Dielectric Permittivity of Rigid Rapeseed Oil Polyol Polyurethane Biofoams and Petrochemical Foams at Low Frequencies

Early investigations of dielectric permittivity of rigid polyurethane foams at low frequencies were made on petrochemical-origin foams,mainly by means of parallel plate capacitors.In the present investigation biopolyol was synthesized from Latvia-grown rapeseeds’oil by the transesterification method with triethanolamine,in an environmentally friendly process,without emission of harmful substances,at temperatures 175℃±5℃.Rigid,closed-cell rapeseed oil polyol polyurethane biofoams and petrochemical foams were made ensuring content of the renewable rapeseed oil polyol in ready foams 27 wt.%–29 wt.%.Dielectric permittivity of the polyurethane foams and the underlying monolithic petrochemical-origin polyurethane and biopolyurethane was measured with a non-destructive dielectric spectrometer equipped with a capacitive sensor of one-side access type at 16 discrete frequencies distributed geometrically over the band 10 Hz,…,330 kHz.Permittivity value of the gaseous phase in the closed-cells was estimated to beεg≈1.001 that corresponds to the values,characteristic for the most of gases.Dielectric permittivity of petrochemical polyurethane foams and the mentioned biofoams was compared with permittivity of polyurethane foams from industrial producers Sika JSC and General Plastics Manufacturing Co.Polyurethane foams of the developed formulation exhibit competitive,low dielectric permittivity,not exceeding that of the foams from industrial producers:petrochemical foams up to 550 kg/m^(3) and the mentioned biofoams,comprising the renewable rapeseed oil polyol,up to densities 230–250 kg/m^(3).Considering petrochemical-origin polyurethane foams as a heterogeneous media“Polymer—gaseous phase”,the applicability of the rule of mixture and Maxwell–Garnett equation to model mathematically the dependence of effective dielectric permittivity on the volume fraction of phases was showed.

Wide-Temperature-Range Dielectric Permittivity Measurement under High Pressure

Two measurement systems are developed for in-situ dielectric property measurement under high pressure in a wide-temperature range from 77K to 1273 K. The high-temperature system ranging from room temperature up to 1273K is equipped with a hexahedron anvils press, while the low-temperature system ranging from liquid nitrogen temperature to normal condition is equipped using the piston cylinder setup with a specially designed sample chamber. Using these configurations, the dielectric property measurement of ferroelectrie BaTiO3 and multiferroie Tm0.5Gd0.5MnO3 compounds are demonstrated, which proves the validity of the systems through the tuning of the polarization and phase transition boundary by high pressure. These two systems will be equally applicable to a wide variety of electronic and transport property measurements of insulators, semiconductors, as well as battery materials.

Low-permittivity LiLn(PO_(3))_(4)(Ln=La,Sm,Eu)dielectric ceramics for microwave/millimeter-wave communication

The development of dielectric materials with low permittivity and low loss is a great challenge in wireless communication.In this study,LiLn(PO_(3))_(4)(Ln=La,Sm,Eu)ceramic systems were successfully prepared using the traditional solid-state method.X-ray diffraction analysis indicated that the LiLn(PO_(3))_(4)ceramics crystallized in a monoclinic structure when sintered at 850–940℃.The characteristic peak shifted to higher angles with variations in the Ln element,which was ascribed to a reduction in the cell volume.Further analysis by structure refinement revealed that the reduction in the cell volume resulted from the decrease in chemical bond lengths and the compression of[LiO_(4)]and[PO_(4)]tetrahedra.Remarkably,the LiLn(PO_(3))_(4)ceramic system displayed exceptional performance at low sintering temperatures(910–925℃),including a high quality factor(Q·f)of 41,607–75,968 GHz,low temperature coefficient of resonant frequency(τ_(f))ranging from−19.64 to−47.49 ppm/℃,low permittivity(ε_(r))between 5.04 and 5.26,and low density(3.04–3.26 g/cm^(3)).The application of Phillips–van Vechten–Levine(P–V–L)theory revealed that the increased Q·f value of the LiLn(PO_(3))_(4)systems can be attributed to the enhanced packing fraction,bond covalency,and lattice energy,and the stability of τ_(f) was associated with the increase in the bond energy.Furthermore,a prototype microstrip patch antenna using LiEu(PO_(3))_(4) ceramics was fabricated.The measurement results demonstrated excellent antenna performance with a bandwidth of 360 MHz and a peak gain of 5.11 dB at a central frequency of 5.08 GHz.Therefore,low-εr LiLn(PO_(3))_(4)ceramic systems are promising candidates for microwave/millimeter-wave communication.

Low-loss Cd-substituted Mg ferrites with matching impedance for high-frequency-range antennas

The effects of Cd^(2+) ions on the microstructure,magnetic properties,and dielectric properties of Bi_(2)O_(3)-added MgFe_(2)O_(4) ferrites(Cd_(x)Mg_(1-x)Fe_(2)O_(4),x=0.00,0.15,0.30 and 0.45)are obtained by adopting the solid-state reaction method at a low temperature(910℃).The objective is to achieve matching impedances,low magnetic and dielectric losses(tanδμand tanδε,respectively),and a relatively large miniaturization factor to reduce antenna size.Experimental results indicate that the cations occupying the tetrahedral(A)and octahedral(B)ion sites are redistributed,resulting in an enhanced super-exchange interaction between the two sublattices.As a result,improved magnetization,including the increase in saturation magnetization(41.74 emu/g)and decrease in coercivity(63.75 Oe),is realized.The real part of permeability(μ')also increases with increasing concentration of Cd^(2+) ions.When x is 0.15,matching impedances with equivalent μ'and ε'values are obtained over a long frequency range(1–150MHz).Moreover,the formation of a dense microstructure guarantees that losses occur at low orders of magnitude(tanδμ≈10−2 and tanδε≈10−3).Accordingly,these properties afford wide application perspectives for the proposed compounds in the high-frequency region,i.e.,from high-frequency to very-high-frequency bands.

Low dielectric constant and highly intrinsic thermal conductivity fluorine-containing epoxy resins with ordered liquid crystal structures

Epoxy resins with a high dielectric constant and low intrinsic thermal conductivity coefficient cannot meet the current application requirements of advanced electronic and electrical equipment.Therefore,novel fluorine-containing liquid crystal epoxy compounds(TFSAEy)with fluorinated groups,biphenyl units,and flexible alkyl chains are first synthesized via amidation and esterification reactions.Then,4,4′-diaminodiphenylmethane(DDM)is used as a curing agent to prepare the corresponding fluorine-containing liquid crystal epoxy resins.The obtained dielectric constant(ε)and dielectric loss(tanδ)values of TFSAEy/DDM at 1 MHz are 2.54 and 0.025,respectively,which are significantly lower than those of conventional epoxy resins(E-51/DDM,3.52 and 0.038).Additionally,the intrinsic thermal conductivity coefficient(λ)of TFSAEy/DDM is 0.36 W/(m⋅K),71.4%higher than that of E-51/DDM(0.21 W/(m⋅K)).Meanwhile,the corresponding elastic modulus,hardness,glass transition temperature,and heat resistance index of TFSAEy/DDM are 5.73 GPa,0.35 GPa,213.5◦C,and 188.7℃,respectively,all superior to those of E-51/DDM(3.68 GPa,0.27 GPa,107.2℃,and 174.8℃),presenting potential application in high-heating electronic component packaging and printed circuit boards.

碳氢树脂高频覆铜板的研究进展

本文综述了高频覆铜板的特点,并对其基体树脂的介电性能进行对比,重点介绍了碳氢树脂(PCH)高频覆铜板的研究进展。通过对目前碳氢树脂高频覆铜板研究的总结,找出现存的问题并对其未来发展趋势进行展望。

Enhanced radiation characteristics for antipodal Vivaldi antenna using high permittivity dielectric director

In this paper,we investigate the influence of higher permittivity dielectric director on the radiation performances of an antipodal Vivaldi antenna.An elliptical dielectric director with high permittivity is inserted in an antipodal Vivaldi antenna aperture in order to ameliorate the radiation characteristics of the antenna.Due to the capacity of elevated permittivity dielectric to confine and guide energy in the desired direction,an increment of 4 dB in the gain of the antenna is obtained.This antenna,which covers an ultra-wide frequency band of 146.8%from 2.3 GHz to 15 GHz,has approximately regular radiation patterns with reduced side lobe level and narrower beamwidth.In the interest to achieve radar application necessities,the proposed antenna is exploited to develop an antenna array which consists of four connected elements.Adding dielectric directors can significantly enhance the radiations characteristics of the antenna and reduce the mutual coupling inter-elements.So using four elements with dielectric director in the antenna array can achieve the same results obtained with eight elements without directors.This can decrease the used number of elements that form the antenna array.

Manipulating dielectric property of polymer coatings toward highretention-rate lithium metal full batteries under harsh critical conditions

Lithium(Li)metal batteries(LMBs)can potentially deliver much higher energy density but remain plagued by uncontrollable Li plating with dendrite growth,unstable interfaces,and highly abundant excess Li(>50 mAh·cm^(-2)).Herein,different from the artificial layer or three-dimensional(3D)matrix host constructions,various dielectric polymers are initially well-comprehensively investigated from experimental characterizations to theoretical simulation to evaluate their functions in modulating Li ion distribution.As a proof of concept,a 3D interwoven high dielectric functional polymer(HDFP)nanofiber network with polar C-F dipole moments electrospun on copper(Cu)foil is designed,realizing uniform and controllable Li deposition capacity up to 5.0 mAh·cm^(-2),thereby enabling stable Li plating/stripping cycling over 1400 h at 1.0 mA·cm^(-2).More importantly,under the highcathode loading(~3.1 mAh·cm^(-2))and only 0.6×excess Li(N/P ratio of 1.6),the full cells retain capacity retention of 97.4%after 200 cycles at 3.36 mA·cm^(-2)and achieve high energy density(297.7 Wh·kg^(-1)at cell-level)under lean electrolyte conditions(15μL),much better than ever-reported literatures.Our work provides a new direction for designing high dielectric polymer coating toward high-retention-rate practical Li full batteries.

移动通讯用低介电塑料基材的研究进展

纵观移动通讯的发展史,从最开始的有线、低频低速通讯到如今的无线、高频高速通讯,随着通讯行业的发展,对移动通讯的关键元件—印制电路板(PCB)的要求也逐渐提高。因此,开发低介电常数,低介电损耗,良好的耐热、尺寸稳定性的高分子PCB板尤为重要。本文主要介绍市场上的应用高频PCB低介电高分子材料,并重点阐述环氧树脂(EP),聚酰亚胺(PI),聚四氟乙烯(PTFE),液晶聚合物(LCP)用作PCB的优缺点及对其改性的研究情况。

PVDF基储能电介质的设计及性能调控相关进展

聚合物基介电电容器因具有击穿场强高、介电损耗低、自愈性好以及良好的可加工性等优势,成为了电子电力系统中重要的储能元器件。然而,聚合物的相对介电常数和放电能量密度较低,极大地限制了聚合物基固态电容器向小型化方向发展。因此,提高聚合物相对介电常数,研发高放电能量密度和高储能效率的聚合物基电容器成为了迫切需求。聚偏二氟乙烯(PVDF)以其良好的介电性能和较高的放电能量密度成为研究的热点。本文从电介质的储能原理出发,综述了近年来PVDF基纳米复合电介质材料的设计及其性能调控的主要方案:(1)聚合物+无机高介电纳米填料;(2)聚合物+无机低介电纳米填料;(3)聚合物+金属纳米粒子。本文为进一步提高聚合物基电介质的储能性能提供了重要参考。

一种基于FSR的法布里-珀罗谐振腔天线设计

基于频率选择性吸波器(FSR)和法布里-珀罗(F-P)谐振腔的基本原理,提出了一种具有增益增强效果和低雷达散射截面(RCS)的天线。首先,通过2层介质谐振器的模式叠加,设计了一款宽带介质谐振天线(DRA)作为F-P谐振腔的馈源。然后基于等效电路模型(ECM)设计了一款X波段透波,S和Ku波段吸波的FSR作为F-P谐振腔的部分反射表面。最后利用FSR的反射特性,在其与DRA的地面之间形成一个准法布里-珀罗谐振腔。仿真和测量结果表明,天线具有带内的增益增强和带外的低RCS性能。

Machine learning approaches for permittivity prediction and rational design of microwave dielectric ceramics

Low permittivity microwave dielectric ceramics(MWDCs)are attracting great interest because of their promising applications in the new era of 5G and IoT.Although theoretical rules and computational methods are of practical use for permittivity prediction,unsatisfactory predictability and universality impede rational design of new high-performance materials.In this work,based on a dataset of 254 single-phase microwave dielectric ceramics(MWDCs),machine learning(ML)methods established a high accuracy model for permittivity prediction and gave insights of quantitative chemistry/structureproperty relationships.We employed five commonly-used algorithms,and introduced 32 intrinsic chemical,structural and thermodynamic features which have correlations with permittivity for modeling.Machine learning results help identify the permittivity decisive factors,including polarizability per unit volume,average bond length,and average cell volume per atom.The feature-property relationships were discussed.The optimal model constructed by support vector regression with radial basis function kernel was validated its superior predictability and generalization by verification dataset.Low permittivity material systems were screened from a dataset of~3300 materials without reported microwave permittivity by high-throughput prediction using optimal model.Several predicted low permittivity ceramics were synthesized,and the experimental results agree well with ML prediction,which confirmed the reliability of the prediction model.

High Index SMES Device for Gravitomagnetic Field Generation

A method is described for creating a measurable unbalanced gravitational acceleration using a gravitomagnetic field surrounding a superconducting toroid as described by Forward (1962). An experimental Superconducting Magnetic Energy Storage (SMES) toroid configuration of wound superconducting nanowire is proposed to create a measurable acceleration field along the axis of symmetry, providing experimental confirmation of the additive nature of a Lense-Thirring derived gravitomagnetic field. In the present paper, gravitational coupling enhancement of this effect is explored using a high index or high permittivity material, as predicted by Sarfatti (2020) using his modification to Einstein’s General Relativity Field Equations for gravitational coupling in matter.

高储能聚合物电介质材料研究进展

储能薄膜电容器因其功率密度高、工作电压高、自愈特性好以及可靠性高的优势,被广泛应用于智能电网、电动汽车和电力调节中。但聚合物电介质材料偏低的储能密度和较大的介电损耗限制了储能薄膜电容器的轻量化、小型化以及可靠性发展。文章综述了基于优化复合电介质材料高储能密度和低介电损耗的最新研究进展,涉及复合电介质材料的结构特性、介电性能、电气强度以及储能机理,比较和分析了提高聚合物电介质材料储能特性的几种常用策略,包括多组分无机填料共填充、纳米表面改性、多层结构复合、分子结构设计、薄膜表面沉积涂覆等方法对其储能特性的提升规律与调控机制,最后对高储能聚合物电介质材料的现存问题以及未来发展方向进行了总结与展望。

一种高耐热低羟基含磷环氧树脂的合成及性能研究

本文以萘醌、DOPO、酚醛环氧树脂及异氰酸酯为原料,合成了一种高耐热低羟基含磷环氧树脂。将其与酚醛及苯并噁嗪树脂混胶后,浸在玻纤布中经压板固化后,通过示差扫描量热(DSC)测试了板材的玻璃化转变温度T_(g);采用平板电容法测试了树脂的介电性能,并测试了树脂的吸水率、阻燃性能、羟基当量等。结果表明,板材的玻璃化转变温度T_(g)高于170℃,板材具有较低的介电常数和介质损耗,D_(k)<3.50,D_(f)<0.01,吸水率<0.2%,阻燃达到V0级,作为覆铜板的基础树脂材料时,具有低介电、低介损、高T_g、低吸水、V0级阻燃等优良的综合性能。

Sr_(1-x)Er_(x)TiO_(3)陶瓷的巨介电性能研究

选用“两性”稀土Er^(3+)离子掺杂SrTiO_(3)陶瓷,采用传统固相法制备出了在空气下烧结的具有巨介电低损耗的Sr_(1-x)Er_(x)TiO_(3)陶瓷.结果表明,当x=0.012,该陶瓷显示出巨介电行为,在1 kHz下具有17 790的介电常数,在1 MHz下具有14 363的介电常数,在1 kHz下具有0.02的介电损耗.在巨介电、低介电损耗的材料中,存在着“电子钉扎”现象,电子的局域极化使介电常数增大;而在此过程中,由于限制了电子的长程移动,从而降低了介质损耗.

Li(Al_(1-x)Be_(x))SiO_(4)陶瓷的结构及微波介电性能

采用传统的固相反应法合成了Li(Al_(1-x)Be_(x))SiO_(4)(x=0.005,0.01,0.02,0.03)陶瓷,为了确定Be^(2+)进入晶格后所占据的位置,通过CASTEP提供的第一性原理的密度泛函理论计算了Be^(2+)所占据的LiAlSiO_(4)(LAS)不同位置的缺陷形成能和体系总能量,结果表明,Be^(2+)占据Al位的LAS体系能量最低,最稳定。探究Be^(2+)取代Al^(3+)对Li(Al_(1-x)Be_(x))SiO_(4)(x=0.005,0.01,0.02,0.03)陶瓷的体密度、相组成、烧结特性、微观形貌和微波介电性能的影响。在掺杂Be^(2+)之后,烧结温度从1300℃(x=0)降低到1225℃(x=0.03),同时显著提升了LAS陶瓷的品质因数(Q×f)值和谐振频率温度系数(τf),能有效降低其介电常数。Li(Al_(0.995)Be_(0.005))SiO_(4)陶瓷在1325℃烧结10 h,具有良好的微波介电性能:ε_(r)=3.2,Q×f=44398 GHz,τ_(f)=45.2×10^(-6)℃^(-1)。

Sm掺杂SrTiO_(3)陶瓷的高介电常数和超低介电损耗性能研究

为了在SrTiO_(3)优异的性能基础上,在宽温度及频率范围内实现高介电常数与低介电损耗共存,文中采用固相合成法,通过在钛酸锶的A位掺杂三价稀土离子Sm制备了Sr_(1-3 x/2)Sm_(x)TiO_(3)(x分别为0.0050,0.0075,0.0100,0.0125)陶瓷材料,并对其相组成、微观结构和介电、存储性能进行了表征与分析。研究结果表明:经过N 2气氛对陶瓷样品进行退火处理后,所制备的Sr_(1-3 x/2)Sm_(x)TiO_(3)(SST)陶瓷样品均具有介电常数高且介电损耗较低,在较宽的范围内频率和温度稳定性优良的性能;在室温1 kHz下不同掺杂含量的陶瓷样品介电常数均在50000以上,介电损耗小于0.025;掺杂量为x=0.0100时,Sr_(0.985)Sm_(0.01)TiO_(3)陶瓷在低于10 kHz频率范围内同时得到大于60000较高的介电常数和小于0.025的低介电损耗,且拥有较大的弛豫激活能和电导激活能。

含氟三苯乙炔异硫氰酸酯液晶合成及其微波性能

近年来,随着液晶微波移相器技术的研究发展,如何降低液晶材料高频介电损耗已成为微波通讯器件发展的关键问题。本文设计合成了7种具有较宽向列相温度范围(89.5~127.7℃)的含氟三苯乙炔异硫氰酸酯液晶化合物(Ⅰ1-Ⅰ7),其中Ⅰ1-Ⅰ3具有相对较低的熔点(45.8~67.2℃);将其与溶剂液晶侧乙基三苯二炔类组合物(M)按一定质量比混合后,采用矩形谐振腔微扰法测试其在微波频段(11~33 GHz)时的介电性能,并通过分子模拟计算探讨了分子结构和取代基对液晶在高频下介电性能的影响。结果表明,对于所合成的液晶化合物,其分子偶极矩和极化率越大,其介电常数和高频介电损耗也越大;在分子末端烷基引入支链不仅可以降低熔点,还会减小分子的偶极矩和介电常数,使其损耗降低;在苯环之间插入乙炔键不仅能够增加分子的π-电子共轭体系、介电常数和双折射率,还能降低其介电损耗;与异硫氰基相连的苯环侧位被二氟原子对称取代(X1和X2)化合物的介电各向异性(Δεr>1.025)大于中心苯环侧位二氟原子对称取代化合物(X_(3)和X_(4)),但后者的介电损耗较低。

Sintering behavior,phase composition,microstructure,and dielectric characteristics of garnet-type Ca_(3)Fe_(2)Ge_(3)O_(12) microwave ceramics

This paper describes the solid-state production of a unique yellowish-grey microwave dielectric ceramic,Ca_(3)Fe_(2)Ge_(3)O_(12)(CFG).Rietveld refinement demonstrated that CFG corresponds to a cubic system(space group 230:Ia 3 d).The relative density of the ceramic initially increased and then decreased with the sintering temperature,reaching a maximum of 96.92%at 1330℃.According to scanning electron mi-croscopy and energy-dispersive spectroscopy results,the CFG ceramic grains are spherical and consistent in size;furthermore,they have distinct grain boundaries and a uniform distribution of the four con-stituent elements.The CFG ceramic has a superior crystal structure and a high crystallinity,according to transmission electron microscopy.Raman spectroscopy revealed that the Q×f value of the ceramic and the full width at half maximum of the Raman peak are negatively correlated.The ceramic possesses the best overall dielectric characteristics after sintering at 1330℃for 4 h:ε_(r)=10.31,Q×f=82636 GHz,andτ_(f)=-45.66×10^(-6)℃^(-1),showing that it is a promising candidate for use in mobile devices.