Precision Grinding of Reaction Bonded Silicon Carbide Using Coarse Grain Size Diamond Wheels

Reaction bonded SiC（RBSiC） is attractive for optical application because of its favorable properties and low fabrication cost. However, the difficultness and cost involved in RBSiC grinding limit its application. The investigation on high efficient and low-cost machining with good grinding quality is desired. Generally, high efficient machining for RBSiC is realized by using coarse grain size grinding wheels, but serious grinding damage is inevitable. In this paper, monolayer nickel electroplated coarse grain size diamond grinding wheels with grain sizes of 46 μm, 91 μm, and 151 μm were applied to the grinding of RBSiC. An electrolytic in-process dressing（ELID） assisted conditioning technique was first developed by using cup shape copper bonded conditioning wheels with grain sizes of 15 μm and 91 μm to generate the conditioned coarse grain size wheels with minimized wheel run-out error within 2 μm, constant wheel peripheral envelop as well as top-flattened diamond grains. Then, the grinding experiments on RBSiC were carried out to investigate the grinding performance and material removal mechanism. The experimental results indicate that the developed conditioning technique is applicable and feasible to condition the coarse grain size diamond wheels under optimal conditioning parameters, and the material removal mechanism involved in RBSiC grinding is the combination of brittle fracture and ductile deformation to generate smooth ground surface. This research is significant for the high efficient and low-cost precision grinding of RBSiC with good ground surface quality.

INVESTIGATION OF SURFACE TEMPERATURE IN HIGH-EFFICIENCY DEEP GRINDING

A new thermal model with triangular heat flux distribution is given in high-efficiency deep grinding. The mathematical expressions are driven to calculate the surface temperature. The transient behavior of the maximum temperature on contact area is investigated in different grinding conditions with a J-type thermocouple. The maximum contact temperatures measured in different conditions are found to be between 1 000 ℃ and 1 500 ℃ in burn-out conditions. The experiment results show good agreement with the new thermal model.

Research on Large Depth Diameter Ratio Ultra-precision Aspheric Grinding System

In this paper, the factors of affecting surface roughness and profiles accuracy of the machined larege depth diamter ratio aspheric surfaces in ultra-precision grinding process are analyzed theoretically. An ultra-precision aspheric grinding system is then designed and manufactured. Aerostatic form is adopted to build the spindle of the workpiece, transverse guideway, longitudinal guideway and the spindle of the grinder in this system. The following specification is achieved, such as the turning accuracy of the spindle of the workpiece is 0.05 μm, radial rigidity of the spindle is GE 220N/μm, axial rigidity is GE 160 N/μm, radial rigidity of the guideway is GE 200N/μm, the highest rotational speed of the grinder is 80 000 rev/min and its turning accuracy is 0.1 μm, the resolution of linear displacement of the transverse and longitudinal guideway is 4.9 nm. Adjusting range of this adjusting mechanism is 2 mm in the Y direction, the adjusting accuracy of the precise adjusting mechanism is 0.1 μm. Micro displacement measuring system of this ultra-precision aspheric grinding adopts two-backfeed strategy, and angle displacement back-feed is realized by photoelectric encoder, it’s resolution is 655 360 pulse/rev. after 4 frequency multiplication, it’s angle displacement resolution is achieved 2 621 440 pulse/rev. Straight-line displacement is monitored by single frequency laser interferometer (DLSTAX LTM-20B, made in Japan). This CNC system adopts inimitable bi-arc step length flex CN interpolation algorithm, it’s CN system resolution is 5 nm.So this aspheric grinding system ensures profile accuracy of the machined part. The resolution of this interferometer is 5 nm. Finally, lots of ultra-precision grinding experiments are carried out on this grinding system. Some optical aspheric parts, with profiles accuracy of 0.3 μm, surface roughness less than 0.01 μm, are obtained.

Design of Ultra-Precision CNC Grinding Machine and Its Application in Machining Large Aspheric Mirrors

Large aspheric mirrors are needed for the remote sensing and ground based telescope optical systems,these mirrors are made of hard and brittle materials which require ultra-precision grinding process to guarantee the high profile accuracy and machining efficiency. The ultra-precision aspheric CNC grinding machine( UAG900) is presented by this paper,as well as its grinding capability. The hydrostatic bearings of high accuracy and stiffness are adopted by the linear and rotary motions to guarantee the mirror accuracy,material removal rate and subsurface damage. Disk type grinding wheel with arc edge is used. The material removal rate can be up to 360 mm3/ min to guarantee the machining efficiency during rough grinding using D180 diamond grinding wheel while the fine grinding is performed using D15 grinding wheel. It indicates that the grinding wheel radius measuring error is proportional to the profile error induced by the grinding path. The grinding step size is better to be 0. 01 mm for the reduction of the grinding movement accelerations and program length. The grinding path is planned and expressed based on the grinding mode according to the mirror shape. One540 mm×450 mm× 100 mm zerodur mirror is ground and re-ground using the measuring data acquired by the Leitz CMM. The final surface accuracy of P-V value is less than 5 μm after compensation grinding.

Manufacturing technologies toward extreme precision

Precision is one of the most important aspects of manufacturing.High precision creates high quality,high performance,exchangeability,reliability,and added value for industrial products.Over the past decades,remarkable advances have been achieved in the area of high-precision manufacturing technologies,where the form accuracy approaches the nanometer level and surface roughness the atomic level.These extremely high precision manufacturing technologies enable the development of high-performance optical elements,semiconductor substrates,biomedical parts,and so on,thereby enhancing the ability of human beings to explore the macroand microscopic mysteries and potentialities of the natural world.In this paper,state-of-the-art high-precision material removal manufacturing technologies,especially ultraprecision cutting,grinding,deterministic form correction polishing,and supersmooth polishing,are reviewed and compared with insights into their principles,methodologies,and applications.The key issues in extreme precision manufacturing that should be considered for future R&D are discussed.

Theoretical Study on Non-transmission High Efficient Parallel Camber Grinding Machine

Be directed against the development trend of modern CNC grinding machine towards high precision and high efficiency, some general weaknesses of existing camber grinding machine are analyzed in detail. In order to develop new type CNC camber grinding machine that can grind complex die, and genuinely achieved accurate feed and high efficient grinding, a new type camber grinding machine is put forward, called non-transmission virtual-shaft CNC camber grinding machine. Its feed system is a parallel mechanism that is directly driven by linear step motor. Therefore, traditional transmission types, such as the ball lead-screw mechanisms, the gears, the hydraulic transmission system, etc. are cancelled, and the feed system of new type CNC camber grinding machine can truly possess non-creep, good accuracy retentiveness a wide range of feed-speed change, high kinematical accuracy and positioning precision, etc. In order to realize that the cutting motion is provided with high grinding speed, step-less speed variation, high rotational accuracy, good dynamic performance, and non-transmission, the driving technology of hollow rotor motor is applied to drive the spindle of new type grinding machine,thus leading to the elimination of the transmission parts of cutting motion. The principle structure model of new type camber grinding machine is advanced. The selection, control gist and driving circuit line of the linear step motor are expounded. The main technology characteristics and application advantages of non-transmission virtual-shaft CNC camber grinding machine are introduced.

Study on Wheel and Workpiece Position Error Influence on Surface Shape Accuracy during Ceramic Ball Grinding

The reasons for bringing surface accuracy error in ultra-precision grinding ceramic ball joint were analyzed,and the influences wheel position error and shaft run-out error on the ball joint surface accuracy were discussed.Through establishing three-dimensional grinding model,the mathematical relationship between the position error and surface accuracy was derived,and the distance from any point on spherical surface to the ideal center was calculated when position error existed,and a precise surface shape was got,and theoretical support was provided to improve the surface accuracy during the grinding process.Using self-developed ultraprecision grinding machine to do the ceramic ball grinding experiment,the surface accuracy PV value of ceramic spherical joint is 4.8μm.

Evaluation of the Effect of High-efficiency Compound Formulations on the Prevention and Control of Sugarcane Brown Stripe

[Objectives]This study was conducted to screen high-efficiency compound formulations and precise application technologies for the prevention and control of sugarcane brown stripe disease.[Methods]Carbendazim,benomyl,chlorothalonil,azoxystrobin,pyraclostrobine and difenoconazole·azoxystrobin were selected for field efficacy tests.[Results]Three formulations,(50%carbendazim WP 1500 g+75%chlorothalonil WP 1500 g+potassium dihydrogen phosphate 2400 g+agricultural synergist 300 ml)/hm^(2),(50%benomyl WP 1500 g+75%chlorothalonil WP 1500 g+potassium dihydrogen phosphate 2400 g+agricultural synergist 300 ml)/hm^(2) and(25%pyraclostrobin 600 ml+potassium dihydrogen phosphate 2400 g+agricultural synergist 300 ml)/hm^(2) had good control effects on sugarcane brown stripe disease,and showed disease index below 14.02 and control efficacy above 84.41%.The three formulations are ideal high-efficiency compound formulations for the prevention and control of sugarcane brown stripe disease.They can be sprayed manually and by unmanned aerial vehicles on the foliar surface from July to August,once every 7 to 10 d,continuously for 2 times.[Conclusions]This study provides new technical support for accurate and efficient prevention and control of sugarcane brown stripe disease.

Evaluation of the Effects of High-efficiency Compound Formulations on the Prevention and Control of Sugarcane Brown Rust

[Objectives]This study was conducted to screen high-efficiency compound formulations and precise application technologies for the prevention and control of sugarcane brown rust. [Methods] Zineb, dinconazole, mancozeb, azoxystrobin, pyraclostrobin, difenoconazole·azoxystrobin, chlorothalonil and carbendazim were selected for field efficacy tests. [Results] Four formulations,(65% zineb WP 1 500 g+75% chlorothalonil WP 1 500 g+potassium dihydrogen phosphate 2 400 g+agricultural synergist 300 ml)/hm^(2),(12.5% dinconazole WP 1 500 g +75% chlorothalonil WP 1 500 g+potassium dihydrogen phosphate 2 400 g+agricultural synergist 300 ml)/hm^(2),(80% mancozeb WP 1 500 g+75% chlorothalonil WP 1 500 g+potassium dihydrogen phosphate 2 400 g+agricultural synergist 300 ml)/hm^(2) and(30% difenoconazole·azoxystrobin SC 900 ml+potassium dihydrogen phosphate 2 400 g+agricultural synergist 300 ml) had good control efficacy on sugarcane brown rust, and showed disease indexes all below 18.79 and control efficacy over 80.53%. The four formulations are ideal high-efficiency compound formulations for the prevention and control of sugarcane brown rust. They can be sprayed manually and by unmanned aerial vehicles on the foliar surface from July to August, once every 7 to 10 d, continuously for 2 times. [Conclusions] This study provides new technical support for accurate and efficient prevention and control of sugarcane rust.

STUDY ON A NEW TYPE OF THROW-AWAY SOFT GRINDING WHEELS

In accordance with the difficult problems of belt cross vibrations and effects of belt tension on machine spindle precision in abrasive belt grinding, a new soft grinding wheel is put forward, which is provided with the advantages of belt grinding and can he installed directly on the grinding machine spindle substituting for common grinding wheels. The new soft grinding wheel does not need any ancillary facilities and dressing devices in banding. With analyzing error of wheel and grinding experiment, the high-efficiency grinding characteristics grinding hard-brittle materials has been obtained.

Clarification of abrasive jet precision finishing with wheel as restraint mechanisms and experimental verification

According to the critical size ratio for the characteristic particle size to film thickness between grinding wheel and work, the machining mechanisms in abrasive jet precision finishing with grinding wheel as restraint can be categorized into four states, namely, two-body lapping, three-body polishing, abrasive jet machining and fluid hydrodynamic shear stress machining. The critical transition condition of two-body lapping to three-body polishing was analyzed. The single abrasive material removal models of two-body lapping, three-body polishing, abrasive jet finishing and fluid hydrodynamic shear stress machining were proposed. Experiments were performed in the refited plane grinding machine for theoretical modes verification. It was found that experimental results agreed with academic modes and the modes validity was verified.

复杂曲面机器人磨抛技术研究现状与趋势展望综述

在航空、能源、交通、军工等国家战略领域中,针对复杂曲面零件的自动化、高质量和高效率磨抛需求,对近年来国内外工业机器人磨抛加工关键技术及集成系统的研究和应用进展进行了综述。首先,从复杂曲面机器人磨抛机理及工艺优化、磨抛运动轨迹规划、磨削力控制等方面总结了复杂曲面机器人磨抛技术的研究成果;然后,介绍了国内外机器人磨抛集成系统应用现状;最后,分析了复杂曲面机器人磨抛技术的主要问题以及发展趋势,为该技术的发展提供了重要的指导和方向。研究结果表明:当前该技术存在的主要问题包括磨抛机理不够清晰,数学模型不够准确,复杂曲面机器人磨抛轨迹规划效率不高,磨抛力的控制仍不够精准等;另外,磨抛工艺参数优化、机器人力位混合控制、机器人高精度标定与误差补偿、基于数字孪生的机器人磨抛在线监控、机器人磨抛细分应用场景等方面的研究和实践将极大地推动机器人磨抛技术的发展和应用。

液体静压运动副的四轴联动精密加工机床结构设计

大口径平面、球面、非球面光学元件广泛应用于光刻机、高能激光器、高分相机等高端装备的光学系统中,尺寸大于400 mm×400 mm、表面轮廓精度均方根值(root mean square,RMS)优于1μm等技术指标是大口径光学元件在磨削加工阶段的目标精度要求。磨削工艺主要面临如何实现高平滑的表面轮廓加工以及控制亚表面损伤层深度等问题。根据已有的实验研究,磨削机床采用高精度的液体静压运动副,可以有效地提高光学元件抛光后表面轮廓的平滑程度以及降低亚表面损伤层的厚度。具备上述特性的高性能磨削机床国外对中国禁运,而国内尚无成熟的商品。因此,文章研制了一种采用液体静压运动副的四轴联动精密加工机床,分析了机床的主要构型,进行了机床主要运动部件的精度分配,完成了基于液体静压运动副的X/Y/Z/C四轴的设计方案,最后进行了光学元件磨削加工工艺实验,实现了380 mm×541 mm口径微晶玻璃磨削面形精度±0.471μm(RMS值)、表面粗糙度Ra0.3μm的加工目标。

超精密磨削YAG晶体的脆塑转变临界深度预测

钇铝石榴石(YAG)晶体是制造固体激光器的重要材料,超精密磨削是加工YAG晶体等硬脆材料零件的重要方法,研究硬脆材料加工表面的微观变形、脆塑转变机理对超精密磨削加工具有重要的指导作用。为了实现YAG晶体低损伤磨削加工,获得高质量表面,基于弹塑性接触理论和压痕断裂力学,通过分析单磨粒划擦作用下材料表面的变形过程,考虑材料的弹性回复、微观下力学性能的尺寸效应,建立了脆塑转变临界深度的预测模型,并计算得到YAG晶体的脆塑转变临界深度为66.7 nm。在此基础上,通过不同粒度砂轮超精密磨削YAG晶体试验对建立的脆塑转变临界深度预测模型进行验证,并计算不同粒度砂轮在相应工艺条件下的磨粒切深。结果表明,磨粒切深高于脆塑转变临界深度时,YAG晶体磨削表面材料以脆性方式被去除,磨削表面损伤严重;磨粒切深低于脆塑转变临界深度时,磨削表面材料以塑性方式被去除,能够获得高质量磨削表面,加工表面粗糙度达到1 nm。建立的脆塑转变临界深度预测模型能够为YAG晶体的低损伤超精密磨削加工提供理论指导。

修形斜齿轮成形磨削中齿廓精度补偿方法

建立了斜齿轮齿廓修形的坐标方程与成形磨削砂轮修整的几何算法,优化出齿廓修形后的砂轮截面廓形;通过数值模拟分析,得到了机床位置误差与齿廓偏差之间的耦合关系;编制了成形磨削齿廓精度调整软件,计算出斜齿轮修形与之对应的成形砂轮廓形和齿廓精度调整参数。通过修形斜齿轮的成形磨削试验,验证了砂轮廓形修整的正确性和齿廓精度调整的有效性。

非球面碳化钨模具超精密斜轴磨削原理及工艺参数对面形精度影响规律

玻璃模压是一种快速大批量生产非球面光学玻璃透镜的方法,无结合剂碳化钨作为一种优异的模具材料被广泛应用于玻璃模压。碳化钨模具的表面质量直接决定了非球面光学玻璃透镜产品的品质。为了提高碳化钨非球面模具超精密磨削加工的表面质量,针对非球面碳化钨模具超精密斜轴磨削,通过分析超精密斜轴磨削原理,研究了进给距离、工件转速、进给速度和磨削深度等参数,对非球面碳化钨模具斜轴磨削面形精度的影响规律,得到了碳化钨斜轴磨削的合理工艺参数范围。最后通过磨削优化实验研究,得到了碳化钨斜轴磨削的最优工艺方案,从而完成了碳化钨模具超精密斜轴磨削实验。实验结果表明,磨削面形PV值和RMS值分别为0.279 7μm和0.041 9μm,具有良好的工程应用意义。

斜面、圆弧精密成型磨削工艺与加工方法研究

在高精密链接器模具零件制造中,精密成型磨削是一种不可取代的传统加工方法。这类零件精度高且形状复杂,在进行斜面、圆弧加工时需要操作者有较高的技能水平和工艺能力,在生产加工中利用合理的工艺及方法完成加工,能有效地提高零件精度、产能及效率。

精确化磨矿对钨矿粒度分布特性的影响

为探明精确化磨矿技术对工业磨矿产品粒度特性的影响,通过实验室对比试验发现,精确化制度下的磨矿产品粒度分布更合理,-0.074 mm粒级产率由34.76%提升至44.64%,而过磨粒级与现场一段排矿基本保持一致,有效改善了钨矿石磨矿产品中钨金属的分布特性,与一段溢流产品相比,精确化闭路磨矿产品中-0.15+0.010 mm粒级钨金属含量高出现场一段溢流15.93个百分点,-0.010 mm粒级钨金属含量低于现场一段溢流26.52个百分点。精确化磨矿后的浮选产品中钨粗精矿回收率比精确化磨矿前高出5.92个百分点,增幅为23.61%;尾矿产品比精确化磨矿前低出10.00个百分点,降幅为31.95%。对香炉山钨矿三选厂进行了精确化磨矿工业试验,与工业试验前相比,精确化磨矿工业应用后一段分级溢流产品中+0.15 mm粒级和-0.010 mm粒级含量分别减少了7.41%和11.25%;-0.15+0.010 mm粒级含量从66.44%提升至69.44%,增幅为4.52%;-0.010 mm粒级中钨金属含量减少了20.51%;-0.15+0.010 mm粒级中钨金属含量从79.59%提升至82.75%,增幅为3.97%。钨尾矿中-0.010 mm粒级含量减少了11.90%,-0.010 mm粒级和+0.15 mm粒级中钨金属量分别减少了30.92%和11.83%。三选厂钨金属回收率从78.65%提升至80.80%,提升了2.15个百分点,增幅2.73%。精确化磨矿试验证实了对香炉山钨矿磨矿产品粒度特性分布改善和浮选指标提升均取得显著效果。

曲面硅电极五轴精密磨削工艺研究

近两年出现了新型刻蚀技术,将半导体刻蚀用硅电极设计成曲面结构。而曲面硅电极的精度及粗糙度要求非常高,其生产都是在国外进行,具体工艺未知。研究出一套曲面硅电极高效、精密磨削方法。通过分析曲面硅电极零件,提出采用五轴磨削技术进行加工的工艺方案,使用五轴编程软件进行编程,采用具备机内自动化技术和数字仿真技术的五轴磨削中心,对曲面硅电极的磨削加工策略进行验证。结果表明:此项加工技术可提高加工效率和产品良率,并减少后续的研磨抛光时间,降低了生产成本。

不同造孔剂树脂金刚石砂轮对硬质合金球阀的精密研磨

为改善硬质合金球阀的加工效果,在树脂金刚石砂轮中引入造孔剂,对其力学性能、微观形貌及磨削性能进行分析,研究空心玻璃球和塑料球造孔剂对树脂金刚石砂轮性能的影响。结果表明:随着造孔剂体积分数增加,树脂砂轮的抗折强度逐渐下降,且2种造孔剂对抗折强度的影响基本一致;砂轮的硬度随造孔剂体积分数的增加亦逐渐下降,但空心玻璃球造孔剂对砂轮硬度的影响显著大于塑料球的;加入造孔剂明显提升了砂轮的锋利性,空心玻璃球体造孔剂体积分数为15%和塑料球造孔剂体积分数为20%的砂轮综合性能最好,且后者的综合性能优于前者的。