the concentrate and Fe 2+ concentration in the solution.Moreover,the experiment demonstrates that the leaching process follows the surface chemical reaction control kinetic law of“shrinking of unreacted core”.The activation energy for pressure leaching high iron sphalerite concentrate is calculated,and a mathematical model for this pressure leaching is obtained.The model is promising to guide the practical operation of pressure leaching high iron sphalerite concentrate.

Fluid Activity and Tectonic Evolution in the Northern Qilian High-pressure Metamorphic Belt

The Northern Qilian high-pressure metamorphic belt has experienced multipledeformation-metamorphism, which consists of at least four stages. In 550.8-526 Ma, eclogites wereformed. High temperature and pressure caused the escape of a large quantity of gas-liquid fluidsfrom rocks while silicate melt was generated. In the late stage, small amounts of CO_2 and H_2Oinfiltrating along fractures were introduced. In the formation of glaucophane schist (447-362 Ma),devolatilization reactions were dominated during the subduction-uplift stage of the paleoplate. Inthe uplift-exhumation stage (400-380 Ma) the increase of internal space of fractures in the rocksfavoured fluid infiltration and concentration. These fluids participated in hydration reactions inthe retro-metamorphism. The fluids participating in the mineral reactions have the compositions ofCaCl_2-NaCl-H_2O. In subsequent thrusting (<380 Ma), the metamorphic terrain was uplifted to theshallower crust and ductile-shearing deformation took place, which caused mainly dehydrationreactions of minerals. In a near-surface environment the metamorphic terrain experienced brittledeformation, forming many accompanying fractures. Immiscible CO_2 and low-salinity aqueous fluidsoccurred in these secondary microfractures and were trapped and sealed. The thermodynamic conditionsof different deformation-metamorphic stages of the metamorphic terrain were calculated and thecorresponding P-T-t path was deduced, showing that the metamorphic terrain has experienced aclockwise path indicated by T- and P-rising, and T- and P-falling processes. This reveals that thesubduction zone has undergone multiple tectono-dynamic processes, i.e. initial deep burial,subsequent quick uplift and near-surface tectonism.

Effect of Ultra-high Pressure Treatment on the Quality of Persimmon Pulp

Different pressures and different durations of ultra-high pressure treatment were conducted for persimmon pulp after vacuum packing.The results showed that with the increase of pressure and extension of duration,the total number of bacteria in persimmon pulp decreased gradually.The treatment at 400 MPa for 15 min could meet the requirement of commercial sterility.After treatment,the color and the contents of soluble sugar,soluble solids and titratable acid of persimmon pulp were not changed significantly compared with the control group(P >0.05).The content of vitamin C in persimmon pulp declined gradually with the increase in pressure and time,with the maximum loss of 8.06% observed at 600 MPa for 20 min.Peroxidase( POD) activity also declined gradually with the increase of pressure and time.The activity of polyphenol oxidase( PPO) declined gradually with the increase of time,and increased first and then decreased with the increase of pressure.The content of polyphenols increased first and then decreased with the increase in pressure,and tended to increase overall with the increase in time.Under the treatment of 400 MPa for 20 min,the content of polyphenols reached the maximum.The antioxidant capacity of persimmon pulp after ultra-high pressure treatment was higher than that in the control group,but no significant differences were found among the treatment groups( P > 0.05).Compared with the control group,soluble tannin content was increased after ultra-high pressure treatment,but was far below the critical value for astringency(2 mg/g).In conclusion,ultra-high pressure treatment has only a slight effect on the sensory quality of persimmon pulp and can maintain its nutritional quality to a large extent and improve its antioxidant capacity.Moreover,ultra-high pressure treatment can eliminate astringency completely.

Correlation of Viscosities for Alkane, Aromatic and Alcohol Family at High Pressure by Modified Tait Equation

A new model was proposed to calculate the viscosity of fluids under the pressure ranging from 0.1 to 110MPa by improving the Tait equation, in which the viscosity μ of liquids was linked with activation volume V. The model with two adjustable parameters a and fl was applied in calculating viscosities for alkane, aromatic and alcohol family at high pressure. Results show that calculated values of viscosity are in good agreement with the experimental ones, and the average relative deviations for alkanes, aromatics and alcohols are 0.56%, 0.31% and 0.66%, respectively. Besides, the errors correlated by the model proposed in this paper were equivalent to the ones from the pure empirical Tait equation, and obviously superior to those from Eyring equation.

超高压在植物活性物质提取中的应用研究进展

植物中含有多种活性物质,并具有抗氧化、抗菌、免疫调节、抗炎等多重功效,如何从植物中快速、高效、环保地提取活性物质一直以来是食品、医药、化妆品等行业最重要的研究领域之一。超高压技术作为一种非热加工技术,近年来被广泛研究用于食品加工、提取等方面。超高压提取技术的应用提高了植物活性物质的提取率,缩短了提取时间,可作为一种替代传统固液萃取植物活性化合物的方法。该文重点综述了超高压技术的发展历程及其在植物提取方面的发展应用,超高压提取原理与提取工艺,及其在黄酮、多酚、多糖等多种活性物质提取中的应用,与传统热回流提取方法相比,超高压提取技术可以在常温或较低温度下进行,可有效缩短提取时间,提高生物活性,降低能耗。但超高压在提取植物活性物质方面的应用还面临超高压提取理论基础不完善,提取物生物活性研究有待深入、设备成本高等诸多挑战,有必要探索超高压与其他提取方法相结合的协同提取作用,进一步揭示该技术所涉及的工作机制,以期为深入应用超高压技术提取植物活性物质提供理论参考。

动态高压微射流辅助提取石榴皮多糖工艺优化及其抗氧化活性

以石榴皮为原料,优化动态高压微射流辅助提取石榴皮多糖工艺并探究其抗氧化活性。通过单因素试验分析料液比、微射流压力、提取时间以及提取温度对石榴皮多糖得率的影响。进一步通过响应面试验优化提取工艺,试验结果确定最佳工艺条件为料液比1∶34(g/mL)、微射流压力106 MPa、提取时间2.6 h,在该工艺条件下石榴皮多糖得率为(29.07±0.42)%,与预测值接近,表明模型拟合良好,该优化工艺准确可行。同时提取的石榴皮多糖对DPPH·、·OH及ABTS^(+)·具有较好的清除活性。

高压热杀菌处理时D-果糖对枯草芽孢杆菌芽孢灭活的抑制机制

研究高压热杀菌(high-pressure thermal sterilization,HPTS)处理时D-果糖对枯草芽孢杆菌芽孢灭活的抑制作用。HPTS处理压力为200、600 MPa,处理温度为25、65、75℃,处理时间为20 min,D-果糖质量分数为0、15%、30%、60%。使用流式细胞术检测处理前后芽孢内膜的损伤情况,采用傅里叶红外光谱对处理前后芽孢蛋白质和内膜脂质进行分析,以揭示蛋白质结构与内膜脂质相态的变化。HPTS处理后芽孢内膜通透性增大,内膜完整性受损,然而随着添加的D-果糖质量分数的升高,芽孢内膜脂质的相态由液晶态逐渐转变为凝胶态,内膜稳定性增加、通透性降低、完整性提高,且芽孢蛋白质的有序二级结构的含量增加。不添加D-果糖时,600 MPa、75℃处理20 min后,芽孢死亡了5.31 lg(CFU/mL),芽孢悬浮液OD_(600)下降到0.41,2,6-吡啶二羧酸(2,6-pyridinedicarboxylic acid,DPA)泄漏率达93.56%,内膜受损的芽孢比率达到80.95%,芽孢蛋白质的α-螺旋和β-折叠结构含量分别下降到16%和17%;而当添加的D-果糖质量分数提升到60%时,相同条件的HPTS处理后,芽孢存活数量上升了1.69 lg(CFU/mL),芽孢悬浮液OD_(600)上升了0.09,内膜受损的芽孢比率减少了20.74个百分点,芽孢蛋白质的α-螺旋和β-折叠结构含量分别回升到25%和28%。D-果糖抑制了HPTS处理对芽孢结构的破坏和孢内关键物质的泄漏,且这种作用与D-果糖质量分数呈正相关。

超高压辅助酶解对汉麻分离蛋白结构和抗氧化活性的影响

本研究以汉麻分离蛋白(Hemp Protein Isolate,HPI)为原料,通过超高压辅助酶解反应对HPI进行改性,测定不同压力下汉麻蛋白酶解产物(hydrolysate of hemp protein isolate,HPIH)的聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳(SDS polyacrylamide gelelectrophoresis,SDS-PAGE)电泳特性、表面疏水性、巯基含量、傅立叶红外光谱和内源荧光光谱分析改性前后汉麻分离蛋白的结构变化。结果表明,超高压(ultra-high pressure,UHP)(0.1、100、200、300 MPa)处理对HPI酶解反应具有一定的辅助作用,且随压力的升高酶解反应程度逐渐增大,分子量逐渐降低;HPI经改性后,疏水性基团逐渐暴露,表面疏水性随压力的增大先上升后下降,且变化差异性显著(P<0.05),在200 MPa时表面疏水性达到最大;酶解反应后,HPIH游离巯基含量显著降低(P<0.05),而表面巯基含量随压力增大呈先上升后下降的趋势;通过测定改性前后蛋白质氨基酸组成及含量可知,改性前后HPI氨基酸组成不变,但各氨基酸含量存在不同程度下降;由傅立叶红外光谱图可以看出,与HPI相比,HPIH的吸收峰强度、峰型及峰面积等均发生不同程度变化,说明超高压辅助酶解反应使蛋白质二级结构发生改变;内源荧光光谱显示,HPIH荧光强度增大且最大发射波长发生红移,说明酶解反应改变了HPI的三级结构;抗氧化活性结果表明,适当的压力处理可有效提升酶解产物的抗氧化能力,当压力为200 MPa时,HPIH的DPPH、ABTS^(+)自由基清除能力及还原能力达到最高。综上所述,超高压辅助酶解改性处理能显著改变汉麻分离蛋白的二、三级结构,暴露出疏水基团等活性基团,从而提高其抗氧化性。

红枣多糖超高压耦合低共熔溶剂提取工艺优化及其抗氧化活性

为了实现红枣多糖的高效制备及开发利用,该研究建立了红枣多糖超高压耦合低共熔溶剂提取工艺,并探究了红枣多糖的抗氧化活性。以红枣为原料,从七种不同类型的低共熔溶剂(Deep Eutectic Solvent,DES)体系中,筛选确定以氯化胆碱和乙二醇组成的DES提取红枣多糖,在单因素试验的基础上,采用Box-Benhnken中心组合试验设计优化红枣多糖的超高压耦合DES提取工艺,建立四因素回归模型,确定其最优提取工艺条件为提取压力483 MPa,保温时间8.25 min,DES中氯化胆碱和乙二醇的摩尔比为1:3.75,DES含水量为53%,此时红枣多糖实际得率为14.22%。同时该工艺制备得到的红枣多糖具有较高的DPPH、ABTS+自由基清除作用,以及铁离子和氧自由基还原能力,分别为1.47 mg AA/g DW、10.69 mg AA/g DW、30.43μmol FeE/g DW和193.67μmol TE/g DW,具有显著的抗氧化活性,表明超高压耦合DES提取工艺具有制备高得率、高抗氧化活性红枣多糖的潜力。

高静压和热预处理对真空冷冻干燥重组果蔬块品质的影响

以芒果、甜瓜、菠萝和胡萝卜为原料,采用传统热处理及不同高静压条件对复合果蔬浆进行预处理后,通过冷冻干燥(freeze?drying,FD)技术生产重组果蔬块,研究不同高静压压力对FD果蔬块理化品质、生物活性物质、抗氧化活性和感官品质的影响。结果表明:与热预处理相比,高静压预处理能显著提高FD果蔬块产品的a*值、b*值、可滴定酸含量、抗氧化活性(1,1-二苯基-2-三硝基苯肼自由基清除率、羟自由基清除率、铁离子还原能力),总酚、总黄酮、VC含量分别较热预处理提高21.11%~30.27%、59.96%~68.58%、13.35%~15.34%;醇类和酮类挥发性风味物质含量分别为189.65~207.82?μg/kg和59.60~81.16μg/kg,相较于热预处理显著提高。此外,高静压预处理FD果蔬块在5种香气属性上的感官强度和色泽、气味、滋味的喜好度也显著高于热预处理FD果蔬块。在300?MPa和500?MPa的高静压预处理条件下,FD果蔬块的感官品质最接近未处理组。高静压预处理通过提高细胞膜通透性,促进了生物活性物质和风味物质的释放,提高了抗氧化活性,与传统热预处理相比,高静压预处理有效改善了FD果蔬块的品质特性。

超高压处理对柚皮海绵层不溶性膳食纤维理化性质、结构和抗氧化活性的影响

该研究解析了超高压处理(600 MPa, 15 min)对3种柚皮海绵层不溶性膳食纤维(insoluble dietary fiber, IDF)理化性质、结构以及抗氧化活性的影响规律。结果表明,超高压处理显著提高了3种柚皮海绵层IDF的溶胀力,其中琯溪蜜柚柚皮海绵层IDF的溶胀力(78.03 mL/g)最高。然而过高的压力会严重破坏膳食纤维的内部结构,导致柚皮海绵层IDF持水力和持油力下降。超高压处理后柚皮海绵层IDF微观结构更加疏松,并显著提高了柚皮海绵层IDF葡萄糖、木糖、阿拉伯糖和半乳糖的含量。通过X-射线衍射发现超高压处理后柚皮海绵层IDF的结晶度降低;傅里叶变换红外光谱显示,超高压处理对柚皮海绵层IDF活性基团种类影响较小,但对其特征峰的吸收强度影响较大。此外,柚皮海绵层IDF经超高压处理后ABTS阳离子自由基和DPPH自由基清除率均有所下降,表明其抗氧化活性降低。以上研究结果表明,超高压处理可改变柚皮海绵层IDF的理化性质、结构和抗氧化活性。该研究为柚皮海绵层IDF的多元化利用提供理论和技术支撑。