Dry Mix Slag—High-Calcium Fly Ash Binder. Part Two: Durability

This work investigates durability of cement-free mortars with a binder comprised of ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBFS) activated by high-calcium fly ash (HCFA) and sodium carbonate (Na2CO3): the soundness, sulfate resistance, alkali-silica reactivity and efflorescence factors are considered. Results of tests show that such mortars are resistant to alkali-silica expansion. Mortars are also sulfate-resistant when the amount of HCFA in the complex binder is within a limit of 10 wt%. The fineness of fly ash determines its’ ability to activate GGBFS hydration, and influence soundness of the binder, early strength development, sulfate resistance and efflorescence behavior. The present article is a continuation of authors’ work, previously published in MSA, Vol. 14, 240-254.

Copper-Free Resin-Based Braking Materials:A New Approach for Substituting Copper with Fly-Ash Cenospheres in Composites

Copper particles emitted from braking have become a significant source of environmental pollution.However,copper plays a crucial role in resin-based braking materials.Developing high-performance braking materials without copper has become a significant challenge.In this paper,the resin-based braking materials were filled with flyash cenospheres to develop copper-free braking materials.The effects of fly-ash cenospheres on the physical properties,mechanical and friction and wear properties of braking materials were studied.Furthermore,the wear mechanism of copper-free resin-based braking materials filled with fly-ash cenospheres was discussed.The results indicate that the inclusion of fly-ash cenospheres in the braking materials improved their thermal stability,hardness and impact strength,reduced their density,effectively increased the friction coefficient at medium and high temperatures,and enhanced the heat-fade resistance of the braking materials.The inclusion of fly-ash cenospheres contributed to the formation of surface friction film during the friction process of the braking materials,and facilitated the transition of form from abrasive wear to adhesive wear.At 100-350℃,the friction coefficient of the optimal formulation is in the range of 0.57-0.61,and the wear rate is in the range(0.29-0.65)×10^(-7) cm^(3)·N^(-1)·m^(-1),demonstrating excellent resistance to heat-fade and stability in friction coefficient.This research proposes the use of fly-ash cenospheres as a substitute for environmentally harmful and expensive copper in brake materials,which not only improves the performance of braking materials but also reduces their costs.

Dry Mix Slag—High-Calcium Fly Ash Binder. Part One: Hydration and Mechanical Properties

High-calcium fly ash (HCFA)—a residue of high-temperature coal combustion at thermal power plants, in combination with sodium carbonate presents an effective hardening activator of ground granulated blast-furnace slag (GGBFS). Substitution of 10% - 30% of GGBFS by HCFA and premixing of 1% - 3% Na2CO3 to this dry binary binder was discovered to give mortar compression strength of 10 - 30 to 30 - 45 MPa at 7 and 28 days when moist cured at ambient temperature. High-calcium fly ash produced from low-temperature combustion of fuel, like in circulating fluidized bed technology, reacts with water readily and is itself a good hardening activator for GGBFS, so introduction of Na2CO3 into such mix has no noticeable effect on the mortar strength. However, low-temperature HCFA has higher water demand, and the strength of mortar is compromised by this factor. As of today, our research is still ongoing, and we expect to publish more data on different aspects of durability of proposed GGBFS-HCFA binder later.

CO_(2)矿化改性高钙粉煤灰对水泥砂浆力学性能和微结构的影响

为改善高钙粉煤灰在混凝土中的体积安定性和水化活性,本文对高钙粉煤灰进行了CO_(2)矿化改性,研究了不同CO_(2)矿化反应时长下高钙粉煤灰的固碳量和游离氧化钙含量,及CO_(2)矿化改性高钙粉煤灰对水泥砂浆水化热、力学性能和孔隙结构的影响。结果表明,经12 h CO_(2)矿化改性处理,高钙粉煤灰固碳量可超过10%(质量分数),高钙粉煤灰中的游离氧化钙含量明显降低。随着矿化反应时间的延长,掺高钙粉煤灰的水泥浆体水化诱导期缩短,早期水化放热量明显降低。CO_(2)矿化改性处理还能减轻高钙粉煤灰对水泥砂浆强度的负面影响,改善水泥砂浆孔隙结构,降低孔隙率和大孔含量,促进水泥的早期水化和水化硅酸钙的成核结晶。

碳酸钙为发泡剂的粉煤灰发泡陶瓷制备

发泡陶瓷作为一种新型建筑墙体材料,具有轻质保温的特性.以粉煤灰为主要原料,分别添加碳酸钙、四硼酸钠作为发泡剂和助熔剂,通过球磨、压片、烧制等工艺实现了一种新型发泡陶瓷的制备,同时研究了烧结温度、发泡剂掺量、粉煤灰添加量以及粉料粒度对发泡效果的影响.结果表明,样品平均孔径会随发泡剂掺量增加而增大;随烧结温度升高,样品的表观密度先下降后上升,孔隙率与之呈相反趋势,平均孔径会逐渐升高;样品的表观密度和孔隙率随粉料粒度的降低而降低,抗压强度则会提升.研究表明,在发泡剂掺量为1%、烧结温度为750℃、保温时间为15 min的工艺下可制得表观密度为0.156 g/cm^(3)、孔隙率为93%、抗压强度为2.23 MPa的发泡陶瓷.

干湿循环条件下复合改良膨胀土的工程特性及微观机理研究

为研究粉煤灰(高钙)复合木质素纤维改良云南蒙自膨胀土的工程特性和微观机理,开展改良土的胀缩特性试验,并且在干湿循环条件下进行复合改良土的力学特性试验,结合改良前后微观结构和物相变化分析得出改良机理。试验表明:粉煤灰能降低膨胀土的膨胀率,单掺粉煤灰改良土胀缩率降低至无膨胀性水平,土体强度提升,黏聚力增幅显著,试样趋于脆性破坏,最佳掺量为20%。以最优粉煤灰掺量复合木质素纤维进行力学特性试验,复合改良土强度较单一改良土均有进一步提升,且强度随养护龄期延长而继续增加;土体内摩擦角随改良物掺入并无明显变化,基于素膨胀土上下微小波动,20%粉煤灰+1.0%木质素纤维为最佳复合改良配比。进行干湿循环试验后,试样无侧限抗压强度、抗剪强度和黏聚力均随干湿循环次数增加而减小,在前三次干湿循环中降幅较大,内摩擦角随干湿循环次数增加无明显规律变化。改良土强度在数次干湿循环过程中力学特性均优于膨胀土,其中复合改良抑制干湿循环破坏效果比单掺改良更好。结合微观试验结果可知,掺入粉煤灰后土体中生成了硅酸胶凝产物,该产物可填充土体中的孔隙,增加土体密实度,纤维掺入可抑制土体干湿循环过程裂隙发育。

高钙粉煤灰掺量配比对不同建筑材料的性能影响研究

为推动高钙粉煤灰的资源化利用,利用矸石电厂高钙粉煤灰+水泥+砂子+水制备一种高强建材,并对其进行力学性能和耐久性能试验。结果表明,随着高钙粉煤灰占比增加,建材的强度逐渐降低;水泥占比一定的情况下,随着砂子占比增加,建材的抗压强度逐渐增大,当水泥和砂子占比各为20%时,强度可达C30;当砂子占比一定时,水泥占比为20%的强度高于占比为10%的强度;掺入水泥和砂子均可以有效降低建材的吸水性,同时增强抗冻性能,当高钙粉煤灰∶水泥∶砂子=6∶2∶2,水固比为0.27时,建材中的原生裂隙孔隙较少,密实度更高,更有利于建材后期性能的提升。

粉煤灰对低钙高强熟料水泥混凝土碳化深度的影响

通过对比不同熟料水泥混凝土碳化深度,采用热分析方法分析物相组成,研究不同掺量粉煤灰对低钙高强熟料水泥混凝土材料碳化深度的影响。结果表明:相较于普通硅酸盐混凝土,低钙高强熟料水泥混凝土碳化速率快、碳化深度大。随着粉煤灰掺量增加,混凝土碳化后的pH值下降、碳化深度增加。混凝土断面会有Ca(OH)2剩余,酚酞法测量的碳化深度比实际碳化深度大。

Performance of a synthetic resin for lithium adsorption in waste liquid of extracting aluminum from fly-ash

In this study,we investigated the performance of a synthetic resin for the adsorption of Li from predesilicated solution which is the waste liquid produced by extracting aluminum from fly ash.The adsorption kinetics and isotherms of the resin were obtained and analyzed.The saturated adsorption sites of the resin were in agreement with the quasi-second-order kinetic model.Then,the pore diffusion model(PDM)was applied to represent the lithium adsorption kinetics which confirming that the external mass is the limiting step.Moreover,we evaluated the adsorption properties of this resin in fixed-bed mode.We established a feasible extraction process for Li from strong alkaline solutions with low Li concentrations.The process parameters,such as the flow rate,initial adsorption solution concentration,water washing process,desorption agent concentration,and flow rate were studied.The desorption rate of the Li;ions was directly proportional with the concentration of the desorption agent.The time required to accumulate Li decreased as the hydrochloric acid concentration and flow rate increased.Time of the peak appeared increased from 0.5 bed volume(BV)to 2.5 BV as the concentration was increased from 1 to3 mol·L^(-1),and the peak increased from 231 to 394 mg·L^(-1).The resin presented good selectivity for Li;ions and could effectively separate impurity ions from the pre-desilication solution.

Research on non-steam-cured and non-fired fly-ash thermal insulating materials

A thermal insulating material is synthesized via a non-steam-cured and non-fired route by using fly-ash, sorel cement and hydrogen peroxide solution as raw material. Properties such as apparent density, compressive strength, bending strength, thermal conductivity, water resistance, and thermal tolerance of this matrial are studied, some influencing factors on its performance discussed. This material has an apparent density of 360 kg/m^3, a compressive strength of 1.86 MPa, a thermal conduction coefficient of 0.072 W/（m·K）, a softening coefficient of 0.55, and a thermal tolerant temperature of 300 ℃. Test results show that this material is light in weight, of high strength, and good thermal insulation. In addition, neither steam-curing nor sintering is needed in producing it. Further more, large amount of fly ash is used in this material, making it a low cost and environment-friendly building material.

Preparation and characterization of ceramic materials with low thermal conductivity and high strength using high-calcium fly ash

High calcium-fly ash(HCFA)collected from the Mae Moh electricity generating plant in Thailand was utilized as a raw material for ceramic production.The main compositions of HCFA characterized by X-ray fluorescence mainly consisted of 28.55wt%SiO_(2),16.06wt%Al_(2)O_(3),23.40wt%CaO,and 17.03wt%Fe_(2)O_(3).Due to high proportion of calcareous and ferruginous contents,HCFA was used for replacing the potash feldspar in amounts of 10wt%-40wt%.The influence of substituting high-calcium fly ash(0-40wt%)and sintering temperatures(1000-1200℃)on physical,mechanical,and thermal properties of ceramic-based materials was investigated.The results showed that the in-corporation of HCFA in appropriate amounts could enhance the densification and the strength as well as reduce the thermal conductivity of ceramic samples.High proportion of calcareous and ferruginous constituents in fly ash promoted the vitrification behavior of ceramic samples.As a result,the densification was enhanced by liquid phase formation at optimum fly ash content and sintering temperature.In addition,these components also facilitated a more abundant mullite formation and consequently improved flexural strength of the ceramic samples.The op-timum ceramic properties were achieved with adding fly ash content between 10wt%-30wt%sintered at 1150-1200℃.At 1200℃,the max-imum flexural strength of ceramic-FA samples with adding fly ash 10wt%-30wt%(PSW-FA(10)-(30))was obtained in the range of 92.25-94.71 MPa when the water absorption reached almost zero(0.03%).In terms of thermal insulation materials,the increase in fly ash addi-tion had a positively effect on the thermal conductivity,due to the higher levels of porosity created by gas evolving from the inorganic decom-position reactions inside the ceramic-FA samples.The addition of 20wt%-40wt%high-calcium fly ash in ceramic samples sintered at 1150℃reduced the thermal conductivity to 14.78%-49.25%,while maintaining acceptable flexural strength values(~45.67-87.62 MPa).Based on these promising mechanical and thermal characteristics,it is feasible to utilize this high-calcium fly ash as an alternative raw material in clay compositions for manufacturing of ceramic tiles.

碱激发高钙粉煤灰发泡地聚合物的制备及机理

为促进高钙粉煤灰高附加值利用,以粉煤灰为主要原料,采用水玻璃碱激发方式,获得具有优异力学性能的地聚合物,进而以过氧化氢为发泡剂,十二烷基磺酸钠(SDS)为稳泡剂,优化发泡工艺,制备多孔发泡地聚合物,并采用Image-Pro Plus图像软件对发泡截面孔径分布进行分析,利用XRD、FTIR和SEM-EDS对发泡地聚合物微观结构进行表征。结果表明:在液固比为0.50、碱当量为10%(质量分数)、水玻璃模数为1.50、H_(2)O_(2)掺量为3%(质量分数)、SDS掺量为0.3%(质量分数)和80℃发泡4 h条件下,标准养护制备的试块28 d抗压强度为1.78 MPa,表观密度为631 kg/m^(3)。发泡地聚合物孔径小且分布均匀,密度较低。聚合产物为少量C-S-H凝胶和大量钙铝钠协同反应产生的N(C)-A-S-H凝胶,保证了发泡地聚合物的机械强度。

高钙粉煤灰固碳降碱反应特性及煤矿井下规模化利用新途径

高钙粉煤灰浆pH较高,直接用于煤矿井下防灭火易污染地下水。为研究CO_(2)矿化利用粉煤灰制井下防灭火材料固碳降碱反应特性,选取陕北某煤电一体化企业粉煤灰为样品,通过XRF、XRD分析了粉煤灰组分及物相结构,利用N2和CO_(2)的混合气模拟电厂烟气,开展了CO_(2)矿化利用粉煤灰实验室小试及扩试试验,研究了粉煤灰固碳降碱反应过程中浆液pH变化规律及模拟烟气CO_(2)体积分数、烟气流量、固液比、温度、搅拌方式等关键参数对矿化反应过程的影响,并从粉煤灰固碳降碱浆液特性、矿化反应装置研制等方面提出了井下规模化应用有待攻克的关键技术,研究结果表明:(1)粉煤灰原样中富含Ca^(2+)、Mg^(2+)、K^(+)、Al^(3+)等碱金属元素,其中CaO质量分数高达17.8%;(2) CO_(2)与粉煤灰中含Ca^(2+)、Mg^(2+)等碱性矿物产生矿化反应,反应后CO_(2)以方解石型碳酸钙附着在粉煤灰球形颗粒表面,表明了高钙粉煤灰固碳降碱具有可行性;(3)矿化反应过程中,浆液pH下降呈“慢—快—慢”3个阶段,当粉煤灰浆液pH降至7.0~7.5后,浆液返碱p H不会超过9,满足煤矿井下粉煤灰防灭火材料要求;(4)确定了最优矿化反应参数为CO_(2)体积分数10%~15%、固液比300 g/L、每升浆液的烟气流量1.0 L/min、温度不高于55℃;(5)综合考虑固碳量、降碱返碱速度以及反应规模等因素,提出了涡流式反应器与旋桨式反应器串并联两级耦合反应系统。

LOW TEMPERATURE SINTERING OF FLY-ASH CERAMICS AND ITS MICROSTRUCTURE

In this paper, the fly-ash ceramics with prior physical propertieswas fabricated in a low sintering temperature range. XRD, SEM wereused to study the microstructure and sintering mechanism. The resultsshow that in this fly-ash ceramics, three kinds of matter form itsstructure frame such as the glass pearls from the fly-ash rawmaterials, quartz and mullite in which glass liquid phase wasproduced during sintering. And the sintering mechanism is that ofliquid sintering.

矿粉与粉煤灰对高贝利特硫铝酸盐水泥水化和强度的影响

掺加矿物掺合料是降低高贝利特硫铝酸盐水泥(HB-SAC)混凝土的生产成本并改善其凝结硬化性能的有效措施。研究了水灰比为0.5时,矿粉(MP)、粉煤灰(FA)对高贝利特硫铝酸盐水泥抗压强度、砂浆流动度、标准稠度用水量、凝结时间的影响;并通过XRD、SEM对掺加不同矿物掺合料的高贝利特硫铝酸盐水泥净浆进行分析。结果表明:掺加矿物掺合料延长了高贝利特硫铝酸盐水泥的凝结时间;水泥浆体标准稠度用水量随矿物掺合料掺量的增加呈先减小后增大趋势,掺量为10%时达到最小值;掺加矿物掺合料后水泥砂浆流动度变大,粉煤灰对砂浆流动度的影响显著;当掺量从0增加至30%时,掺加矿粉抗压强度降低15.4%,掺加粉煤灰抗压强度降低27.6%;掺矿粉、粉煤灰后,水泥浆体中C-S-H凝胶数量增加,其他水化产物无明显变化。

外掺高钙粉煤灰轻集料混凝土力学性能与抗渗性能研究

基于掺加高钙粉煤灰的力学性能与抗渗性能试验,对外掺氧化镁膨胀剂普通混凝土的性能进行研究。分别加入10%、20%和30%的高钙粉煤灰,混凝土早期强度较低,后期强度增长较快,增长率大于未加掺合料的试体。加入高钙粉煤灰可大幅提升混凝土的密实度和孔隙结构,改进混凝土的抗渗性能。高钙粉煤灰的加入促进了轻集料最佳表面结构的形成,使结构更细密,是提高混凝土抗渗性的有效途径。

硅铝协同利用制备高钙粉煤灰基ZSM-5分子筛

利用粉煤灰(CFA)生产分子筛是实现其高附加值利用的有效途径。以高钙粉煤灰为原料,结合高温焙烧、酸浸纯化和碱熔活化等预处理技术,采用变温水热晶化法制备了纯净的ZSM-5分子筛。采用XRD、XRF、FTIR、SEM、NH 3-TPD、OH-FTIR及N 2吸附-脱附等手段对样品的组成、结构、形貌和酸性质进行表征。结果表明,酸浸纯化可去除96%以上的氧化钙,碱熔活化将惰性莫来石晶相转变为可溶性硅铝酸盐。低温-高温两步水热晶化法制备的ZSM-5分子筛结晶度高、粒径小(800 nm×300 nm×100 nm)且分散度好,具有较高的比表面积(319.22 m^(2)/g)、外表面积(48.28 m^(2)/g)和丰富的微孔结构(0.16 cm^(3) g)。与化学试剂为原料一步水热法合成的HZSM-5相比,高钙粉煤灰基HZSM-5酸强度略有下降,总酸量和Bronsted酸量降低,弱酸占比增加,在吸附和催化等领域具有很好的应用潜力。

高钙粉煤灰固化重金属污染土的工程性质试验研究

高钙粉煤灰是燃煤电厂排出的固体废物,其堆放不仅需占用大量土地,而且对周围环境存在严重威胁。通过系统的室内试验,着重研究了高钙粉煤灰固化铅与锌污染土的工程性质,揭示了其作用机制,探讨了利用高钙粉煤灰固化重金属污染土的可行性。试验结果表明,土体受到重金属离子污染后其无侧限抗压强度降低,掺入高钙粉煤灰可提高土体强度,并能抑制重金属离子的滤出;污染物浓度较低时,固化污染土中的Pb^(2+)和Zn^(2+)均能得到有效固化,污染物浓度较高时,Zn^(2+)的固化效果优于Pb^(2+)。干湿循环试验结果表明,高钙粉煤灰固化污染土的强度随干湿循环次数的增加,先增大后减小;固化土体中重金属离子浓度较低时,滤出液中金属离子浓度随干湿循环次数增加而增大;重金属离子浓度较高时,滤出液中金属离子浓度基本保持不变。

水泥-膨胀剂-粉煤灰复合胶凝材料膨胀与强度发展的协调性研究

研究了水泥-膨胀剂二元复合胶凝材料和水泥-膨胀剂-粉煤灰三元复合胶凝材料，这两种胶凝材料可以用于制备具有良好体积稳定性的高性能膨胀混凝土。研究表明：存在一个最优辅助胶凝材料掺量组合，在此条件下胶凝材料具有良好的膨胀与强度的协调性，在水泥-膨胀剂体系中，膨胀剂掺量范围在6％-12％，其中掺6％～8％适用于配制补偿收缩混凝土，掺8％-12％适用于填充性混凝土。在水泥-膨胀剂-低钙粉煤灰体系中，CSA合理掺量范围为8％～12％；在水泥-膨胀剂-高钙粉煤灰体系中，合理掺量范围是6％-8％。粉煤灰的掺入可以削减由于膨胀剂过量而导致过高的限制膨胀率，从而避免由此造成的膨胀破坏现象，低钙粉煤灰的作用优于高钙粉煤灰。

高钙粉煤灰陶粒对人工湿地强化除磷机制

为强化人工湿地除磷能力和扩大固体废弃物粉煤灰的利用,选择对磷吸附容量高的高钙粉煤灰陶粒作为人工湿地基质,考察除磷特性,探讨除磷机制。实验结果表明:高钙粉煤灰陶粒具有其巨大的比表面积和孔隙率,相对于传统基质具有较大的磷吸附容量,磷去除率可达90%,出水TP和PO43-质量浓度分别低于0.40 mg/L和0.22mg/L;粉煤灰陶粒吸附Ca-P达到总吸附磷量的90%,强化除磷的机制是陶粒内部的钙元素与水中的磷发生化学反应,造成磷在陶粒表面的沉积,进而达到从水中分离的目的,微生物分解和植物的进一步吸收能维持该过程的可持续性。