A granular-biomass high temperature pyrolysis model based on the Darcy flow

We established a model for the chemical reaction kinetics of biomass pyrolysis via the hightemperature thermal cracking of liquid products. We divided the condensable volatiles into two groups, based on the characteristics of the liquid prdoducts., tar and biomass oil. The effects of temperature, residence time, particle size, velocity, pressure, and other parameters on biomass pyrolysis and high-temperature tar cracking were investigated numerically, and the results were compared with experimental data. The simulation results showed a large endothermic pyrolysis reaction effect on temperature and the reaction process. The pyrolysis reaction zone had a constant temperature period in several layers near the center of large biomass particles. A purely physical heating process was observed before and after this period, according to the temperature index curve.

Electromagnetic wave absorbing ceramics composites made of polymer-derived SiC with BN@CNTs pyrolyzed higher than 1200℃

Polymer-derived ceramics(PDCs)pyrolyzed at high temperatures are promising electromagnetic wave(EMW)absorption materials for aerodynamically heated parts of aircraft under harsh environments.Nev-ertheless,high-temperature pyrolysis results in a significant increase of electrical and dielectric proper-ties of the ceramics,causing extensive reflection of EMW.To address this challenge,boron nitride-coated carbon nanotubes(BN@CNTs)were fabricated and introduced into polymer-derived SiC(PDC-SiC)by py-rolyzing its precursor higher than 1200℃to form SiC-BN@CNT ceramic composites.The fabricated com-posites with 3 wt.%BN@CNTs pyrolyzed at 1200℃have an effective absorption bandwidth(EAB)of 4.2 GHz(8.2-12.4 GHz)at a thickness of 3.4 mm and the minimum reflection loss(RL min)of-57.20 dB.The ultra-broad EAB of 12.62 GHz(5.38-18 GHz)is obtained by simulation through periodic structure design-ing.The RL of the metamaterials was also measured using an arch testing method at a frequency range of 2-18 GHz and an EAB of 11.52 GHz(6.48-18 GHz)is obtained.The excellent absorption is attributed to the BN layer that limits the electrical conduction of the ceramic composites while retaining the high loss of CNTs.The introduction of BN@CNTs causes the refinement of SiC grains,which provides plenty of interfaces and enhances the interface polarization loss.This work successfully solves the problem that PDCs pyrolyzed at elevated temperatures cannot be used as EMW absorption materials by applying BN coating on CNTs served as absorbers for PDC-SiC.The results of this work greatly broaden the application scope of the PDC systems for EMW absorption.

Holey platinum nanotubes for ethanol electrochemical reforming in aqueous solution

The catalytic/electrocatalytic performance of platinum(Pt)nanostructures highly relates to their morphology.Herein,we propose a facile self-template pyrolysis strategy at high temperature to synthesize one-dimensionally holey Pt nanotubes(Pt-hNTs)using Pt^(Ⅱ)-dimethylglyoxime complex(Pt^(Ⅱ)-DMG)nanorods as the reaction precursor.The coordination capability of DMG results in the generation of Pt^(Ⅱ)-DMG nanorods,whereas the reducibility of DMG at high temperature leads to the reduction of Pt^(Ⅱ)species in Pt^(Ⅱ)-DMG nanorods.During the reaction process,the inside-out Ostwald ripening phenomenon leads to the hollow morphology of Pt-hNTs.Benefiting from the physical characteristics of hollow and holey structure,Pt-hNTs with clean surface show superior electroactivity and durability for catalyzing ethanol electrooxidation as well as hydrogen evolution reaction in alkaline media.Under optimized experimental conditions,the constructed symmetric Pt-hNTs||Pt-hNTs ethanol electrolyzer only requires an electrolysis voltage of 0.40 V to achieve the electrochemical hydrogen production,demonstrating a highly energy saving strategy relative to traditional water electrolysis.