High Speed On/Off Valve Control Hydraulic Propeller

The work-class remotely-operated-underwater-vehicles（ROVs） are mainly driven by hydraulic propulsion system,and the effeciency of hydraulic propulsion system is an important performance index of ROVs.However,the efficiency of traditional hydraulic propulsion system controlled by throttle valves is too low.Therefore,in this paper,for small and medium ROVs,a novel propulsion system with higher efficiency based on high speed on/off valve control hydraulic propeller is proposed.To solve the conflict between large flow rate and high frequency response performance,a two-stage high speed on/off valve-motor unit with large flow rate and high response speed simultaneously is developed.Through theoretical analysis,an effective fluctuation control method and a novel pulse-width-pulse-frequency-modulation（PWPFM） are introduced to solve the conflict among inherently fluctuation,valve dynamic performance and system efficiency.A simulation model is established to evaluate the system performance.To prove the advantage of system in energy saving,and test the dynamic control performance of high speed on/off valve control propeller,a test setup is developed and a series of comparative experiments is completed.The smimulation and experiment results show that the two-stage high speed on/off valve has an excellent dynamic response performance,and can be used to realize high accuracy speed control.The experiment results prove that the new propulsion system has much more advantages than the traditional throttle speed regulation system in energy saving.The lowest efficiency is more than 40%.The application results on a ROV indicate that the high speed on/off valve control propeller system has good dynamic and steady-state control performances.Its transient time is only about 1 s-1.5 s,and steady-state error is less than 5%.Meanwhile,the speed fluctuation is small,and the smooth propeller speed control effect is obtained.On the premise of good propeller speed control performance,the proposed high speed on/off valve control propeller can improve the effeciency of ROV propulsion system significantly,and provides another attractive ROV propulsion system choice for engineers.

Shear Flows in the Near-Turbulent Wake Region of High Speed Trains

Two flow cases for scaled high speed train models with different length are numerically analyzed in the framework of the improved delayed detachededdy simulation model.Specific attention is paid to the shear flows and related mechanisms in the near turbulent wake created by these moving models.In particular,a comparative analysis is made on the distributions of turbulent kinetic energy(TKE)and turbulence production(TP)in planes perpendicular to the streamwise direction.The numerical results suggest that,in the wake region very close to the tail,significant TKE and TP can be ascribed to the dynamic interaction between powerful eddies and strong shear,which explain why these quantities are sensitive to the shear strength.The shear flows are essentially governed by the boundary layers developing along the streamwise direction on the train surfaces,especially from the under-body region and the side walls.For other positions located in the downstream direction away from the tail,the interaction of vortices with the non-slip ground serves as a mechanism to promote transfer of energy from weak eddies to turbulence through the shear present in planes parallel to the ground.

High Speed Sintering:Assessing the Influence of Energy Input on Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Polyether Block Amide(PEBA)Parts

High speed sintering,a new powder-bed fusion additive manufacturing technology,utilizes infrared lights(IR)to intensely heat and melt polymer powders.The presence of defects such as porosity,which is associated with particle coalescence,is highly dependdent on the level of energy input.This study investigate the influcence of energy input on porosity and its subsequent effects on the mechanical properties and microstructures of PEBA parts.The parts were manufactured with a variety of lamp powers,resulting in a range of energy input levels spanning from low to high.Subsequebtly,they underwent testing using Archimedes’method,followed by tensile testing.The porosity,mechanical characteristics,and energy input exhibit a strong correlation;inadequate energy input was the primary cause of pore formation.Using the reduced IR light power resulted in the following outcomes:porosity,ultimate tensile strength,and elongation of 1.37%,7.6 MPa,and 194.2%,respectively.When the energy input was further increased,the porosity was reduced to as low as 0.05%and the ultimate tensile strength and elongation were increased to their peak values of 233.8%and 9.1 MPa,respectively.

Damage Tolerance Assessment of a Brake Unit Bracket for High-Speed Railway Welded Bogie Frames

The brake unit bracket of a bogie frame is an important load-carrying component, particularly under emergency start/stop conditions. Conventional infinite/safe life approaches provide an over-conservative recommendation for the allowable strength and lifetime, which hinders the lightweight design of modern railway vehicles. In this study, to ensure the reliability and durability of a brake unit bracket, an attempt was made to integrate the nominal stress method and an advanced damage tolerance method. First, a complex bogie frame was modelled using solid elements instead of plate and beam elements. A hot spot stress region on the bracket was found under an eight-stage load spectrum obtained from the Wuhan–Guangzhou high-speed railway line. Based on the probability of foreign damage, a semi-elliptical surface crack was then assumed for residual life assessment. The results obtained by the cumulative damage and damage tolerance methods show that the brake unit bracket can operate for over 30 years. Moreover, even if a 2-mm depth crack exists, the brake unit bracket can be safely operated for more than 2.27 years, with the hope that the crack can be detected in subsequent maintenance procedures. Finally, an appropriate safety margin was suggested which provides a basis for the life prediction and durability assessment of brake unit brackets of high-speed railways.

Methodology to Evaluate Fatigue Damage of High-Speed Train Welded Bogie Frames Based on On-Track Dynamic Stress Test Data

The current method of estimating the fatigue life of railway structures is to calculating the equivalent stress amplitude based on the measured stress data. However, the random of the measured data is not considered. In this paper, a new method was established to compute the equivalent stress amplitude to evaluate the fatigue damage based on the measurable randomness, since the equivalent stress is the key parameter for assessment of structure fatigue life and load derivation. The equivalent stress amplitude of a high-speed train welded bogie frame was found to obey normal distribution under uniform operation route that verified by on-track dynamic stress data, and the proposed model is, in effect, an improved version of the mathematical model used to calculate the equivalent stress amplitude. The data of a long-term, on-track dynamic stress test program was analyzed to find that the normal distribution parameters of equivalent stress amplitude values differ across different operation route. Thus, the fatigue damage of the high-speed train welded bogie frame can be evaluated by the proposed method if the running schedule of the train is known a priori. The results also showed that the equivalent stress amplitude of the region connected to the power system is more random than in other regions of the bogie frame.

Research on Irradiation Electric Field for Charged Particles Beam with High Energy

Irradiation protection of the nonlinear optical devices used in the spacecraft and next generation active laser system must be solved. The first problem was to find the irradiation damage mechanism of the nonlinear materials. In this paper the irradiation electronic field originating from high speed charged particle beams was discussed. The calculating model of the electronic field, based on the relativistic mechanics and electro-magnetic theory, was founded. The common characters of the irradiation electronic field were predicted and the fields of α ray and β ray were calculated by means of our model. The simulating results showed that the intensity of the electric field increased with the energy or the intensity of the beam. The results also showed that the field change trend of α ray and β ray was similar, but the field value was quite different. When the beam intensity I = 100 μA and the beam energy εm = 500 Mev, the electronic field values were about 3.5 × 107 v/m for α ray and 2.4 × 1011 v/m for β ray.

ACCURATE DETECTION OF HIGH-SPEED MULTI-TARGET VIDEO SEQUENCES MOTION REGIONS BASED ON RECONSTRUCTED BACKGROUND DIFFERENCE

The paper first discusses shortcomings of classical adjacent-frame difference. Sec ondly, based on the image energy and high order statistic(HOS) theory, background reconstruction constraints are setup. Under the help of block-processing technology, background is reconstructed quickly. Finally, background difference is used to detect motion regions instead of adjacent frame difference. The DSP based platform tests indicate the background can be recovered losslessly in about one second, and moving regions are not influenced by moving target speeds. The algorithm has important usage both in theory and applications.

HIGH-RESOLUTION NUMERICAL SIMULATION OF WIND ENERGY RESOURCE IN HAINAN PROVINCE AND ITS OFFSHORE WATERS

With high resolution （1 kin）, the distribution of wind energy resources in Hainan province and over its offshore waters is numerically simulated by using the Wind Energy Simulation Toolkit （WEST） model developed by Meteorological Research Branch of Environment Canada. Compared with observations from eight coastal anemometric towers and 18 existing stations in the province, the simulations show good reproduction of the real distribution of wind resources in Hainan and over its offshore waters, with the relative error of annual mean wind speed being no more than 9% at the 70-m level. Moreover, based on the simulated results of WEST grids that are closest to where the eight wind towers are located, the annual mean wind speeds are further estimated by using the Danish software Wasp （Wind Atlas Analysis and Application Program）. The estimated results are then compared with the observations from the towers. It shows that the relative error is also less than 9%. Therefore, WEST and WEST＋WAsP will be useful tools for the assessment of wind energy resources in high resolution and selection of wind farm sites in Hainan province and over its offshore waters.

Effect of high intensity conditioning on aggregate size of fine sphalerite

High intensity conditioning(HIC)was used as a model to study the fundamental of fine sulphide particle flotation.The effect of impeller design,mechanical energy input,and agitation speed on aggregate size of fine sphalerite was tested.The aggregate size of fine sphalerite was measured with the Malvern Hydro 2000 Mastersizer.The results show that the size of aggregates of sphalerite particles ground for 3 min can be enlarged significantly with the activator and collector addition in HIC using the high energy impeller.The improved particle aggregation by using the high energy impeller is not directly related to a higher energy input into the system.With the same energy input into HIC,the aggregate size obtained with the high energy impeller is much coarser than that obtained with the low energy impeller.With the new impeller in HIC,the sphalerite aggregate size decreases with increasing agitation speed from 700 to 2 500 r/min.However,the recovery does not decrease until the agitation speed reaches 2 500 r/min.

Value of High-Frequency Relic Gravitational Wave (HFRGW) Detection to Astrophysics and Fabrication and Utilization of the Li-Baker HFRGW Detector

Up to the present time gravitational-wave detectors, such as LIGO and Virgo, have been sensitive to frequencies on the order of a few thousand to a small fraction of an Hz. They have been most effective in the study of black-hole mergers. We suggest that high-frequency relic gravitational wave (HFRGW) detectors be developed, especially the Li-Baker HFRGW detector, in the gigahertz and higher frequency range. We believe collecting cosmological, primordial observational data especially generated during the first few seconds after the beginning of our Universe is extremely important. One motivation for this paper is, therefore, that we are confident that observation of relic gravitational waves will provide vital information about the birth of our Universe and its early dynamical evolution. Other astrophysical applications of HFRGW detectors involve the entropy growth of the early Universe, an ability to study alternatives to inflation and to provide clues about the symmetries underlying new physics at the highest energies. A working hypothesis or theory, based upon the rollout of our Universe from infinitesimal Planck Length and Planck Time is presented. This theory involves the rapid motion of time and matter during that early time having frequencies on the order of trillions of cycles per second or more. Several alternative HFRGW detectors are described and the proposed Li-Baker HFRGW detector, which is theoretically sensitive to GW amplitudes, A, as small as 10-32, is discussed in detail. Such sensitivity may provide a means for verifying or falsifying the rollout of our Universe working hypothesis. Essentially a combination of theory and experimentation is presented. It is recommended that plans and detailed specifications for the Li-Baker HFRGW detector be prepared in order to expedite its fabrication.

Damage visualization and deformation measurement in glass laminates during projectile penetration

Transparent armor consists of glass-polymer laminates in most cases.The formation and propagation of damage in the different glass layers has a strong influence on the ballistic resistance of such laminates.In order to clarify(he course of events during projectile penetration,an experimental technique was developed,which allows visualizing the onset and propagation of damage in each single layer of the laminate.A telecentric objective lens was used together with a microsecond video camera that allows recording 100 frames at a maximum rate of 1 MHz in a backlit photography set-up.With this technique,the damage evolution could be visualized in glass laminates consisting of four glass layers with lateral dimensions 500 mm x 500 mm.Damage evolution was recorded during penetration of 7.62 mm AP projectiles with tungsten carbide core and a total mass of 1 1.1 g in the impact velocity range from 800 to 880 m/s.In order to measure the deformation of single glass plates within the laminates,a piece of reflecting tape was attached to the corresponding glass plate,and photonic Doppler velocimetry(PDV) was applied.With the photonic Doppler velocimeter.an infrared laser is used to illuminate an object to be measured and the Doppler-shifted light is superimposed to a reference light beam at the detector.The simultaneous visualization and PDV measurement of the glass deformation allow determining the deformation at the time of the onset of fracture.The analysis of the experimental data was supported by numerical simulations,using the AUTODYN commercial hydro-code.

Coupling damage and reliability model of low-cycle fatigue and high energy impact based on the local stress–strain approach

Fatigue induced products generally bear fatigue loads accompanied by impact processes,which reduces their reliable life rapidly. This paper introduces a reliability assessment model based on a local stress–strain approach considering both low-cycle fatigue and high energy impact loads.Two coupling relationships between fatigue and impact are given with effects of an impact process on fatigue damage and effects of fatigue damage on impact performance. The analysis of the former modifies the fatigue parameters and the Manson–Coffin equation for fatigue life based on material theories. On the other hand, the latter proposes the coupling variables and the difference of fracture toughness caused by accumulative fatigue damage. To form an overall reliability model including both fatigue failure and impact failure, a competing risk model is developed. A case study of an actuator cylinder is given to validate this method.

A minimal-energy driving strategy for high-speed electric train

This paper investigates the minimal-energy driving problem for high-speed electric train, and then proposes a three-stage optimal strategy. First, a switching system model is introduced to describe the new dynamics in high-speed electric train, which considers the extended range of speed, the energy efficiency and the regenerative brake. Based on the new model, the optimal driving strategy with minimal-energy consumption is studied, and the problem is boiled down to optimal control for switching systems. Using a numerical algorithm, a three-stage driving strategy is concluded, in which the traditional quasi-coasting stage is discarded and the maximal traction and brake are not suitable anymore. Finally, a case study on CRH is illustrated.

Improving the Energy Efficiency of Cyclone Dust Collectors for Wood Product Factories

Dust collection systems represent a significant portion of a wood product manufacturer’s total electricity use. The system fan works against the static pressure of the entire system—the blast gates, the ductwork, and the upstream or downstream cyclone and/or baghouse. A poor system design (e.g., sharp elbows or undersized ductwork) increases the total amount of static pressure in the system, the fan’s performance curve shifts, increasing the total brake horsepower required by the fan (up to the maximum point on the curve). Additionally, system designers may oversize a dust collection system to ensure adequate dust capture and transport, either to accommodate system expansion or simply to be conservative. Since theoretical fan energy use increases with its velocity cubed, this can be an expensive safety net. This paper presents a comprehensive literature review about industrial cyclone dust collectors energy saving in relation to management, technologies, and policies. Energy-saving technologies like high-efficiency motors (HEMs), variable-speed drives (VSDs), leak detection, and pressure drop reduction have all been examined. Based on energy saving technologies results, it has been found that in the industrial sectors, a sizeable amount of electric energy, and utility bill can be saved using these technologies. Finally, various energy-saving policies were reviewed.

MICRO-MACRO DAMAGE SIMULATION OF LOW-ALLOY STEEL WELDS SUBJECT TO TYPE IV CREEP FAILURE

A simulation method for microscopic creep damage at grain boundaries in the fine-grain heat-affected zone of low-alloy steel welds involving high energy piping was proposed on the basis of the combination of elastic-creep FEM (finite element method) analysis and random fracture resistance modeling of the materials. The procedure to determine the initiation and growth-driving forces of small defects were briefly described. Then, a simulation procedure combining the stress distribution from elastic-creep FEM and the random fracture resistance model was proposed, and Ms procedure was applied to the simulation of the microscopic damage progress in a welded joint model test and in actual power piping. The results in terms of the simulated number density of small defects throughout the wall thickness were in good agreement with the observed results.

Detection and Determination of the Variation of the Speed of Time

Steadily increasing time is involved in most scientific analyses. Like other dimensions in spacetime we suggest that there can be a variation rate of time’s progress or speed of time in the time dimension. We study speed-of-time variation observational data in three processes: muon decay, galaxy rotation (related to dark matter) and the separation speed of celestial objects as our Universe progresses (related to dark energy). Each of these processes will have an “observed value” of their time of completion Po from an observation of the process at time t1 and an “expected value” Pe of that time at time t2. Their difference is attributed to the variation of the speed of time. We provide a possible explanation for the anomalous separation of the observed and the expected galactic velocity curves. Our conclusion is that it is unnecessary to introduce dark matter or dark energy.

高铁开通对城市能源利用效率的影响机制及空间溢出效应研究

将高铁开通视为一项准自然实验,基于2006—2019年城市面板数据,运用多期双重差分法实证检验高铁开通对城市能源利用效率的影响,并进一步分析其影响机制及空间溢出效应。研究发现:(1)高铁开通对城市的能源利用效率具有显著的提升作用。(2)高铁开通通过提高铁路货运效率、替代公路客运、优化产业结构及促进技术创新,提升了城市的能源利用效率。(3)高铁开通对邻近城市的能源利用效率存在正向空间溢出效应,并存在800公里的空间距离衰减边界。(4)高铁开通对城市能源利用效率的提升作用在不同区域、等级、规模、资源禀赋的城市存在显著的异质性,其中对中西部城市、小城市、普通城市、资源型城市的能源利用效率提升作用更为显著;此外,高铁开通对衰退型的资源型城市能源利用效率的促进效果最大,对成熟型的资源型城市的影响次之,但对成长型和可再生型的资源型城市不存在显著性影响。研究结论为理解高铁在能源利用效率方面的作用提供了新视角和新证据,也为实现“节能减排”和“交通强国”提供了政策启示。

高频低能冲击扰动下锚固结构渐进失效试验研究

高频低能冲击扰动对巷道围岩及锚固结构造成持续疲劳损伤,是深部巷道趋向失稳的重要诱因,合理构建抗冲击动载巷道锚固支护体系及避免锚固结构失效已经成为深部煤炭开采面临的重要课题之一。采用理论分析、实验室试验、数值模拟等方法,研究了冲击载荷下锚固结构内部应力传递转化机制,阐明了锚固结构累积损伤与渐进失效机理,提出了冲击动载巷道控制准则。结果表明:压缩应力、拉伸应力与压拉快速转换形成的震荡效应是造成锚固结构损伤的三大要素;压缩、拉伸作用下介质抗压强度与不协调变形是导致锚固界面破坏的关键因素,锚固结构在内部法向驱动力作用下损伤累积,切线模量为负或单次动载冲击变形量持续逆势上扬时锚固结构失效,压缩、拉伸、震荡叠加影响下锚固结构预紧力损失及内部损伤存在明显的累积突变效应,内部裂隙以张拉裂隙为主,整体破坏从震荡效应向拉伸效应再向压缩破坏效应逐渐演化。通过提高围岩/锚固剂协调变形能力,增加锚固长度调动大范围岩体承载、保护锚固界面,保持锚固结构承载区抗剪阻滑强度大于动载冲击时内部法向驱动力,同时削弱震荡效应可有效降低锚固结构累积损伤程度。最后提出了降能-高阻-让压的冲击动载巷道控制技术准则,包括远场卸压、近场强支、破碎围岩改性、预紧力维持和让压结构,可为类似条件巷道维控提供指导。

基于Dinkelbach-Quadratic算法的高速铁路通信能效优化功率分配研究

为了提高高速铁路通信能量效率,提出一种基于Dinkelbach-Quadratic变换的迭代算法来解决高速铁路通信下行链路的功率分配问题。通过在小区内部署远程天线单元构建高速铁路通信分布式天线系统模型,基于完美信道状态信息(CSI)和列车内接入点反馈的最小速率要求建立能效优化模型;基于所建立的非凸优化模型,采用Dinkelbach变换将分数形式的非线性规划问题转换为求差形式;利用Quadratic变换特性对目标函数进一步展开;采用交替迭代的方法完成能效最优的功率分配。仿真结果表明:所提算法在满足最小传输速率和最大发射功率的同时,可以兼顾系统能量效率和频谱效率;随着发射天线数量和接收中继数量的增加,系统性能也有明显提升,相比传统算法系统的能效和频谱效率至少提升5%。

轴向串联式吸能管的缓冲吸能特性

针对工程技术领域的碰撞载荷削峰减载问题,采用数值模拟与试验相结合的方法研究了轴向串联式吸能管的吸能特性:首先基于材料高速拉伸试验,构建吸能管的材料Johnson-Cook动态本构参数,并对拟合参数有效性进行评估;随后通过数值模拟与高速冲击试验研究高速撞击过程中吸能管的缓冲吸能特性,评估仿真与试验的一致性;最终通过数值模拟对吸能管轴向串联构型与单管构型之间的吸能评价指标开展对比分析。分析研究表明:数值模拟与冲击试验的变形模式、载荷曲线、吸能评价指标均吻合较好,材料性能参数准确,仿真预示方法有效,高速冲击试验方案合理可信;与相同结构参数的串联构型吸能管相比,单管构型吸能管在压缩过程中会出现非轴对称、不稳定的扭曲变形,单管构型的有效压缩行程减小了13%,峰值载荷提高了33.4%,撞击瞬间载荷提高了15%,平均压缩力提高了13%,载荷峰均比提高了17.7%;吸能管的串联构型是更为理想的缓冲吸能结构。