High Temperature Chemical Reaction of La_2O_3 in H_3BO_3-C System

The high temperature chemical reaction process of La2O3 in H3BO3-C system was studied by means of XRD and TG-DTA.The results showed that dehydration reaction of H3BO3 occurred in the temperature range of 82～390 ℃;La2O3 and B2O3 reacted to form LaB3O6,LaBO3,and B4C in the temperature range of 836～1400℃;at 1450 ℃,B4C and LaBO3 further reacted to form LaB4,and partial LaB4 and B reacted to form LaB6;at 1500 ℃,LaB4 and B reacting into LaB6 was the main reaction,and the content of LaB6 increased with prolonging time.

High accuracy non-equidistant method for singular perturbation reaction-diffusion problem

Singular perturbation reaction-diffusion problem with Dirichlet boundary condition is considered. It is a multi-scale problem. Presence of small parameter leads to boundary layer phenomena in both sides of the region. A non-equidistant finite difference method is presented according to the property of boundary layer. The region is divided into an inner boundary layer region and an outer boundary layer region according to transition point of Shishkin. The steps sizes are equidistant in the outer boundary layer region. The step sizes are gradually increased in the inner boundary layer region such that half of the step sizes are different from each other. Truncation error is estimated. The proposed method is stable and uniformly convergent with the order higher than 2. Numerical results are given, which are in agreement with the theoretical result.

HIGH T_c SUPERCONDUCTOR YBa_2 Cu_3 O_x SYNTHESIZED BY UNIDIRECTIONAL REACTION

A unidirectional reaction for synthesis of the high T_c superconductor YBa_2Cu_3O_x has been proposed, Its T_c is 90-94.5 K and △T is 1 K. The phase relationships in the system Y_2BaCuO_5-Y_2Cu_2O_5-CuO-YBa_2Cu_3O_x were studied and discussed.

Equilibrating in Intermediate-High Energy Nuclear Reaction

The equilibrating problem for intermediate-high energy reaction is studied by themicroscopic kinetic model.The calculations are carried out for reaction 830 MeV p+Fe.Thetime evolution of the squared momentum components and the kinetic energy density shows thatquasi equilibrium is reached.

Further Studies of BURSTS and Spallation in High-Energy Heavy Ion Reactions

Aspects of BURSTS and Spallation reactions induced by high-energy heavy ions in thick targets (>10 cm thick) will be investigated: BURSTS are reviewed from a historical and phenomenological point-of-view. Details of interactions in nuclear emulsions will be compared for irradiations of 72 GeV 22Ne-ions from Dubna with irradiations of 72 GeV 40Ar-ions from Berkeley. Measured correlations in individual interactions between multiplicities of “minimum ionizing particles”, ns, and “black prongs”, nb, will be shown as “ns-vs.-nb” per event for BURSTS and separately for Spallation in interactions of 72 GeV 22Ne-ions. Monte Carlo calculations, based on the MCNPX 2.7 code, have been carried out for 72 GeV 22Ne interacting in nuclear emulsions: The correlation between ns and nb in Spallation reactions could be understood. However, “ns-vs.-nb” correlations from BURST-interactions could not be reproduced with this model for events with small numbers of heavy prongs nh ≤ 10. For large numbers of heavy prongs with nh > 10 one could find some agreement between experiments and calculations, however, not in all details. Further experimental and theoretical studies are necessary before one has a complete understanding of BURST interactions in high-energy heavy ion reactions.

Microstructural evolution of NiFe_2O_4-10NiO powder prepared by high temperature solid state reaction

The NiFe2O4-10NiO powder for inert anode of aluminium electrolysis was prepared by high temperature solid state reaction. The microstructural evolution from the raw materials NiO and Fe2O3 to the NiFe2O4-10NiO powder was studied by SEM. The results show that the domain structure making up of the agglomerate particles of Fe2O3 remains after high temperature solid state reaction, and the diffusion of Ni2+ into Fe2O3 structure is the control step of the reaction process. A microstructure with compact structure and fine grain inside the particle results from the sintering of NiFe2O4-10NiO powder.

Reaction mechanism in high Nb containing TiAl alloy by elemental powder metallurgy

High Nb containing TiAl alloy was fabricated in argon atmosphere by reactive hot pressing process. Reaction mechanism was investigated by means of microstructural analyses and thermodynamic calculations. The results show that it is feasible to prepare high Nb containing TiAl alloy with fine lamellar colonies by reactive hot pressing process. The reaction between Ti and Al powders is dominant in Ti-Al-Nb system. Nb powders dissolve into the Ti-Al matrix by diffusion. Pore nests are formed in situ after Nb powders diffusion. The hot pressing atmosphere is optimized by thermodynamic calculations. Vacuum or argon protective atmosphere should be adopted.

CoS_2 Yolk-Shell Spheres Coated with Carbon Thin Layers as High Active and Stable Electrocatalysts for Hydrogen Evolution Reaction

Though water electrolysis is effective in generating high-quality hydrogen gas,it requires effective electrocatalysts for hydrogen evolution reaction(HER).CoS_2 have been considered as a promising HER electrocatalyst because of its high ctalytic activity.However,the key limitation for CoS_2 nanomaterial as HER electrocatalyst is its poor stability,which may be due to the structural breakdown of CoS_2 nanostructure or the evolution of S during H_2 evolution in acid media.Coating porous carbon thin layer for protection from structural breakdown and evolution of S is a good way to improve catalytic stability.In addition,coating carbon layer can change electronic structure of CoS_2 for the moderated hydrogen adsorption energy,leading to enhanced catalytic activity.Here,CoS_2 yolk-shell spheres coated with carbon thin layers exhibit superior catalytic performance for HER with low overpotential,small Tafel slope,and excellent stability.

高熵合金在电催化氧还原反应中的应用及发展

开发用于氧气还原反应(ORR)的高效催化剂是提高燃料电池和金属-空气电池性能的关键。然而,ORR是动力学缓慢反应,存在着很高的过电势,从而降低了燃料电池和金属-空气电池的能量转换效率。高熵合金是由5种或5种以上金属元素等(近)物质的量比形成的一种新型合金材料。凭借其独特的组分与结构优势,高熵合金能够高效加速ORR、降低ORR过电势,表现出对ORR的显著催化作用。文章主要综述了高熵合金的结构、性能特点、制备方法以及在催化ORR方面的应用,并提出了挑战和发展展望。

Energy momentum pseudo-tensor of high frequency gravitational waves and their dynamical back-reaction

To describe properties of the high frequency gravitational wave (HFGW) propagating through the vacuum gravitational field in Robertson-Walker background space-time,we calculated its energy momentum pseudo-tensor (EMPT) in the limit of short wavelengths by taking the Brill-Hartle average on the second order perturbation of the Einstein tensor over several wavelengths. By rewriting the EMPT as a form of perfect fluid,the dynamical back-reaction of HFGW on the background space-time was discussed. The result shows that the energy density of HFGW,which is in the gauge we chose,is positive definite. The HFGW serves as a source for curving the background space-time and affects the dynamical evolution and time evolution of the scale factor of the Robertson-Walker metric.

Effect of Nb and alloying elements on interface reaction between high Nb-containing TiAl alloys and ZrO_2-based ceramic moulds

In the present study, Ti-45Al-(6, 7, 8)Nb(at%) and Ti-45Al-8Nb-0.5(Mn, Si, Y, B) alloys were prepared by arc melting and casting into Zr O2(Y2O3 stabilized) ceramic moulds to study the effect of alloying elements Nb and Mn, Si, Y, B on the interfacial reaction between casting Ti Al alloys and ceramic moulds by SEM, and the elements' distribution in the interface reaction layer by line scanning. The results showed that with an increase in Nb content, the interfacial reaction weakened and the thickness of the reaction layer decreased gradually. The interface reaction thickness of the alloys with Nb content of 6, 7, 8at% were 60, 34 and 26 μm, respectively. Clearly, the addition of 8at% Nb to Ti-45 Al is the best for the thickness of the reaction layer. The addition of Nb would form a Nb-rich film in the reaction layer, which could reduce the solubility of oxygen in the interface, and suppress further diffusion of oxygen to the matrix. If the same content of Mn, Si, Y, or B alloying elements were added respectively to Ti-45Al-8Nb, the thickness of the interface reaction layer from large to small was as follows: Mn>Si>Y>B. The interface reaction thickness increased after 0.5at% Mn added, had no obvious change after 0.5at% Si addition, and decreased after adding 0.5at% Y or B. The introduced elements, which formed a protective film or/and promoted the formation of a dense aluminum oxide layer, would be of benefit to the resistance of interfacial reaction.

重组木聚糖酶的高密度发酵及其定向制备低聚木糖

为提高酶水解杨木木聚糖定向转化低聚木糖的效率,同时降低酶法制备低聚木糖的成本,围绕重组大肠杆菌(PET-PdoXyn10A-DE3)高密度发酵制备拟杆菌来源木聚糖酶PdoXyn10A的诱导表达条件和酶水解制备低聚木糖的工艺条件开展了研究。考察了在5 L发酵罐水平下诱导剂浓度、诱导光密度(OD_(600))值、诱导温度和诱导pH值等因素对PET-PdoXyn10A-DE3产重组木聚糖酶PdoXyn10A的影响,反应温度、pH值对玉米芯木聚糖酶水解过程中酶活力的影响,以及酶添加量、酶水解时间对杨木乙酸水解液制备低聚木糖的影响。研究结果表明:在诱导剂浓度0.25 mmol/L、诱导OD_(600)值55、诱导温度34℃和诱导pH值7.0的最佳诱导条件下,经高密度发酵重组酶酶活力可达362.67 U/mL,重组大肠杆菌生物量可达28.83 g/L。酶水解制备低聚木糖的最佳条件为酶反应温度40℃、pH值5.2、酶添加量12 U/mL和反应时间6 h,此条件下低聚木糖的量为3.21 g/L,其中木二糖、木三糖、木四糖、木五糖和木六糖的量分别为1.09、 0.97、 0.84、 0.18、 0.13 g/L,木糖为1.82 g/L。

Al-Sn复合材料的制备及其水反应产氢效率

为提高Al和水的反应活性,采用高能球磨法制备了Al-Sn复合材料,通过SEM、激光粒径分析、XRD等方法表征了Al-Sn复合物的微观结构,研究了Al-Sn复合材料的水反应活性,考察了颗粒粒径、水介质、起始温度、球磨参数变化对Al-Sn复合物水反应活性的影响。实验结果表明,高能球磨法及金属Sn的加入能够大幅提高Al与水反应的活性,制备的Al-Sn复合材料与水反应的氢气产率达83.92%,快速期最大产氢速率为359mL/(min·g)。

大电流密度下高性能析氢电催化剂研究进展

H_(2)作为一种清洁能源,被认为是缓解能源危机和减少环境污染最有前景的替代能源之一。利用可再生能源电解水制氢是生产绿氢的重要方法,但是工业电解水制氢大多存在运行电流密度低、能耗高等难题。提高电流密度是提高产氢速率最直接的方式,但是在未对电催化剂进行优化的情况下,提高电流密度会造成电耗的增加,因此亟需开发出在大电流密度下低过电位的高性能析氢反应(以下简称“HER”)电催化剂。首先介绍了在酸性和碱性介质中的HER反应机理:Volmer-Heyrovsky和Volmer-Tafel,提出了在大电流密度下高性能HER电催化剂需满足的要求;然后从单原子催化剂、合金催化剂和异质结构催化剂等角度出发,阐述了近年来国内外贵金属、非贵金属HER电催化剂的研究进展;最后对HER电催化剂未来发展所面临的挑战和机遇进行了分析。

优质护理在机采血小板献血者中的作用研究

目的:研究优质护理在机采血小板献血者中的应用价值。方法:选取2022年4—9月陕西省血液中心西安市中心血站参与机采血小板的献血者200例作为研究对象,随机分为对照组(常规护理)、试验组(优质护理),各100例。比较两组献血知识认知程度、不良反应发生率和护理满意度。结果:干预后,两组献血流程、注意事项、情绪舒缓、行为调节、献血配合评分高于干预前,试验组高于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);试验组不良反应发生率低于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.001);试验组仪表形象、知识讲解、操作技能、采血环境、耐心沟通、处理问题评分高于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.001)。结论:优质护理在机采血小板献血者中的应用价值较高,可有效加强献血者对献血知识的认知,降低不良反应发生率,提高护理满意度。

阿帕替尼血药浓度测定方法的建立及临床应用

目的 建立测定阿帕替尼血药浓度的方法并进行临床应用。方法 采用超高效液相色谱(UPLC)法进行血药浓度测定,色谱柱为ACQUITY UPLC BEH C18,流动相为乙腈-0.1%甲酸水溶液(梯度洗脱),流速为0.2 mL/min,柱温为40℃,进样量为5μL。收集26例服用阿帕替尼癌症患者的病例资料,检测其血药浓度,分析阿帕替尼血药浓度与患者年龄、给药剂量、不良反应及联合用药的相关性,并检测患者治疗前后血清肾损伤相关因子[胱抑素C(CysC)、肾损伤分子1(KIM-1)、白细胞介素18(IL-18)、肿瘤坏死因子α(TNF-α)]水平。结果 阿帕替尼检测质量浓度在500~2 000 ng/mL范围内线性关系良好,精密度试验RSD为3.7%,稳定性试验RSD为4.9%,平均加样回收率为96.0%(RSD为2.1%)。26例患者的阿帕替尼血药浓度最低为103 ng/mL,最高为1 932ng/mL。患者的血药浓度随年龄呈波动降低趋势。在0.125或0.25 g给药剂量下,服用阿帕替尼的患者体内血药浓度集中在1 000~2 000 ng/mL范围内。26例癌症患者中有13例发生不良反应,其中血药浓度500~<1 000 ng/mL者未见不良反应发生。20例患者同时联用了其他药物,其血药浓度高低不同。治疗后,患者的血清CysC、KIM-1、IL-18、TNF-α水平均显著高于治疗前(P<0.05)。结论 所建立的UPLC方法能快速检测阿帕替尼血药浓度。临床使用阿帕替尼时应综合考虑患者年龄和药物联用等情况,并注意防范阿帕替尼可能导致的急性肾损伤。

高温改性钢渣活化过硫酸盐降解甲基橙和苯酚的反应机制

采用高温改性钢渣活化过硫酸盐(peroxymonosulfate,PMS)降解甲基橙(methyl orange,MO)和苯酚(phenol,AR)。考察了改性钢渣投加量、PMS浓度、初始pH值、反应温度对MO和AR降解效果的影响。在改性钢渣质量浓度为9.0 g/L、PMS物质的量浓度为12.0 mmol/L、初始pH值为7.0、反应温度为25℃的条件下,反应90 min,30 mg/L MO和15 mg/L AR的降解率分别达到90.5%和100%。材料表征分析结果表明,高温改性钢渣比表面积增大、孔隙率高、催化氧化PMS性能好,且重复利用仍有较好的原位恢复性能。自由基淬灭和电子顺磁共振波谱实验说明,高温改性钢渣/PMS反应体系存在非自由基(1 O 2)和自由基(SO_(4)^(-)·和·OH),发挥了碱活化PMS和铁氧化物活化PMS的共同作用,最终将MO和AR降解为小分子物质。

曝光工艺对蓝相液晶图案清晰度的影响

为提高图案化蓝相液晶薄膜(Blue Phase Liquid Crystal Film, BPLCF)的边缘分辨率,使图案更清晰,降低制备工艺难度,本文基于硫醇-丙烯酸酯迈克尔加成反应,在恒温下利用分步掩膜曝光的方式设计并制备了图案化BPLCF。首先,观察BPLCF光学特性随迈克尔加成反应过程进行的变化,结合光谱的半峰宽和反射强度,确定BP I织构相对较好的反应时间;接着,根据选定的反应时间,探究在相同紫外曝光时间下,不同曝光强度对BPLCF光学性能和图案分辨率的影响,得到使图案化BPLCF具有清晰图案和高边缘分辨率的最佳紫外曝光强度;最后,根据实验得到的反应时间和紫外曝光强度,制备了具有高分辨率兰花和梅花图案的BPLCF。实验结果表明,在33℃的恒温下,当迈克尔加成反应时间为60 min、紫外曝光强度为30 mW/cm2、曝光时间为15 s时,BP I结构保留完好,BPLCF图案清晰,边界无阴影,对应的中心波长和半峰宽分别为528 nm和53 nm,此时分辨率可达38μm。该研究对于制备高分辨率的蓝相液晶图案及其在信息防伪以及显示领域的应用具有重要意义。

合成工艺对固相法制备高四方性纯钛酸钡粉体的影响

钛酸钡是一种重要的功能陶瓷材料,因具有优异的电学性能而被广泛应用于多层陶瓷电容器(MLCC)等电子元器件。本研究以碳酸钡和二氧化钛为原料,采用固相法制备形貌均匀且四方性高的BaTiO_(3)粉体,系统研究了合成工艺(合成温度、升温速率和保温时间)对BaTiO_(3)粉体的影响。通过TG/DTA、XRD和SEM等测试手段对BaTiO_(3)粉体进行表征,结果表明:合成温度主要影响BaTiO_(3)粉体的四方性,保温时间和升温速率主要影响BaTiO_(3)粉体的粒径和粒度分布;原材料经过90 r/min球磨24 h后,在合成温度1050℃、升温速率5℃/min和保温时间3 h的条件下,制备了平均粒径为400 nm、四方性(c/a)为1.0091的形貌均匀的BaTiO_(3)粉体。本工作为固相法制备高可靠性MLCC用纯BaTiO_(3)粉体提供了良好的研究思路。

基于TDLAS的H_(2)S高温反应特性实验研究

电站锅炉在低NO_(x)燃烧过程中因锅炉内还原性气氛浓度较高,会产生较多H_(2)S气体。针对H_(2)S因具有易燃、强腐蚀性、剧毒性而可能对火电厂造成多种危害的问题,采用可调谐二极管激光吸收光谱(tunable diode laser absorption spectroscopy,TDLAS)方法结合多通池和计算机搭建低气体摩尔分数在线测量系统,实现了对混合气体中摩尔分数在10–6量级H_(2)S的精确在线测量,并利用该测量系统进行了H_(2)S高温反应实验,探究实验温度和混合气体中O_(2)摩尔分数对该反应的影响。实验结果展示了压力为80 kPa、O_(2)摩尔分数为0~5%的条件下,H_(2)S开始发生化学反应的温度随O_(2)摩尔分数变化的变化规律,整体而言,混合气体中O_(2)摩尔分数越高,H_(2)S开始发生化学反应的温度越低。实验结果可以为锅炉烟气中H_(2)S的生成、转化和危害控制提供一定数据基础。