In order to further study the influence of high-yield-water on the productivity of CBM （coalbed methane） wells and the expulsion and production method carried out in CBM wells, by means of analyzing and researching ...In order to further study the influence of high-yield-water on the productivity of CBM （coalbed methane） wells and the expulsion and production method carried out in CBM wells, by means of analyzing and researching production characteris- tics and geologic condition of the CBM wells with high water yield in Yanchuannan block located at the eastern margin of Or- dos basin, the mechanism of high water yield decreasing the productivity of CBM well was discussed, and the expulsion and production method for this type of CBM well was proposed. The results show that high water yield would decrease the produc- tivity of CBM wells, and the mechanism is： first, in some circumstances, high water yield could reflect that there was dissipa- tion during the process of coalbed methane reservoir forming, which would lower the gas saturation of coal gas reservoir and reduce the productivity of CBM well; second, a large quantity of coalbed methane dissipated in the form of solution gas, caus- ing the practical reservoir pressure when gas appeared in casing to be lower than critical desorption pressure of the coal bed; finally, the CBM well with high water yield would have higher requirements of discharge and mining installation, system and continuity, and any link with problems would have a great impact on the well＇s productivity and would increase the difficulty of discharge and mining. In the case of wells with high water yield, the key is to select applicable discharge and mining installa- tion, which should be able to make the bottom hole flowing pressure decline smoothly and fast, and make the wells produce gas as quickly as possible but able to slow down the rate of discharge and mining properly when gas has appeared. In addition, in view of the CBM wells with high water yield, an installation lectotype method based on Darcy＇s law was proposed, which was found with good accuracy and practicability through field application.展开更多
Compared with conventional gas reservoir,percolation mechanism of coalbed methane(CBM)is completely different,it is remarkably affected by adsorption/desorption performance,pressure variation and coalbed characteristi...Compared with conventional gas reservoir,percolation mechanism of coalbed methane(CBM)is completely different,it is remarkably affected by adsorption/desorption performance,pressure variation and coalbed characteristics.Then it is difficult to calculate the controlled reserves of CBM wells.Moreover,the connection of edge-bottom water or interbedded water by fractures or faults may largely increase the water yield and drainage period,leading to obvious water invasion in some CBM wells.There are few literature about the predicted production for CBM wells with high water yield.Focusing on the unconventional CBM reservoir,methods of pseudo geological reserves and production index curves are adopted to establish the calculation model of water influx and controlled reserves.It further confirms that the calculation model is successfully applicated on the CBM wells at the middle part of Qinshui Basin in China.展开更多
Spring oat (Avena sativa) is produced for grain, hay, and green manure and can be integrated into a cropping system as a cover crop. Twenty-eight oat genotypes (G1, G2, G3, …., G28), selected for their adaptability t...Spring oat (Avena sativa) is produced for grain, hay, and green manure and can be integrated into a cropping system as a cover crop. Twenty-eight oat genotypes (G1, G2, G3, …., G28), selected for their adaptability to the Southwestern United States, were evaluated for their yield performance under sprinkler irrigation during four growing seasons (2005-2008) at the Agricultural Science Center at Farmington, New Mexico State University. The genotypes were arranged in randomized complete blocs design with four replications. Irrigation scheduling was based on evapotranspiration and the depletion criterion of 40% to 45% total available water (TAW) was practiced to prevent the plants from experiencing any water stress. Crop evapotranspiration estimated by the FAO crop coefficient and reference evapotranspiration approach was low about 2 mm/day during crop initial stage and increased with plant growth and reached the maximum during crop mid-season or reproductive stage. It decreased during crop late season. Daily crop evapotranspiration varied from 0.5 to 12.6 mm in 2008 and the seasonal Spring oat evapotranspiration varied from 535.8 to 591 mm. Averaged across the four growing seasons, oat evapotranspiration was 570.4 mm. The results showed that Spring oat plant height varied significantly with genotypes and ranged from 59.1 to 100.8 cm. Oat grain yield significantly varied with years and genotypes. Grain yield varied from 3386 to 6498 kg/ha and average yield was 4245, 4265, 5477, and 4025 kg/ha during the 2005, 2006, 2007 and 2008, respectively. The best performing genotypes were G1, G2, G7, G19, G20, G21 and G23 with average yield greater than 4800 kg/ha while G3, G13, G17 and G27 showed the lowest yield among the genotypes. Oat crop water use efficiency (CWUE) varied with genotype and years and ranged from 0.53 to 1.07 kg/m3 and averaged 0.65, 0.78, 0.91 and 0.70 kg/m3 in 2005, 2006, 2007 and 2008, respectively. The highest CWUE was achieved by G19 and the lowest CWUE was obtained by G13. Irrigation water use efficiency (IWUE) which represents the quantity of yield produced per cubic meter of water, varied from 0.57 to 1.20 kg/m3 while evapotranspiration water use efficiency (ETWUE) varied with genotype and year and ranged from 0.57 to 1.21 kg/m3 with the overall IWUE mean of 0.83 kg/m3 and ETWUE mean of 0.81 kg/m3.展开更多
针对干旱绿洲灌区水资源匮乏、玉米生产化肥投入量大等问题,在水氮减量条件下,探讨增大密度对玉米干物质积累、籽粒产量和产量构成的影响,以期为建立水氮减量玉米稳产高效技术体系提供依据。20202021年,在地方习惯灌水减量20%(3240 m^(3...针对干旱绿洲灌区水资源匮乏、玉米生产化肥投入量大等问题,在水氮减量条件下,探讨增大密度对玉米干物质积累、籽粒产量和产量构成的影响,以期为建立水氮减量玉米稳产高效技术体系提供依据。20202021年,在地方习惯灌水减量20%(3240 m^(3)hm^(-2),W1)、习惯灌水(4050 m3hm^(-2),W2)和减量施氮25%(270 kg hm^(-2),N1)、习惯施氮(360 kg hm^(-2),N2)条件下,研究密度从7.50万株hm^(-2)(低,D1)提高30%(中,D2)、60%(高,D3)时,玉米干物质积累及产量的响应特征。研究表明,水、氮减量均显著降低玉米籽粒产量,增密30%可补偿水氮同时减量导致的产量降低效应;施氮量不变降低灌水量时,增密可显著提高产量。2个试验年度内,W1较W2、N1较N2产量分别降低3.0%、12.9%,D2、D3较D1产量分别高12.9%、9.2%;W1N1D1较W2N2D1处理减产12.3%,W1N1D2与W2N2D1处理产量差异不显著。增密30%能够补偿水氮减量减产的主要原因是提高了灌浆初期到成熟期干物质的累积量和成穗数,W1N1D2与W2N2D1相比,灌浆初期到成熟期干物质积累量提高5.8%,Vmax(最大干物质积累速率)、Vmean(平均干物质积累速率)、Tm(最大干物质积累速率出现时间)、HI(收获指数)差异均不显著,穗数增加24.7%,但穗粒数、千粒重分别降低19.3%和14.8%。W1N2D2较W2N2D1处理增产13.9%。当施氮量不变时,减水增密稳产的主要原因是提高了干物质积累量、Vmean、HI和穗数,W1N2D2与W2N2D1相比,穗数、干物质积累、Vmean和HI分别提高24.8%、10.2%、8.4%和4.7%,千粒重差异不显著。因此,本试验水氮同步减量条件下增密30%,是绿洲灌区玉米水氮节约稳产高产的可行措施;在施氮量保持不变但灌水量减少20%时,密度提高30%是玉米节水增产的有效措施。展开更多
文摘In order to further study the influence of high-yield-water on the productivity of CBM （coalbed methane） wells and the expulsion and production method carried out in CBM wells, by means of analyzing and researching production characteris- tics and geologic condition of the CBM wells with high water yield in Yanchuannan block located at the eastern margin of Or- dos basin, the mechanism of high water yield decreasing the productivity of CBM well was discussed, and the expulsion and production method for this type of CBM well was proposed. The results show that high water yield would decrease the produc- tivity of CBM wells, and the mechanism is： first, in some circumstances, high water yield could reflect that there was dissipa- tion during the process of coalbed methane reservoir forming, which would lower the gas saturation of coal gas reservoir and reduce the productivity of CBM well; second, a large quantity of coalbed methane dissipated in the form of solution gas, caus- ing the practical reservoir pressure when gas appeared in casing to be lower than critical desorption pressure of the coal bed; finally, the CBM well with high water yield would have higher requirements of discharge and mining installation, system and continuity, and any link with problems would have a great impact on the well＇s productivity and would increase the difficulty of discharge and mining. In the case of wells with high water yield, the key is to select applicable discharge and mining installa- tion, which should be able to make the bottom hole flowing pressure decline smoothly and fast, and make the wells produce gas as quickly as possible but able to slow down the rate of discharge and mining properly when gas has appeared. In addition, in view of the CBM wells with high water yield, an installation lectotype method based on Darcy＇s law was proposed, which was found with good accuracy and practicability through field application.
基金The work was supported by the Natural Science Foundation of China(No.U1762212 and 51374181)the State Key Laboratory of CBM Enrichment Mechanisms(No.2016SZ05036-002).
文摘Compared with conventional gas reservoir,percolation mechanism of coalbed methane(CBM)is completely different,it is remarkably affected by adsorption/desorption performance,pressure variation and coalbed characteristics.Then it is difficult to calculate the controlled reserves of CBM wells.Moreover,the connection of edge-bottom water or interbedded water by fractures or faults may largely increase the water yield and drainage period,leading to obvious water invasion in some CBM wells.There are few literature about the predicted production for CBM wells with high water yield.Focusing on the unconventional CBM reservoir,methods of pseudo geological reserves and production index curves are adopted to establish the calculation model of water influx and controlled reserves.It further confirms that the calculation model is successfully applicated on the CBM wells at the middle part of Qinshui Basin in China.
文摘Spring oat (Avena sativa) is produced for grain, hay, and green manure and can be integrated into a cropping system as a cover crop. Twenty-eight oat genotypes (G1, G2, G3, …., G28), selected for their adaptability to the Southwestern United States, were evaluated for their yield performance under sprinkler irrigation during four growing seasons (2005-2008) at the Agricultural Science Center at Farmington, New Mexico State University. The genotypes were arranged in randomized complete blocs design with four replications. Irrigation scheduling was based on evapotranspiration and the depletion criterion of 40% to 45% total available water (TAW) was practiced to prevent the plants from experiencing any water stress. Crop evapotranspiration estimated by the FAO crop coefficient and reference evapotranspiration approach was low about 2 mm/day during crop initial stage and increased with plant growth and reached the maximum during crop mid-season or reproductive stage. It decreased during crop late season. Daily crop evapotranspiration varied from 0.5 to 12.6 mm in 2008 and the seasonal Spring oat evapotranspiration varied from 535.8 to 591 mm. Averaged across the four growing seasons, oat evapotranspiration was 570.4 mm. The results showed that Spring oat plant height varied significantly with genotypes and ranged from 59.1 to 100.8 cm. Oat grain yield significantly varied with years and genotypes. Grain yield varied from 3386 to 6498 kg/ha and average yield was 4245, 4265, 5477, and 4025 kg/ha during the 2005, 2006, 2007 and 2008, respectively. The best performing genotypes were G1, G2, G7, G19, G20, G21 and G23 with average yield greater than 4800 kg/ha while G3, G13, G17 and G27 showed the lowest yield among the genotypes. Oat crop water use efficiency (CWUE) varied with genotype and years and ranged from 0.53 to 1.07 kg/m3 and averaged 0.65, 0.78, 0.91 and 0.70 kg/m3 in 2005, 2006, 2007 and 2008, respectively. The highest CWUE was achieved by G19 and the lowest CWUE was obtained by G13. Irrigation water use efficiency (IWUE) which represents the quantity of yield produced per cubic meter of water, varied from 0.57 to 1.20 kg/m3 while evapotranspiration water use efficiency (ETWUE) varied with genotype and year and ranged from 0.57 to 1.21 kg/m3 with the overall IWUE mean of 0.83 kg/m3 and ETWUE mean of 0.81 kg/m3.
文摘针对干旱绿洲灌区水资源匮乏、玉米生产化肥投入量大等问题,在水氮减量条件下,探讨增大密度对玉米干物质积累、籽粒产量和产量构成的影响,以期为建立水氮减量玉米稳产高效技术体系提供依据。20202021年,在地方习惯灌水减量20%(3240 m^(3)hm^(-2),W1)、习惯灌水(4050 m3hm^(-2),W2)和减量施氮25%(270 kg hm^(-2),N1)、习惯施氮(360 kg hm^(-2),N2)条件下,研究密度从7.50万株hm^(-2)(低,D1)提高30%(中,D2)、60%(高,D3)时,玉米干物质积累及产量的响应特征。研究表明,水、氮减量均显著降低玉米籽粒产量,增密30%可补偿水氮同时减量导致的产量降低效应;施氮量不变降低灌水量时,增密可显著提高产量。2个试验年度内,W1较W2、N1较N2产量分别降低3.0%、12.9%,D2、D3较D1产量分别高12.9%、9.2%;W1N1D1较W2N2D1处理减产12.3%,W1N1D2与W2N2D1处理产量差异不显著。增密30%能够补偿水氮减量减产的主要原因是提高了灌浆初期到成熟期干物质的累积量和成穗数,W1N1D2与W2N2D1相比,灌浆初期到成熟期干物质积累量提高5.8%,Vmax(最大干物质积累速率)、Vmean(平均干物质积累速率)、Tm(最大干物质积累速率出现时间)、HI(收获指数)差异均不显著,穗数增加24.7%,但穗粒数、千粒重分别降低19.3%和14.8%。W1N2D2较W2N2D1处理增产13.9%。当施氮量不变时,减水增密稳产的主要原因是提高了干物质积累量、Vmean、HI和穗数,W1N2D2与W2N2D1相比,穗数、干物质积累、Vmean和HI分别提高24.8%、10.2%、8.4%和4.7%,千粒重差异不显著。因此,本试验水氮同步减量条件下增密30%,是绿洲灌区玉米水氮节约稳产高产的可行措施;在施氮量保持不变但灌水量减少20%时,密度提高30%是玉米节水增产的有效措施。
