Numerical Simulation of High-Current Vacuum Arc with Consideration of Anode Vapor

A high-current vacuum arc （HCVA） with the consideration of anode vapor is modeled and simulated. First, from the HCVA column model, the heat flux density to the anode is obtained, which is put into the anode activity model, and the parameter distributions （such as the vapor temperature and velocity） of anode vapor are obtained from the simulation results of the anode activity model. Then, by iterating and calculating the HCVA column model and anode activity model, the interaction between the HCVA column and the anode vapor is simulated and analyzed. In the simulation, the distribution of the axial magnetic field （AMF） generated by the electrode system is calculated by software ANSYS. The simulation results show that the influence of anode vapor on the parameter distributions in the arc column is significant. The simulation results are also compared with the vacuum arc photograph.

Study on the Nonlinear Tension-Torsion Coupled Stiffness of the High-Current Composite Umbilical Considering the Thermal Effect

The gradual advances of offshore oil and gas exploitation and the development tendency of equipment integration have prompted the design of a new type of the high-current composite umbilical to meet development needs.In order to study the mechanical behavior of the high-current composite umbilical(HCCU)and provide design suggestions,a theoretical analysis framework of the tension-torsion coupled behavior of the spirally wound structure is proposed,which focuses more on the radial mechanical behavior.Then,by considering the mechanical and thermal conditions during the operation of HCCU,a semi-analytical method of the tension and torsion stiffness of the high-current composite umbilical considering the temperature effect is established.Furthermore,a practical case of HCCU is given,and the thermal effect on the radial and axial mechanical behaviors are analyzed.It is found that the thermal effect has a significant influence on the radial stiffness,and shows non-linear variation characteristics.Finally,the sensitivity analysis is carried out to study the influence of the design parameter on the stiffness of tension and torsion.The results indicated that the equivalent radial stiffness and helical angle have obvious effect on the tension-torsion coupled stiffness,which can provide reasonable reference for the design of HCCU.

HIGH-CURRENT PULSED ELECTRON BEAM: RAPID SURFACE ALLOYING AND WEAR RESISTANCE IMPROVEMENT

The present paper reports the rapid surface alloying induced by the bombardment of high-current pulsed electron beam. Two kinds of substrate materials were examined to show this effect. The first sample was a pure Al metal pre-coated with fine carbon powders prior to the bombardment, and the second alloy is the D2-Crl2MolVl mould steel pre-coated with Cr, Ti, and TiN powders. The surface elements diffuse about several micrometers into the substrate materials only after several bombardments. Tribological behaviors of these samples were characterized and significant improvement in wear resistance was found. Finally, a TEM analysis reveals the presence of stress waves generated by coupled thermal and stress fields, which was considered as the main cause of the enhanced properties.

Prescribed Performance Tracking Control of Time-Delay Nonlinear Systems With Output Constraints

The problem of prescribed performance tracking control for unknown time-delay nonlinear systems subject to output constraints is dealt with in this paper. In contrast with related works, only the most fundamental requirements, i.e., boundedness and the local Lipschitz condition, are assumed for the allowable time delays. Moreover, we focus on the case where the reference is unknown beforehand, which renders the standard prescribed performance control designs under output constraints infeasible. To conquer these challenges, a novel robust prescribed performance control approach is put forward in this paper.Herein, a reverse tuning function is skillfully constructed and automatically generates a performance envelop for the tracking error. In addition, a unified performance analysis framework based on proof by contradiction and the barrier function is established to reveal the inherent robustness of the control system against the time delays. It turns out that the system output tracks the reference with a preassigned settling time and good accuracy,without constraint violations. A comparative simulation on a two-stage chemical reactor is carried out to illustrate the above theoretical findings.

A frequency servo SoC with output power stabilization loop technology for miniaturized atomic clocks

A frequency servo system-on-chip(FS-SoC)featuring output power stabilization technology is introduced in this study for high-precision and miniaturized cesium(Cs)atomic clocks.The proposed power stabilization loop(PSL)technique,incorporating an off-chip power detector(PD),ensures that the output power of the FS-SoC remains stable,mitigating the impact of power fluctuations on the atomic clock's stability.Additionally,a one-pulse-per-second(1PPS)is employed to syn-chronize the clock with GPS.Fabricated using 65 nm CMOS technology,the measured phase noise of the FS-SoC stands at-69.5 dBc/Hz@100 Hz offset and-83.9 dBc/Hz@1 kHz offset,accompanied by a power dissipation of 19.7 mW.The Cs atomic clock employing the proposed FS-SoC and PSL obtains an Allan deviation of 1.7×10^(-11) with 1-s averaging time.

Adaptive Optimal Discrete-Time Output-Feedback Using an Internal Model Principle and Adaptive Dynamic Programming

In order to address the output feedback issue for linear discrete-time systems, this work suggests a brand-new adaptive dynamic programming(ADP) technique based on the internal model principle(IMP). The proposed method, termed as IMP-ADP, does not require complete state feedback-merely the measurement of input and output data. More specifically, based on the IMP, the output control problem can first be converted into a stabilization problem. We then design an observer to reproduce the full state of the system by measuring the inputs and outputs. Moreover, this technique includes both a policy iteration algorithm and a value iteration algorithm to determine the optimal feedback gain without using a dynamic system model. It is important that with this concept one does not need to solve the regulator equation. Finally, this control method was tested on an inverter system of grid-connected LCLs to demonstrate that the proposed method provides the desired performance in terms of both tracking and disturbance rejection.

Achieving Given Precision Within Prescribed Time yet With Guaranteed Transient Behavior via Output Based Event-Triggered Control

It is interesting yet nontrivial to achieve given control precision within user-assignable time for uncertain nonlinear systems.The underlying problem becomes even more challenging if the transient behavior also needs to be accommodated and only system output is available for feedback.Several key design innovations are proposed to circumvent the aforementioned technical difficulties,including the employment of state estimation filters with event-triggered mechanism,the construction of a novel performance scaling function and an error transformation.In contrast to most existing performance based works where the stability is contingent on initial conditions and the maximum allowable steady-state tracking precision can only be guaranteed at some unknown(theoretically infinite)time,in this work the output of the system is ensured to synchronize with the desired trajectory with arbitrarily pre-assignable convergence rate and arbitrarily pre-specified precision within prescribed time,using output only with lower cost of sensing and communication.In addition,all the closed-loop signals are ensured to be globally uniformly bounded under the proposed control method.The merits of the designed control scheme are confirmed by numerical simulation on a ship model.

Event-triggered robust cooperative output regulation for a class of linear multi-agent systems with an unknown exosystem

This paper investigates the robust cooperative output regulation problem for a class of heterogeneousuncertain linear multi-agent systems with an unknown exosystem via event-triggered control (ETC). By utilizingthe internal model approach and the adaptive control technique, a distributed adaptive internal model isconstructed for each agent. Then, based on this internal model, a fully distributed ETC strategy composed ofa distributed event-triggered adaptive output feedback control law and a distributed dynamic event-triggeringmechanism is proposed, in which each agent updates its control input at its own triggering time instants. It isshown that under the proposed ETC strategy, the robust cooperative output regulation problem can be solvedwithout requiring either the global information associated with the communication topology or the bounds ofthe uncertain or unknown parameters in each agent and the exosystem. A numerical example is provided toillustrate the effectiveness of the proposed control strategy.

Asynchronous Learning-Based Output Feedback Sliding Mode Control for Semi-Markov Jump Systems: A Descriptor Approach

This paper presents an asynchronous output-feed-back control strategy of semi-Markovian systems via sliding mode-based learning technique.Compared with most literature results that require exact prior knowledge of system state and mode information,an asynchronous output-feedback sliding sur-face is adopted in the case of incompletely available state and non-synchronization phenomenon.The holonomic dynamics of the sliding mode are characterized by a descriptor system in which the switching surface is regarded as the fast subsystem and the system dynamics are viewed as the slow subsystem.Based upon the co-occurrence of two subsystems,the sufficient stochastic admissibility criterion of the holonomic dynamics is derived by utilizing the characteristics of cumulative distribution functions.Furthermore,a recursive learning controller is formulated to guarantee the reachability of the sliding manifold and realize the chattering reduction of the asynchronous switching and sliding motion.Finally,the proposed theoretical method is substantia-ted through two numerical simulations with the practical contin-uous stirred tank reactor and F-404 aircraft engine model,respectively.

Adaptive Optimal Output Regulation of Interconnected Singularly Perturbed Systems With Application to Power Systems

This article studies the adaptive optimal output regulation problem for a class of interconnected singularly perturbed systems(SPSs) with unknown dynamics based on reinforcement learning(RL).Taking into account the slow and fast characteristics among system states,the interconnected SPS is decomposed into the slow time-scale dynamics and the fast timescale dynamics through singular perturbation theory.For the fast time-scale dynamics with interconnections,we devise a decentralized optimal control strategy by selecting appropriate weight matrices in the cost function.For the slow time-scale dynamics with unknown system parameters,an off-policy RL algorithm with convergence guarantee is given to learn the optimal control strategy in terms of measurement data.By combining the slow and fast controllers,we establish the composite decentralized adaptive optimal output regulator,and rigorously analyze the stability and optimality of the closed-loop system.The proposed decomposition design not only bypasses the numerical stiffness but also alleviates the high-dimensionality.The efficacy of the proposed methodology is validated by a load-frequency control application of a two-area power system.

Observer Based Control for a Class of Systems with Output Deadzone Nonlinearity

In this paper, a combination of model based adaptive design along with adaptive linear output feedback controller is used to compensate for robotic manipulator with output deadzone nonlinearity. The deadzone dynamics are utilized to adaptively estimate the deadzone parameter and a switching function is designed to eliminate the error produced in the adaptive observer dynamics. The overall design of the closed loop system ensures stability in the BIBO criterion.

A 3D convolutional neural network model with multiple outputs for simultaneously estimating the reactive transport parameters of sandstone from its CT images

Porosity,tortuosity,specific surface area(SSA),and permeability are four key parameters of reactive transport modeling in sandstone,which are important for understanding solute transport and geochemical reaction pro-cesses in sandstone aquifers.These four parameters reflect the characteristics of pore structure of sandstone from different perspectives,and the traditional empirical formulas cannot make accurate predictions of them due to their complexity and heterogeneity.In this paper,eleven types of sandstone CT images were firstly segmented into numerous subsample images,the porosity,tortuosity,SSA,and permeability of the subsamples were calculated,and the dataset was established.The 3D convolutional neural network(CNN)models were subse-quently established and trained to predict the key reactive transport parameters based on subsample CT images of sandstones.The results demonstrated that the 3D CNN model with multiple outputs exhibited excellent prediction ability for the four parameters compared to the traditional empirical formulas.In particular,for the prediction of tortuosity and permeability,the 3D CNN model with multiple outputs even showed slightly better prediction ability than its single-output variant model.Additionally,it demonstrated good generalization per-formance on sandstone CT images not included in the training dataset.The study showed that the 3D CNN model with multiple outputs has the advantages of simplifying operation and saving computational resources,which has the prospect of popularization and application.

The Impact of The Three-Dimensional Cultivation Model on the Development of the Suzhou Tea Industry:Estimating Value of Output Per Acre and Diversified Sales Models

This article explores the impact of the three-dimensional cultivation mode on the development of the Suzhou tea industry,focusing on the diversified estimation of the value of output per acre and sales mode.It introduces the history and traditional cultivation practices of tea in Suzhou,as well as the current challenges and problems faced by the industry.An in-depth analysis was conducted on the overview and improvement plans of the three-dimensional cultivation mode,covering relevant technical methods.Based on this analysis,the impact of the three-dimensional cultivation on the value of output per acre was studied and predicted.Its potential and advantages were explored and compared with the effectiveness of traditional cultivation models.Additionally,the impact of the three-dimensional cultivation mode on sales was analyzed,examining its market adaptability and competitiveness,as well as its advantages in expanding sales channels and market coverage.The study also focused on the promoting effect of diversified sales models on the Suzhou tea industry,including direct consumption market development,tea processing product development and promotion,and the integration of tea culture and the tourism industry.To ensure sustainable development,the article evaluates the environmental impact,economic feasibility,social benefits,and farmer benefits of the three-dimensional cultivation model.Finally,the prospects for the development of the Suzhou tea industry were discussed,and the positioning and response strategies of the threedimensional cultivation model were proposed.

Difference of Nitrogen Uptake and Use Efficiency in Conventional Indica Rice Cultivars with Different Nitrogen Use Efficiency for Grain Output

[Objective] The study aimed to confirm difference of nitrogen uptake and used efficiency with different nitrogen use efficiency for grain output (NUEg) types of indica rice.[Method] 88 and 122 conventional indica rice cultivars were solution-cultured in 2001 and 2002, respectively. Dry matter weight (including root system, culm and sheath, leaves, panicle), nitrogen content of different organs, yield and its components were measured. The tested rice cultivars were classified into 6 types (i.e. A, B, C, D, E and F, A was the lowest, and F was the highest) based on their NUEg level by the MinSSw method.[Result](1)Difference of NUEg of the cultivars used in this study were very large; (2) No significant difference of N content at heading stage was observed among different NUEg types of indica rice. In the cultivars with higher NUEg, however, N content in leaf, stem-sheath and entire rice plant were lower at mature stage. (3)Cultivars with higher NUEg were characterized with lower N uptake before heading and at mature stage; (4) Cultivars with higher NUEg were characterized with higher N use efficiency in biomass production and harvest index. [Conclusion] The cultivars with higher NUEg showed lower N uptake and N content, while nitrogen use efficiency was higher.

Research and Design of an On-Chip High Efficiency Dual-Output Charge Pump

To meet the demands for different supply voltage levels on SOC required by digital modules like CPU core and analog modules,a novel dual-output charge pump is proposed. The charge pump can output a step-up and a step-down voltage simultaneously with a high driving capability. The multiple gain pair technique was introduced to enhance its efficiency. The proposed co-use technology for capacitors and switch arrays reduced its cost. The charge pump was designed and fabricated in a TSMC 0.35μm mixed-signal CMOS process. A group of analytical equations were derived to model its static characteristics. A state-space model was derived to describe its small-signal dynamic behavior. Analytical predictions were verified by Spectre simulation and testing. The consistency of simulated results as well as test results with analytical predictions demonstrated the high precision of the derived analytical equations and the developed models.

Static Output Feedback H_∞ Controllers Design for Descriptor Linear Systems Based on LMI

This paper considers the design problem of static output feedback H ∞ controllers for descriptor linear systems with linear matrix inequality (LMI) approach. Necessary and sufficient conditions for the existence of a static output feedback H ∞ controller are given in terms of LMIs. Furthermore, the design method of H ∞ controllers is provided using the solutions to the LMIs.

Effects of Soil Amendment on Growth,Yield and Output of Flue-cured Tobacco in South Anhui Province

[Objective] The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of soil amend- ment composed of biochar and inorganic mineral material on growth and develop- ment, yield and output value of flue-cured tobacco in South Anhui Province. [Method] A field plot experiment was conducted. The agronomic traits, yield and output value, as well as appearance quality and flavor of flue-cured tobacco were evaluated. [Re- suit] The soil amendments composed of biochars and inorganic mineral materials could significantly increase plant height, stem diameter, leaf size, yield and output of flue-cured tobacco, as well as proportion of first-grade tobacco leaves at the middle and late growth period. The yield in the X3 treatment group （70% T20 ＋ 30% ZC） was highest, and it was higher than that in the control group by 398 kg/hm2. Com- pared with that in the control group, the output of flue-cured tobacco in the X3 treatment group was increased by 10 290 yuan/hm2. In terms of appearance quality and flavor, the flue-cured tobacco leaves in the soil amendment treatment groups were all better than those in the control group. [Conclusion] The application of soil amendment composed of biochar and inorganic mineral material is an effective mea- sure to improve tobacco-growing soil, promote tobacco growth and development, im- prove tobacco yield and output and improve tobacco leaf quality in South Anhui re- gion.

Loss Rate Estimation of Yield and Output Value of Tobacco Leaf Infected by Tobacco Blown Spot (Alternaria alternata)

[Objective] The paper was to study the effect of tobacco blown spot on the yield and output value of tobacco leaf.[Method]The upper,middle and lower leaves in tobacco plant were selected during the harvest period of tobacco to carry out loss rate estimation of yield and output value of tobacco leaf caused by different disease levels of brown spot.Regression correlation analysis was also conducted.[Result]The disease levels of brown spot had extremely significant strong negative correlation with single leaf weight of tobacco leaf,and it had extremely significant strong positive correlation with the loss rate of single leaf weight.The increase speed of loss rate of single leaf weight of middle and upper leaves was obviously faster than that of lower leaves.The loss rates of single leaf weight of upper,middle and lower leaves were 3.18%-28.95%,3.43%-28.88% and 10.07%-26.90%,respectively.The higher the disease level of blown spot was,the lower the yield and output value of tobacco leaf was,and the corresponding loss rate was also higher.Correlation analysis showed that the disease level of blown spot had extremely significant strong negative correlation with the yield and output value of tobacco leaf,and it had extremely significant strong positive correlation with the loss rate of yield and output value.The negative impact of blown spot on the output value of tobacco leaf was far greater than that on the yield.The highest loss rate of the yield of tobacco leaf was 28.56%,while the highest loss rate of output value reached 89.67%.[Conclusion] The study provided theoretical basis for accurately holding the critical period for the control of blown spot,thus reducing the damage on tobacco leaf and improving the output value of tobacco leaf.

Optimal Guaranteed Cost Control via Static Output Feedback for Uncertain Discrete Time Systems

Aim To study the optimal guaranteed cost control problem via static output feedback for uncertain linear discrete time systems with norm bounded parameter uncertainty in both the state and the control input matrices of the state space model. Methods\ An upper bound on a quadratic cost index was found for all admissible parameter uncertainties and minimized by using Lagrange multiplier approach. Results and Conclusion\ Sufficient conditions are given for the existence of a controller guaranteeing the closed loop system quadratic stability and providing an optimized bound. A numerical algorithm for solving the output feedback gain is also presented.

Analysis on Input-Output in Rice Cultivation Based on Cobb-Douglas Production Function

[Objective] To analyze the input and output in rice cultivation based on CD function. [Method] Based on the input factors, Cobb-Douglas production （CD） function was used to do the quantitative analysis on the input-output in rice production with rice growers as the objective. [Result] Considering the substitution effect of labor in- put and capital input, under the same technical conditions, the effect of increasing labor input on the rice production in per 667 m2 was negative, based on which 2 pieces of policy suggestions were put forward to promote the transfer of surplus la- bor force of rice growers and ensure the capital supply for rice production. [Conclusion] This study laid the foundation for the realization of reasonable allocation of rice production resources.