Forest certification is considered to be complementary to forest management policies and takes a significant effect on forest product trade. In recent decade, it has been followed with interest and approved by governm...Forest certification is considered to be complementary to forest management policies and takes a significant effect on forest product trade. In recent decade, it has been followed with interest and approved by governments and forestry de-partments in the world. This paper analyzes the influence of forest certification on forest product trade in the world, including the interest in certification in exporting countries and importing countries, trade flow and business competition, and the demands for Certified Forest Products (CFPs) and also discusses the influence of forest certification on forest product trade in China.展开更多
Based on the characteristics of high-end products,crowd-sourcing user stories can be seen as an effective means of gathering requirements,involving a large user base and generating a substantial amount of unstructured...Based on the characteristics of high-end products,crowd-sourcing user stories can be seen as an effective means of gathering requirements,involving a large user base and generating a substantial amount of unstructured feedback.The key challenge lies in transforming abstract user needs into specific ones,requiring integration and analysis.Therefore,we propose a topic mining-based approach to categorize,summarize,and rank product requirements from user stories.Specifically,after determining the number of story categories based on py LDAvis,we initially classify“I want to”phrases within user stories.Subsequently,classic topic models are applied to each category to generate their names,defining each post-classification user story category as a requirement.Furthermore,a weighted ranking function is devised to calculate the importance of each requirement.Finally,we validate the effectiveness and feasibility of the proposed method using 2966 crowd-sourced user stories related to smart home systems.展开更多
The construction of a food certification system plays a vital role in upgrading export quality, which previous studies have largely overlooked. We match China's industry-level data of Green Food Certification with...The construction of a food certification system plays a vital role in upgrading export quality, which previous studies have largely overlooked. We match China's industry-level data of Green Food Certification with its HS6-digit export data of agri-food products to quantify the impact of Green Food Certification on export quality. We identify the significant and positive effect of Green Food Certification on export quality. The 2SLS estimation based on instrumental variables and a range of robustness checks confirm the validity and robustness of the benchmark conclusions. Further analysis discloses that Green Food Certification improves export quality by raising agricultural production efficiency and brand premiums. Heterogeneity analysis shows that the effect of Green Food Certification varies across regions, notably improving the quality of agri-food products exported to developed regions and regions with high levels of import supervision. Furthermore, among various product types, Green Food Certification significantly improves the export quality of primary products and products vulnerable to non-tariff measures. The above findings could guide the future development of agri-food quality certification systems, potentially leading to a transformation and promotion of the agri-food trade.展开更多
This article introduces the background,laws and regulations,basic framework,certificationcatalogue,implementation results,andproblems of China's compulsory product certificationsystem.
On December 17, 2001, the State General Administration for Quality Supervision and Inspection and Quarantine and the Certification and Accreditation Administration co-held the news release conference in the Great Hall...On December 17, 2001, the State General Administration for Quality Supervision and Inspection and Quarantine and the Certification and Accreditation Administration co-held the news release conference in the Great Hall of the People for publicizing the laws of the National Compulsory Product Certification System ("Four Unification"). This is a展开更多
The CCC mark must be stamped and the old mark shall not appear for productsthat have obtained CCC certification. During the transition period, the exterior packing with theold mark printed can be used continually, but...The CCC mark must be stamped and the old mark shall not appear for productsthat have obtained CCC certification. During the transition period, the exterior packing with theold mark printed can be used continually, but the State encourages using the CCC mark to cover theold mark. However, the new mark shall be used to cover the old mark upon the end of the transitionperiod (including products that have entered the market before the end of the transition period).展开更多
Up to now, there are nearly 200 enterprises in China having passed the product certification of environmental protection, which is of national grade and involves thousands kinds of products. A commissioner of CNCA (Ce...Up to now, there are nearly 200 enterprises in China having passed the product certification of environmental protection, which is of national grade and involves thousands kinds of products. A commissioner of CNCA (Certification and Accreditation Administration of the People’ s Republic of China) introduced on Nov. 2nd, 2004, that the product certification of environmental protection, as the third party evaluation system, provided the market of environmental protection industry with unitary展开更多
The quality and safety of agricultural products are closely related to human health.They also play an important role in enhancing the competitiveness of China’s agricultural products market,shaping the brand value of...The quality and safety of agricultural products are closely related to human health.They also play an important role in enhancing the competitiveness of China’s agricultural products market,shaping the brand value of agricultural products,and promoting the high-quality development of agriculture.At present,there are still a series of problems in the quality and safety of agricultural products.Relevant departments of the state should strengthen guidance and supervision,improve the quality and safety awareness and management level of agricultural product producers,and encourage producers to participate in the product certification and process certification of agricultural products.In addition,it is necessary to take effective control measures in accordance with the certification requirements,to evaluate their effectiveness,so as to improve the quality and safety of agricultural products and promote the high-quality development of China’s agriculture.展开更多
Pesticide runoff from the rice production area of Las Matas de Santa Cruz in NW Dominican Republic degrades biodiversity in the ecosystems of the Yaque del Norte River, Montecristi National Park, and Caribbean Sea. Th...Pesticide runoff from the rice production area of Las Matas de Santa Cruz in NW Dominican Republic degrades biodiversity in the ecosystems of the Yaque del Norte River, Montecristi National Park, and Caribbean Sea. This degradation prompted the Dominican NGO AgroFrontera to develop a program for the creation of a new sustainable rice value chain, starting with the formation of a rice growers association in Las Matas. This project was to evaluate “organic” as a potential certification for the new growers association. The project found that while organic certification is years away, other barriers?to a sustainable rice value chain exist: competition with US rice imports due to Dominican Republic-Central American Free Trade Agreement?(DR-CAFTA),?an informal labor system, and access to credit. Recommendations for the new growers association include: to lower the cost of production to compete with imports, to formalize the labor system, to mediate financing for rice producers, and to maintain balanced leverage across the value chain. A recommendation for future research is the resiliency of farmer institutions against internal corruption and in-fighting.展开更多
According to the standard of GB/T1500.3-2008 and the guidelines of ISO/REMCO, the preparation of National Certified Reference Materials （CRMs） of active compounds was composed of the following two aspects： preparat...According to the standard of GB/T1500.3-2008 and the guidelines of ISO/REMCO, the preparation of National Certified Reference Materials （CRMs） of active compounds was composed of the following two aspects： preparation and certification. This paper presents an example of the preparation of biochanin A to illustrate the preparation of National CRMs of active compounds from natural products. Firstly, the target compound was extracted and purified from crude materials. Then, its chemical structure was identified by UV spectrum, IR spectrum, ESI-MS, and NMR. The purity of the compound was determined by HPLC with the area normalization method. The certified value assessed by comparing the purity values from six independent qualified laboratories and the value of uncertainty were given. Thermal analysis, residual solvent, homogeneity testing and stability testing was tested in the process.展开更多
文摘Forest certification is considered to be complementary to forest management policies and takes a significant effect on forest product trade. In recent decade, it has been followed with interest and approved by governments and forestry de-partments in the world. This paper analyzes the influence of forest certification on forest product trade in the world, including the interest in certification in exporting countries and importing countries, trade flow and business competition, and the demands for Certified Forest Products (CFPs) and also discusses the influence of forest certification on forest product trade in China.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(71690233,71901214)。
文摘Based on the characteristics of high-end products,crowd-sourcing user stories can be seen as an effective means of gathering requirements,involving a large user base and generating a substantial amount of unstructured feedback.The key challenge lies in transforming abstract user needs into specific ones,requiring integration and analysis.Therefore,we propose a topic mining-based approach to categorize,summarize,and rank product requirements from user stories.Specifically,after determining the number of story categories based on py LDAvis,we initially classify“I want to”phrases within user stories.Subsequently,classic topic models are applied to each category to generate their names,defining each post-classification user story category as a requirement.Furthermore,a weighted ranking function is devised to calculate the importance of each requirement.Finally,we validate the effectiveness and feasibility of the proposed method using 2966 crowd-sourced user stories related to smart home systems.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(72061147002)the National Social Science Foundation of China(18ZDA074)。
文摘The construction of a food certification system plays a vital role in upgrading export quality, which previous studies have largely overlooked. We match China's industry-level data of Green Food Certification with its HS6-digit export data of agri-food products to quantify the impact of Green Food Certification on export quality. We identify the significant and positive effect of Green Food Certification on export quality. The 2SLS estimation based on instrumental variables and a range of robustness checks confirm the validity and robustness of the benchmark conclusions. Further analysis discloses that Green Food Certification improves export quality by raising agricultural production efficiency and brand premiums. Heterogeneity analysis shows that the effect of Green Food Certification varies across regions, notably improving the quality of agri-food products exported to developed regions and regions with high levels of import supervision. Furthermore, among various product types, Green Food Certification significantly improves the export quality of primary products and products vulnerable to non-tariff measures. The above findings could guide the future development of agri-food quality certification systems, potentially leading to a transformation and promotion of the agri-food trade.
文摘This article introduces the background,laws and regulations,basic framework,certificationcatalogue,implementation results,andproblems of China's compulsory product certificationsystem.
文摘On December 17, 2001, the State General Administration for Quality Supervision and Inspection and Quarantine and the Certification and Accreditation Administration co-held the news release conference in the Great Hall of the People for publicizing the laws of the National Compulsory Product Certification System ("Four Unification"). This is a
文摘The CCC mark must be stamped and the old mark shall not appear for productsthat have obtained CCC certification. During the transition period, the exterior packing with theold mark printed can be used continually, but the State encourages using the CCC mark to cover theold mark. However, the new mark shall be used to cover the old mark upon the end of the transitionperiod (including products that have entered the market before the end of the transition period).
文摘Up to now, there are nearly 200 enterprises in China having passed the product certification of environmental protection, which is of national grade and involves thousands kinds of products. A commissioner of CNCA (Certification and Accreditation Administration of the People’ s Republic of China) introduced on Nov. 2nd, 2004, that the product certification of environmental protection, as the third party evaluation system, provided the market of environmental protection industry with unitary
文摘The quality and safety of agricultural products are closely related to human health.They also play an important role in enhancing the competitiveness of China’s agricultural products market,shaping the brand value of agricultural products,and promoting the high-quality development of agriculture.At present,there are still a series of problems in the quality and safety of agricultural products.Relevant departments of the state should strengthen guidance and supervision,improve the quality and safety awareness and management level of agricultural product producers,and encourage producers to participate in the product certification and process certification of agricultural products.In addition,it is necessary to take effective control measures in accordance with the certification requirements,to evaluate their effectiveness,so as to improve the quality and safety of agricultural products and promote the high-quality development of China’s agriculture.
文摘Pesticide runoff from the rice production area of Las Matas de Santa Cruz in NW Dominican Republic degrades biodiversity in the ecosystems of the Yaque del Norte River, Montecristi National Park, and Caribbean Sea. This degradation prompted the Dominican NGO AgroFrontera to develop a program for the creation of a new sustainable rice value chain, starting with the formation of a rice growers association in Las Matas. This project was to evaluate “organic” as a potential certification for the new growers association. The project found that while organic certification is years away, other barriers?to a sustainable rice value chain exist: competition with US rice imports due to Dominican Republic-Central American Free Trade Agreement?(DR-CAFTA),?an informal labor system, and access to credit. Recommendations for the new growers association include: to lower the cost of production to compete with imports, to formalize the labor system, to mediate financing for rice producers, and to maintain balanced leverage across the value chain. A recommendation for future research is the resiliency of farmer institutions against internal corruption and in-fighting.
基金The Natural Science Foundation of China (20872083)the Key Science and Technology Program of Shandong Province and the State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology (2008kf05)
文摘According to the standard of GB/T1500.3-2008 and the guidelines of ISO/REMCO, the preparation of National Certified Reference Materials （CRMs） of active compounds was composed of the following two aspects： preparation and certification. This paper presents an example of the preparation of biochanin A to illustrate the preparation of National CRMs of active compounds from natural products. Firstly, the target compound was extracted and purified from crude materials. Then, its chemical structure was identified by UV spectrum, IR spectrum, ESI-MS, and NMR. The purity of the compound was determined by HPLC with the area normalization method. The certified value assessed by comparing the purity values from six independent qualified laboratories and the value of uncertainty were given. Thermal analysis, residual solvent, homogeneity testing and stability testing was tested in the process.
