Expression of Genes Affecting Skin Coloration and Sugar Accumulation in Apple Fruits at Ripening Stages in High Temperatures

High temperature is one of the most important environmental factors that affect the successful cultivation of apple (Malus × domestica Borkh). The expression of genes related with anthocyanin synthesis and sugar accumulation by high temperature treatment was investigated in the fruits of “Fuji” apple at different developmental stages in different temperature conditions through real- time PCR. In the initial ripening stages in fruits, there was high expression of genes associated with fruit ripening, flavonoid compound accumulation, and coloration in high temperatures. Expression of phenylalanine ammonia-lyase, chalcone synthase, flavone 3-hydrogenase, and malate dehydrogenase genes increased gradually in initial ripening stages, while sharply reduced at 24 hr after treatment. In addition, there was no significant difference in the expression of all temperature treatments in late ripening stages. In the further work, investigation of expression levels of various genes could be conducted in the level of transcriptomes from fruits at the early stages to get meaningful information of ripening metabolism in apples in high temperatures.

Screening of New High Quality and High Yield Sweet Potato Varieties in Zaozhuang of Shandong Province

[Objectives]To compare the growth period,dry matter content and yield of 12 different sweet potato varieties,so as to screen out new sweet potato varieties with high yield,high quality and high dry matter content suitable for cultivation in Zaozhuang of Shandong Province.[Methods]Field random arrangement,three replicates,and field observation were adopted,and data were surveyed and summarized.[Results]There were significant differences in the maturity period between varieties.Longshu 9,Hongxiangjiao,Sushu 8,Yanshu 25,and Yanshu 0747 in the fresh eating group were mature earlier,and Yuzi 7 was mature later;Xushu 32 in the starch group was mature earlier,while Xushu 22(ck),Shangshu 19,Jishu 25,and Jishu 98 had moderate maturity period,and Jixu 23 was mature later.The difference in the yield between the fresh eating group and the starch group reached a very significant level.In the fresh eating group,Yanshu 25 had the highest yield,followed by Longshu 9,and then Yanshu 0747;in the starch group,Jishu 98 had the highest yield,followed by Shangshu 19,and then Jixu 23.Besides,there were significant differences in the dry matter content between varieties.In the fresh eating group,Yuzi 7 had the highest dry matter content(30.4%),followed by Yanshu 25(28.1%),and then Yanshu 0747(28.1%);in the starch group,Xushu 32 had the highest dry matter content(33.6%),followed by Jishu 25(32%),and then Jishu 98(31.5%).[Conclusions]Combining the maturity period,yield,dry matter content,appearance,taste and unique ecological conditions in Zaozhuang area,the varieties suitable for cultivation in Zaozhuang area were screened:in the fresh eating group,it was Yanshu 25 and Longshu 9;in the starch group,it was Jishu 98,Shangshu 19,and Jixu 23.

Changes in Some Physiological Characteristics After Full Heading Stage in Flag Leaves of Super High-Yielding Inbred Rice

In a field experiment, rice cultivar Shanyou 63 was used as a check cultivar to investigate the changes in activity of peroxidase and contents of malondialdehyde and soluble protein after full heading stage in flag leaves of two super high-yielding inbred rice, including Shengtai 1 and Yuxiangyouzhan. The results showed that the peroxidase activities and soluble protein contents in the leaves of the three cultivars tended to increase gradually to peak values and thereafter descended during stage after full heading. Moreover, both the peroxidase activities and soluble protein contents of Shengtai 1 and Yuxiangyouzhan peaked at 8 days after full heading, which was compared with that of Shanyou 63 at 4 days later. Meanwhile, the malondialdehyde contents in the leaves of the three cultivars increased gradually after full heading stage. In addition, activities of peroxidase and contents of malondialdehyde and soluble protein in different cultivars were various at the same time. In general, for Shengtai 1 and Yuxiangyouzhan, the peroxidase activities and soluble protein contents were higher than those of Shanyou 63, whereas the malondialdehyde contents were lower compared with that of Shanyou 63. And these features could make the senescence of leaf become later and slower and photosynthetic product was more in Shengtai 1 and Yuxiangyouzhan than that in Shanyou 63.

Effects of External Chemical Regulation on Bt Transgenic Cotton Plants under Combined Stress of High Temperature and Water Deficit

[Objective] The study aimed to find a possible way to combat or alleviate the negative effects caused by high temperature and water deficit at the growth stage of peak boll-setting.[Method] With Bt transgenic cotton GK22 as the test cultivar,a potted experiment was carried out to investigate the effects of the regulation of external substances(the water solutions of pix,urea and their mixture) on the physiological parameters,insecticidal protein content,yield and yield component of cotton plants in artificial climate chambers treated with high temperature and water deficit.[Result] The application of external pix,urea or their mixture was effective in stabilizing the physiological parameters of cotton plants,insecticidal protein content,yield and yield components.Compared with the exclusive application of pix and urea,the mixture of pix and urea played the most effective role in stabilizing the content of chlorophyll,soluble sugar and insecticidal protein,alleviating the increase of the content of free amino acids and proline,and increasing boll number per plant,boll weight and seed cotton yield.[Conclusion] The water solutions of pix,urea or their mixtures can be used to combat or alleviate the stress of high temperature and water deficit if they are sprayed onto cotton plants prior to stress occurrence.

高油高产抗病大豆新品种邯豆17的选育及栽培技术要点

为了促进高油高产抗病大豆新品种邯豆17的推广应用,本文介绍了其选育经过、主要特征特性、产量和品质表现以及配套栽培要点。邯豆17是邯郸市农业科学院于2007年以邯豆7号为母本,中品03-5179为父本,通过有性杂交利用改良系谱法选育而成的新品种。2018年参加河北省夏播区域试验,平均产量为3194.6 kg·hm^(-2),比对照品种冀豆12增产8.4%,2019年续试,平均产量为3723.6 kg·hm^(-2),比对照增产10.5%,2018-2019年两年区域试验平均产量为3459.1 kg·hm^(-2),比对照增产9.5%。2019年参加同组生产试验,平均产量3422.2 kg·hm^(-2),比对照增产12.8%。2020年邯豆17通过河北省审定,审定编号为冀审豆20200003。该品种抗倒性好,成熟时落叶性好,不裂荚,抗大豆花叶病毒病3号和7号株系,粗蛋白含量为38.66%,粗脂肪含量为21.76%,适宜在河北省中南部区域夏播种植。

“双高”糖料蔗基地小型泵站供电电源方案设计

广西优质高产高糖糖料蔗基地建设需要配套建设大量的水利灌溉泵站,而泵站供电电源设计方案及相关电气设备选型直接关系到泵站建设投资及后续运行维护费用。通过分析对比小型泵站供电电源10kV高压侧接入方式、电力变压器型式及接线组别选择、高压侧开关选用方案,提出了相应的设计优选建议。

崇左市甘蔗主要品种应用现状分析与建议

为全面地了解崇左蔗区的甘蔗主要品种应用现状,为产业工作者制定相关政策、开展相关研究等提供参考,研究分析了崇左市甘蔗主产县(区)的近6个榨季甘蔗生产情况。研究结果表明,新品种、新技术的示范引导以及相关政策的实施,取得了较好的成效;崇左市蔗区种植面积保持稳定,桂糖42号等高产高糖良种的应用程度进一步提升,提高了蔗农和制糖企业的效益,但也存在品种结构多元化不足、脱毒种苗应用较少、机收水平低等问题。建议继续加强支持甘蔗产业稳定发展,加强区域性新品种的选育与推广、良种繁育基地建设、脱毒种苗的生产以及良种繁育技术的研发应用;开展针对性配套栽培技术的研发以重点提升蔗区主栽品种的生产表现,进一步发挥良种效应;加强适应不同地形地貌收割机械的研发、宜机收品种的选育与推广,多途径措施提升蔗区机收水平。

高蛋白高产大豆新品种吉育2517的选育研究

高蛋白高产大豆新品种吉育2517是由吉林省农业科学院大豆研究所以吉育257为母本、金源71为父本配制杂交组合,采用单粒传法经多年鉴定选育而成。2020—2021年参加吉林省大豆科企联合体中早熟组区域试验平均产量2950.4 kg·hm^(-2),较对照品种合交02-69平均增产5.1%。2022年参加生产试验,平均产量3183.9 kg·hm^(-2),较对照品种合交02-69平均增产3.7%。该品种丰产性和稳产性较好,蛋白质含量两年平均为43.13%,属高蛋白品种。2023年通过吉林省农作物品种审定委员会审定。同时对吉育2517适宜的栽培模式进行了探索,并在2022—2023年进行良种良法配套生产示范,两年平均产量3041.9 kg·hm^(-2),较对照增产6.6%。

高活性高含量微生物复合配方肥在蔬菜上的应用效果

采用微生物保护剂包裹菌剂后添加至高养分复合肥的生产技术生产高活性高含量微生物复合配方肥,通过田间试验,研究其对辣椒(Capsicum annuum L.)、番茄(Solanum lycopersicum L.)生长发育、养分吸收及品质的影响。结果表明,在养分含量为40%的条件下造粒后,微生物有效活菌数可达7.21×10^(9)CFU/g,储存半年后存活率为91.67%;高活性高含量微生物复合配方肥可以显著促进蔬菜生长,提高果实品质和产量。与蔬菜专用配方肥和常规施肥相比,高活性高含量微生物复合配方肥施用于辣椒分别增产8.09%和14.14%,施用于番茄分别增产11.00%和14.44%。综上,添加保护剂的高活性高含量微生物复合配方肥可以有效提高蔬菜果实的品质,增产增收,提高农户经济收益。

Type 2 Diabetes—Hard to Select a Healthy Choice

Introduction: The use of foods containing high levels of sugar is increasing all the time. This is a risk factor for increased incidence of type 2 diabetes. There are few studies that have investigated the availability of low-sugar müsli products in grocery stores. Purpose: The study aims to identify which types of müsli contain high respectively low levels of sugar, and which brands are involved. Methods: The material consists of both qualitative interviews and observations from five grocery stores: City Gross, Hemköp, Ica Maxi, Stora Coop and Willy’s in Helsingborg, Sweden. The qualitative interviews had a semi-structured character and were recorded. The interviews took approx. 20 minutes and a textual analysis was conducted of the results. Data from observation was analyzed based on brand, nutritional composition and flavors, and also, where low sugar products were placed on store shelves. Results: The grocery stores provided together brands from AXA, Coop, Finax, Frebaco, Garant, ICA, Risenta, Saltå Kvarn och Urtekram, in total 24 müsli products. Of these products, 19 were high in sugar. The observation reveals that müsli products with high sugar content (17 - 29 g per 100 g müsli) are more prominently displayed than those with low sugar content. From the interviews with the store managers, it became clear that it would be valuable to highlight healthy müsli products on the shelves. However, central bureaucracy puts obstacles to such measures. Discussion: The study emphasizes the need for increased visibility of low-sugar products and proposes solutions such as negotiating with responsible person at the head office in Stockholm. Several reviews have shown that if the grocery store raises the prices of unhealthy food, the consumer is willing to purchase healthier müsli and other products. Conclusion: This study shows the need for grocery stores to upgrade healthy müsli products along with advertising to be able to influence customer’s shopping habits. Also, further research is needed how type 2 diabetes is affected by high intakes of food products with high sugar content.

云蔗081609在德宏蔗区的引进推广应用

云蔗081609于2012年引入德宏州,为进一步探讨该品种在德宏蔗区推广应用潜力,通过多年多点试验示范种植和甘蔗生产调研,总结云蔗081609在德宏蔗区的推广应用概况、种植经验及经济效益。结果表明,该品种表现为早熟(11月甘蔗蔗糖分为14.02%)、高糖(全期平均甘蔗蔗糖分为16.20%)、高产(114 t/hm^(2)),生势好、株型直立、抗倒伏,宿根丰产稳产;品质好,重力纯度高,纤维分适中,还原糖低等优良性状,具有良好的推广应用前景。2017年该品种在德宏州小面积种植示范,2018年在德宏州蔗区推广应用;2024年种植推广面积达19941 hm^(2),2019~2024年累计推广面积40273 hm^(2),产生了较大的经济效益、社会效益、生态效益,具有良好的推广应用前景,成为德宏州蔗区早熟种主推品种之一。

经典名方清金化痰汤基准样品HPLC指纹图谱及量值传递研究

基于建立的高效液相色谱(HPLC)指纹图谱结合多指标成分含量的测定方法,研究了清金化痰汤(QJHTD)的量值传递规律。制备15批QJHTD基准样品,建立其HPLC指纹图谱并进行相似度评价,确定共有峰;对QJHTD基准样品中4种指标性成分(栀子苷、芒果苷、黄芩苷、甘草酸)进行含量测定,分析饮片-基准样品的量值传递规律。结果表明,15批QJHTD基准样品指纹图谱的相似度均大于0.98。标定了26个共有峰,并对各共有峰进行药材归属。指标性成分栀子苷、芒果苷、黄芩苷、甘草酸的含量分别为44.60~76.82mg·g^(-1)、98.04~145.25 mg·g^(-1)、46.82~75.64 mg·g^(-1)、81.60~126.63 mg·g^(-1),转移率分别为32.91%~62.42%、21.78%~35.93%、29.98%~57.12%、27.51%~49.34%。15批QJHTD基准样品的出膏率为16.98%~25.19%,平均出膏转移率为67.19%。结合指纹图谱、多成分含量测定以及出膏率,研究经典名方QJHTD基准样品的量值传递规律,可为后续制剂质量控制提供参考。

呼伦贝尔地区甜菜高产高效栽培技术分析

甜菜是我国主要的糖料作物之一,对我国农业经济的发展有着重要作用。甜菜种植是一种高投入、高产出的现代化农业经营方式,单纯地提高单产而忽视含糖率的种植方式已经不再适应市场需求,只有既高产又高糖才能得到可观的种植收益。该文对呼伦贝尔地区甜菜种植技术进行了分析和探讨,包括品种选择、播种、田间管理及收获等主要技术要点。

Synthesis and Characterization of Carborane Bisphenol Resol Phenolic Resins with Ultrahigh Char Yield

Two carborane-containing resol phenolic resins（P1 and P2） with high boron content were synthesized via the reaction of carborane bisphenols（1 and 2） with formaldehyde in the presence of alkaline. HRMS results indicate that P1 is mainly composed of hydroxymethylated o-carborane bisphenols, the Mw of which was restrained around 500 due to the strong steric hindrance of o-carborane bisphenol. In contrast, the molecular weight of P2 was well regulated under various reaction conditions. The obtained resins were characterized with spectroscopic techniques including FTIR, 1H-NMR, ^13C-NMR, and 11B-NMR, which gave satisfactory results. TGA studies show that P2 shows char yield of 88.9% and 92.9% at 900 ℃ under nitrogen and air respectively. The imported carborane cage endows phenolic resin with ultrahigh char yield. Particularly, the char yield of the obtained carborane-containing phenolic resin under air is higher than that under nitrogen. FTIR and XRD confirm that the carborane cage could react with oxygen to form B2O3 at elevated temperatures, which postpones the thermal decomposition of phenolic resin and accounts for the high char yield.

高油高产大豆新品种吉育3517的选育及良种良法配套研究

为促进大豆新品种吉育3517推广应用,介绍了其选育过程、特征特性、产量表现和良种良法配套技术。该品种是由吉林省农业科学院大豆研究所2013年以垦02-728为母本、吉育303为父本配制杂交组合,采用系谱法经多年鉴定选育而成。2020-2021年参加吉林省大豆科企联合体中早熟组区域试验平均产量3406.3 kg·hm^(-2),较对照品种吉育303平均增产4.9%,其中最高产量达4400.0 kg·hm^(-2)。2021年参加生产试验,平均产量3697.2 kg·hm^(-2),较对照品种吉育303平均增产6.8%,其中最高产量达4285.6 kg·hm^(-2)。2022年通过吉林省农作物品种审定委员会审定,审定编号为吉审豆20220028。该品种丰产性和稳产性较好,油分含量两年平均23.40%,属高油品种。本研究还对其栽培模式进行了探索,并进行良种良法配套示范,相比同生育期组主推品种吉育303增产7.2%。

高含蜡原油流变性和黏温特性研究

分析了胜利油田桩23区块高含蜡原油的流变性和黏温特性。该含蜡原油的反常点为55℃,温度越低,流变指数n越小,含蜡原油越偏离牛顿流体。原油屈服值对温度较敏感,随着温度升高屈服值降低。实验确定含水原油乳状液的制备条件,探讨含蜡原油加入破乳剂后的反相点变化规律。NMDE破乳剂投加100 mg/L,可使含水40%~60%的原油流动性得到明显改善,尤其在30,40℃低温下破乳剂能显著降低含水油黏度,降黏率可高达90%以上,在高温下NMDE破乳剂对含水油的降黏幅度减小。投加破乳剂后高含蜡原油的反相点降低,含水率由60%降到50%,有利于原油管输。

食用型花生品种冀花甜1号和冀花甜2号选育及其栽培技术要点

冀花甜1号(亲本为四粒红×力无名)和冀花甜2号(亲本为泰莱四粒红×冀花2号)是河北省农林科学院粮油作物研究所通过有性杂交选育而成的高产、高糖食用型花生品种。2016~2017年在4个地点8点次的的花生新品种多点试验示范中,冀花甜1号荚果平均产量为4429.50 kg/hm^(2),子仁平均产量为3205.50 kg/hm^(2),分别较对照品种冀花4号增产6.99%和4.29%;冀花甜2号荚果平均产量为4519.50 kg/hm^(2),子仁平均产量为3270.00 kg/hm^(2),分别较对照品种冀花4号增产9.17%和6.39%。经农业部油料及制品质量监督检验测试中心检测,冀花甜1号粗脂肪含量43.63%,粗蛋白含量24.83%,蔗糖含量7.1%;冀花甜2号粗脂肪含量49.75%,粗蛋白含量23.60%,蔗糖含量6.8%。2个品种均在2019年通过了非主要农作物品种登记。

姬松茸F_(1)代筛选低富镉高产型菌株研究

从菌丝生长、农艺性状、平均产量以及镉含量等指标,挖掘杂交F_(1)代低富镉、高产潜力菌株。结果表明,A13、A14菌丝特征为粗壮、密集、菌索多,生长阶段污染率低;子实体单朵重量分别达25.7、15.9 g/朵,为大粒型、中粒型;菌柄直径为2.2、2.1 cm,占子实体比重54.09%、59.75%;平均产量达8.52、7.84 kg/m^(2),与出发菌株均达显著水平;镉含量为2.1、5.9 mg/kg,与出发菌株均达极显著水平。A13、A142个菌株具有同时满足高产、粗柄、低富镉的特征特性。

水盐胁迫对超高产小麦幼苗生长及根系导水率的影响

【目的】揭示水盐胁迫对超高产小麦幼苗生长及根系导水率的影响机制。【方法】以超高产小麦品种“烟农1212”为研究对象,设置水分胁迫、盐分胁迫和水盐胁迫3种胁迫处理(2%PEG6000、0.1%Na Cl和2%PEG6000+0.1%Na Cl)和对照(Hoagland营养液,CK),测定不同处理下的小麦的生长指标、根系导水率及全氮、K^(+)和Na^(+)量,利用逐步回归分析方法,分析水盐胁迫下导致小麦幼苗根系导水率降低的因素。【结果】(1)与CK相比,水分胁迫、盐分胁迫和水盐双重胁迫分别使冬小麦幼苗的株高和叶面积显著降低。(2)水分及盐分胁迫处理的根冠比与CK相比分别增加了12%和14%,而在水盐双重胁迫条件下则显著降低了6%。(3)与CK相比,盐分胁迫和水盐双重胁迫显著增加了小麦叶片和根系的Na^(+)/K^(+)比,水分胁迫下的Na^(+)/K^(+)比虽然也有增加,但差异不显著。(4)水分胁迫、盐分胁迫及水盐双重胁迫显著降低了叶片的全氮量。(5)与CK相比,水分、盐分及水盐双重胁迫使小麦幼苗根系总导水率显著降低了58%、51%和93%,逐步回归分析表明,小麦幼苗的叶面积与根系导水率显著正相关(R^(2)=0.9619)。【结论】水盐胁迫条件下,叶面积可作为表征根系导水率的关键指标。

旱地高产小麦品种籽粒氮含量与产量形成及氮磷钾吸收分配的关系

【目的】明确高产小麦品种间籽粒氮含量差异及其与产量形成和氮磷钾养分吸收、转移及分配的关系,为旱地高产高氮含量的优质小麦品种选育和小麦丰产优质绿色生产的养分管理提供依据。【方法】于2017—2022年,以14个产量相近、籽粒氮含量差异显著的高产小麦品种为供试材料,在陕西黄土高原旱地连续5年开展田间试验,研究小麦籽粒氮含量差异及其与产量、产量三要素和各器官氮磷钾养分含量的关系,并分析高产高籽粒氮含量小麦品种的生物量累积、产量构成和氮磷钾吸收、转移及分配对施肥的响应。【结果】小麦品种的籽粒氮含量与千粒重显著正相关,籽粒千粒重每增加1.0 g,籽粒氮含量增加0.3 g·kg^(-1)。高产小麦品种间籽粒氮含量差异显著,高氮品种籽粒含氮量平均为24.9 g·kg^(-1),比低氮品种(21.5 g·kg^(-1))高16%。高产高氮品种产量、生物量和穗数在施氮和施磷后增加幅度均高于低氮品种。高产高氮小麦品种籽粒含磷量和茎叶含钾量在不同施肥条件下均高于低氮品种,籽粒和地上部氮磷钾吸收量在施氮和施磷后增幅均高于低氮品种。高产高氮品种颖壳向籽粒转移氮的能力高于低氮品种,茎叶向籽粒和颖壳转移钾的能力却低于低氮品种,施氮后茎叶向籽粒和颖壳转移钾的能力大幅下降。施氮、磷和钾均有利于提高高产高氮小麦品种地上部向茎叶的钾素分配。【结论】高产小麦品种间籽粒氮含量存在显著差异,其中高籽粒氮含量品种的千粒重、籽粒含磷量和茎叶含钾量较高,茎叶向籽粒和颖壳转移钾的能力低,籽粒和地上部氮磷钾吸收量对施氮和施磷响应更敏感。因此,在高产的基础上,选育高籽粒氮含量的优质小麦品种,应关注高千粒重、磷向籽粒和钾素向茎叶转移分配能力强的材料,在生产中应注意磷钾与氮的协同供应,以提高小麦籽粒氮含量。