Transient multi-physics behavior of an insert high temperature superconducting no-insulation coil in hybrid superconducting magnets with inductive coupling

A transient multi-physics model incorporated with an electromagneto-thermomechanical coupling is developed to capture the multi-field behavior of a single-pancake(SP)insert no-insulation(NI)coil in a hybrid magnet during the charging and discharging processes.The coupled problem is resolved by means of the finite element method(FEM)for the magneto-thermo-elastic behaviors and the Runge-Kutta method for the transient responses of the electrical circuits of the hybrid superconducting magnet system.The results reveal that the transient multi-physics responses of the insert NI coil primarily depend on the charging/discharging procedure of the hybrid magnet.Moreover,a reverse azimuthal current and a compressive hoop stress are induced in the insert NI coil during the charging process,while a forward azimuthal current and a tensile hoop stress are observed during the discharging process.The induced voltages in the insert NI coil can drive the currents flowing across the radial turns where the contact resistance exists.Therefore,it brings forth significant Joule heat,causing a temperature rise and a uniform distribution of this heat in the coil turns.Accordingly,a thermally/mechanically unstable or quenching event may be encountered when a high operating current is flowing in the insert NI coil.It is numerically predicted that a quick charging will induce a compressive hoop stress which may bring a risk of buckling instability in the coil,while a discharging will not.The simulations provide an insight of hybrid superconducting magnets under transient start-up or shutdown phases which are inevitably encountered in practical applications.

Advanced high-pressure transport measurement system integrated with low temperature and magnetic field

We briefly introduce a new high-pressure transport measurement system integrated with low temperature and magnetic field that is being established as one of the user experimental stations of the Synergetic Extreme Condition User Facilities in the Huairou District of Beijing, China. To demonstrate the capabilities of the system for condensed matter research, the emergence of some pressure-induced phenomena and physics related to superconductivity found previously is also introduced, and then a perspective for such an advanced high-pressure system is presented.

A Simplified Approach to the Problems of Room-Temperature Superconductivity

An attempt to simplify the approach to the problems of room-temperature superconductors was done. The key factor has been highlighted—a giant spin-orbit interaction as a result of specific geometry of crystal. Considering oriented carbyne as an example, it was shown that maximal value of SOC was attained in low-dimensional systems. A qualitative model of superconductivity in the localized phase with “pseudo-magnetic field” and “Rashba effective field” as parameters was presented. Their correlation was shown via geometry of electric microfields of crystal. Oriented carbyne was presented as localized phase of room-temperature superconductor and the recipe of its transformation to macroscopic superconductivity was given.

用于高功率微波器件的传导冷高温磁体研制

为了利于高功率微波系统的紧凑化和小型化,降低系统能耗,对产生引导磁场的超导磁体系统进行了研究设计。超导磁体使用稀土钡铜氧化物线饼组成。低温系统采用4台小型风冷式斯特林制冷机对超导磁体冷却。为了适用于车载环境并降低漏热,采用了一种非金属材料的新型锥体结构作为磁体的承载结构,并通过仿真分析了一般的车载环境下的磁体结构承载情况。整个高温超导磁体工作温区为40~50 K,达到目标场时的通电电流为77.49 A,均匀区场强达到4 T。整个系统能耗较传统技术降低80%。通过实验测试出高温超导磁体的温度运行上限为48.9 K。

高温超导磁力传动的发展现状及前景

鉴于高温超导材料具有高载流、强捕获磁场特性与迈斯纳效应,将高温超导材料应用于磁力传动装置,可在实现无接触转矩传输的同时,显著提高转矩密度、传动效率等性能。国内外已开展高温超导磁力传动的理论与应用研究工作,并取得了相应的进展。以高温超导磁力耦合器和高温超导磁齿轮为研究对象,通过调研国内外相关文献,从结构及原理、建模与分析两方面综述高温超导材料在磁力传动领域的研究现状。在此研究基础上,进一步探讨高温超导磁力传动研究在创新拓扑结构设计、冷却与供电、超导磁体交流损耗、复杂传输特性的多目标优化所面临的问题及未来发展前景。

高温超导磁悬浮径向轴承的刚度特性仿真分析

刚度特性体现了超导磁悬浮轴承的稳定性,是高温超导磁悬浮径向轴承整体性能的主要评价指标之一。为探索刚度特性更优的径向轴承结构,笔者通过COMSOL软件对3种不同类型的径向轴承进行仿真设计,对比、分析不同结构的径向轴承的电磁特性,进而分析受力情况与刚度特性。结果表明,厚度较大、结构均匀的永磁体的径向轴承周围磁通密度更大,磁场梯度更强,刚度特性更优,在后续设计中可采用这种结构的径向轴承。

A Permanent Magnet Linear Synchronous Motor Drive for HTS Maglev Transportation Systems

A permanent magnet linear synchronous motor （PMLSM） for a high temperature superconducting （HTS） maglev system has been studied, including the motor structure, control strategy, and analysis techniques. Finite element analysis （FEA） of magnetic field is conducted to accurately calculate major motor parameters. Equivalent electrical circuit is used to predict the drive＇s steady-state characteristics, and a phase variable model is applied to predict the dynamic performance. Preliminary experiment with a prototype has been made to verify the theoretical analysis and the HTS-PM synchronous driving technology.

行波磁场中高温超导电动悬浮磁体的热性能研究

地面线圈的交变磁场会在超导电动悬浮磁体中感应出涡流,产生涡流损耗,导致磁体温度上升。该文研究地面推进线圈产生的行波磁场对车载高温超导磁体热性能的影响,首先介绍高温超导磁体和推进线圈结构,分析行波磁场空间分布特征;搭建高温超导磁体热性能测试平台,测量行波磁场激扰下超导磁体内关键组件的温度分布,揭示各组件温度耦合关系;最后探究行波磁场频率和峰值对磁体温升的影响规律。结果表明,行波磁场激扰下,超导线圈的温升可忽略不计,但辐射屏温升显著,进一步使超导电流引线温度升高,增大电流引线失超风险,为此提出2种方法来限制电流引线温升。该研究成果可为高温超导悬浮磁体低温结构和电流引线的设计提供参考。

跑道型高温超导磁体的磁场解析计算模型

基于均匀电流密度假设和毕奥-萨伐尔定律,该文建立了三种计算跑道型高温超导磁体磁场的解析模型。通过有限元仿真和实验测量验证了解析模型的有效性,对比分析了三种解析模型的计算精度和效率。基于解析模型,探究了椭圆段和电流密度穿透深度对跑道型超导磁体磁场分布的影响,揭示了自洽模型的磁场边界大小对超导磁体临界电流估计值的影响规律。该文建立的磁场解析模型能够准确快速地计算复杂形状超导磁体和常导磁体的磁场,可进一步应用于磁体电感、临界电流、交流损耗和电磁力等参数的计算,以提升磁体电磁设计效率。

电动悬浮列车及车载超导磁体研究综述

电动悬浮列车具有速度高、悬浮间隙大、安全系数高等优点,在超高速磁悬浮列车领域具有十分光明的应用前景.车载超导磁体是超导电动悬浮列车的核心组成部分之一,其服役可靠性是列车安全运行的重要基础.本文系统地阐述国内外电动悬浮列车的发展历史及现状,针对国内外电动悬浮系统中车载超导磁体的结构和技术方案进行对比和总结.高温超导磁体技术已经成为超导电动悬浮领域的重要发展方向,在列车行驶过程中车载超导磁体系统的热稳定性和振动稳定性是影响其可靠服役的重要因素.高温超导磁体闭环运行技术、轻量小型化低温系统结构设计、高强度低漏热支撑结构设计等将是未来超导电动悬浮系统中车载超导磁体需要重点研究和解决的关键技术难题.

高温超导磁悬浮力三维测量系统设计

高温超导磁悬浮因其独特的无源自稳定优势,在高速轴承、轨道交通和飞轮储能系统等领域有着广阔的应用前景。为了探究高温超导磁悬浮系统的悬浮特性,设计了一种适用于测量磁悬浮轴承悬浮特性的高温超导磁悬浮力三维测量系统。首先,基于伺服驱控的三轴联动直线模组与三轴力传感测量单元设计了测量系统硬件部分,利用LabVIEW设计了数据采集单元,以实现数据连续采样及其图像化。其次,在恒载和永磁悬浮系统下,对高温超导磁悬浮力三维测量系统的测量精度进行校验。最后,建立了超导体-永磁悬浮系统有限元模型,仿真并测量了高温超导体在零场冷和场冷条件下的悬浮力特性,仿真与测量结果保持基本一致。结果表明,该测量系统具有测量精度高(0.5%),三维空间定位准确(±0.02 mm),被测对象相对运动时三轴力同步测量(最大悬浮力500 N,导向力200 N)等特点。

500 kV限流器高温超导磁体的制作与测试

超导限流器是对超高压输电线路短路故障电流实现快速、有效限制的一种新型电力装置。近年来随着国民经济的发展,用电负荷增长和供电可靠性需求增加,电网短路电流水平已经逼近甚至超过传统开关设备的开断能力,成为超高压电网发展和安全、稳定运行的重要制约因素之一。然而,电网结构调整等传统限流措施降低了电网的安全性和灵活性,亟需研制适用于超高压电网的限流装置。超导限流器集短路故障检测、触发和限流功能于一身,是电力系统最理想的限流装置。依托高电压等级限流器用超导磁体系统的研制项目,完成500 kV限流器用高温超导磁体系统制作与测试工作。该超导磁体的室温孔径为1660 mm,总高度为1960 mm,液氮量为2000 L,中心最大磁场为0.45 T,额定励磁安匝数为468000安匝,由3组线圈共计88个双饼组成,运行电流分别为220 A(YBCO线圈)/1000 A(Bi2223线圈)/220 A(YBCO线圈),杜瓦注入液氮后抽空减压至72 K稳定运行。经过绕制、接线、组装、焊接、检测等工序,完成磁体系统集成,降温后进行整体测试,一次性励磁成功,没有失超。整个系统绝缘等级大于10 kV、真空漏率优于10^(-6)(Pa·L)/s、液氮蒸发量小于70 L/d,指标均达到设计目标。

永磁轨道磁场不平顺对YBCO高温超导块材温升行为的影响

永磁轨道磁场不平顺激扰下YBCO高温超导块材的内在动态温升行为对高温超导钉扎磁浮热稳定性及列车运行可靠性研究具有重要意义。本文基于自主研制的超导磁浮动态测试装置SCML-03搭建了超导块材温升检测平台,研究了不同运行工况时永磁轨道磁场不平顺激励下YBCO块材内部温升行为规律。实验表明,在不同速度磁轨磁场不平顺的动轨条件下,YBCO块材内部温度均表现出先快速升高而后逐渐趋于稳定的趋势,YBCO块材内部关键点的温升在0~3 K范围内波动;此外建立了永磁体磁化强度与空间磁场的数学关系,实现了对真实永磁轨道磁场波动的模拟,基于Comsol Multiphysics有限元软件构建了真实动轨磁场不平顺下高温超导块材电磁-热-力多物理场耦合仿真模型。实验对比验证了磁轨磁场不平顺模拟方法和多场耦合模型的有效性,为下一步研究高温超导钉扎磁浮磁轨不平顺设计限值标准提供了前期基础。

热开关和多脉冲励磁的类比特高温超导模型磁体的捕获磁通及电磁特性研究

高温超导磁体因其体积小、高实用性、高场强等优点,在科学研究等领域具有广泛的应用。然而,高温超导带材之间焊接技术的不成熟,很难实现持续电流模式。该文提出一种利用RE-Ba-Cu-O(RE为稀土元素,REBCO)超导片堆叠组成的类比特高温超导模型磁体,该模型磁体不但没有焊接电阻的影响,而且实现持续电流模式。该文说明单片REBCO超导片和由超导片堆叠而成的类比特高温超导模型磁体的结构细节,介绍采用热开关和多脉冲励磁的方法,说明通过COMSOL模拟利用热开关和多脉冲电源对超导片以及类比特高温超导模型磁体进行励磁的过程,证明其能够实现持续电流模式,并对其在持续模式下运行的捕获磁通和电磁特性进行仿真分析以及实验验证。结果表明,热开关和多脉冲励磁的方法可以激励类比特高温超导模型磁体。与传统高温超导磁体相比,由多个超导片堆叠而成的高温超导模型磁体可在无电流引线的情况下实现闭环运行,避免无阻焊接的技术瓶颈。

High temperature SMES for improving power system stabilities

Superconducting magnetic energy storage (SMES) system has been proven very effective to improve power system stabilities. It is realized with superconductivity technology, power electronics and control theory. In order to promote the applica-tion of such kind control device and to further investigate the properties of the controller, a detail mathematic model of such control device is developed. Based on the developed model, extensive analysis including time domain simulation is carried out to investigate the characteristic of the SMES to compensate the unba- lanced dynamic active and reactive power of AC power system. The capability of SMES to increase power system transient and small signal perturbation stabilities are analyzed. A prototype SMES is developed, in which the conduction cooling and the high temperature superconductive techniques are used. The performance of the prototype is experimentally investigated in a laboratory environment. Very en-couraging results are obtained. After a brief introduction of the SMES control sys-tem and the principle of its capability to improve power system stabilities, the de-tails of the mathematic model, the theoretical analysis, the developed device and the experiment test results are all given in this paper.

A superconducting wireless energiser based on electromechanical energy conversion

A superconducting magnet(SM)can produce high magnetic fields up to a dozen times stronger than those generated by an electromagnet made of normal conductors or a permanent magnet(PM),and thus has attracted increasing research efforts in many domains including medical devices,large scientific equipment,transport,energy storage,power systems,and electric machines.Wireless energisers,e.g.,high temperature superconducting(HTS)flux pumps,can eliminate the thermal load from current leads and arc erosion of slip rings,and are thus considered a promising energisation tool for SMs.However,the time‐averaged DC output voltage in existing HTS flux pumps is generated by dynamic resistance:the dynamic loss is unavoidable,and the total AC loss will become significant at high frequencies.This study introduces a highly efficient superconducting wireless energizer(SWE)designed specifically for SMs.The SWE takes advantage of the inherent properties of a superconducting loop,including flux conservation and zero DC resistivity.Extensive theoretical analysis,numerical modelling exploiting the H‐ϕformulation,and experimental measurements were conducted to demonstrate the efficiency and efficacy of the novel SWE design.The electromechanical performance and loss characteristics of the SWE system have also been investigated.Compared to conventional HTS flux pumps,the proposed SWE has lower excitation loss,in the order of 10−1 mW,and thus can achieve a high system efficiency of no less than 95%.Furthermore,it has a simpler structure with higher reliability,considered ready for further industrial development.In addition to deepening the understating of the intricate electromechanical dynamics between magnetic dipoles and superconducting circuits,this article provides a novel wireless energisation technique for SMs and opens the way to step changes in future electric transport and energy sectors.

永磁轨道参数优化和悬浮力特性研究

面向高温超导钉扎磁悬浮列车,提出了一种利用田口正交方法优化永磁轨道参数的方法,通过有限元法研究了Halbach型双峰永磁轨道的尺寸对磁场的影响,以综合磁场性能最佳为目标对影响因素进行了优化。基于冻结镜像模型提出了等效处理高温超导体的方法(简称等效处理方法),并通过实验数据验证了该方法的正确性。研究结果表明,永磁轨道截面高度对平均磁感应强度和单位质量平均磁感应强度的影响远超截面宽度对它们的影响,纯铁厚度为非显著影响因素;基于等效处理方法得到的悬浮力随悬浮间隙的减小而增大;优化永磁轨道提供的悬浮力为实验永磁轨道提供悬浮力的1.5倍,悬浮刚度随高温超导体行数的增大迅速增大。

某高温超导磁体夹紧装配工艺方案分析及优化

高温超导电动悬浮是磁悬浮轨道交通的重要发展方向之一,高温超导磁体作为整个高温超导电动悬浮系统中的关键部件需要工作在30~40 K,其内部相关导冷组件的装配质量决定了超导磁体的导冷能力,更决定了超导磁体的整体性能。以某高温超导磁体为例,介绍超导磁体的导冷结构和导冷路径,总结并分析超导磁体相关导冷组件在进行夹紧装配方案中的工艺细节。利用有限元仿真验证导冷组件分别处于夹紧状态和未夹紧状态时,对超导磁体导冷能力的影响;针对夹紧装配方案中的难点提出一种新型装配辅助液压夹紧装置来替代生产中使用的简易工具,该装置可显著提高超导磁体的生产效率和装配质量。

Review on thermal-related measurement methods for superconducting devices and prospect for high-speed maglev transportation application

High‐temperature superconducting(HTS)bulks can not only be self‐stable when levitated above a permanent magnet(PM)but also can be used as quasi PM with higher magnetic energy product due to their magnetic flux pinning characteristics.Therefore,HTS bulks have wide application potentials in maglev trains,maglev bearings,flywheel energy storage,drug delivery,and high field magnets.In the external magnetic field of common application scenarios,HTS bulks have no external input current,so it is difficult to achieve the overall quench.However,local quenching in the bulk is still possible in the harsh fluctuating external field environment.Although it is difficult to reach the total quench,its critical parameters like Jc will inevitably deteriorate,which may collapse the application system.Therefore,in contrast to superconducting wires and tapes that are more concerned with quench detection,HTS bulks with a 3D volume effect are more focused on internal sensitive temperature locations,the impacts of volume and scale,and the coupling influence on application parameters such as magnetism and force.Therefore,for efficient thermal‐related measurement of HTS bulk applications,this paper investigates and discusses 12 commonly‐used temperature measurement or quench detection methods in all superconducting application fields.These methods primarily refer to the current quench detection technologies used in HTS tapes and wires.From the standpoint of practical temperature measurement requirements of HTS bulks and technological limitations of maglev application scenarios,working characteristics and service conditions of the 12 methods,and 4 temperature detection methods are selected through a comprehensive understanding and comparison of basic principles.They are expected to be used in real‐time monitoring and early warning schemes for onboard superconducting levitation devices of HTS maglev transportation or other applications in the future.

电力系统稳定控制用高温超导磁储能装置及实验研究

超导磁储能稳定控制装置是将超导电力技术、大功率电力电子技术和控制理论相结合的一种新型电力系统稳定控制装置。它从及时补偿系统中由于各种原因产生的不平衡功率这一个新的角度出发考虑提高电力系统稳定性的问题,可望为解决由于功率不平衡产生的电力系统失稳问题提供一条新的途径。理论研究结果表明,这是一种非常有效的电力系统稳定控制措施。为了促进这一成果的广泛应用,同时进一步研究这种装置在实现过程中可能产生的问题,该作者在实验室环境中研制了一套基于直接冷却技术的高温超导磁储能控制装置样机,并在电力系统动态模拟实验室环境下,对该样机的性能进行了实验,得到了满意的结果。该文在简述利用超导磁储能控制装置进行电力系统稳定控制原理和特点的基础上,详细介绍了研制的高温超导磁储能稳定控制装置实验样机的构成和功率调节特性实验结果,以及将它用于电力系统动态模拟系统进行稳定控制的实验结果。