High-Intensity Interval Training v/s Steady-State Cardio in Rehabilitation of Neurological Patients

Neuropathy is nerve damage that can cause chronic neuropathic pain, which is challenging to cure and has a significant financial burden. Exercise therapies, including High-Intensity Interval Training (HIIT) and steady-state cardio, are being explored as potential treatments for neuropathic pain. This systematic review compares the effectiveness of HIIT and steady-state cardio for improving function in neurological patients. This article provides an overview of the systematic review conducted on the effects of exercise on neuropathic patients, with a focus on high-intensity interval training (HIIT) and steady-state cardio. The authors conducted a comprehensive search of various databases, identified relevant studies based on predetermined inclusion criteria, and used the EPPI automation application to process the data. The final selection of studies was based on validity and relevance, with redundant articles removed. The article reviews four studies that compare high-intensity interval training (HIIT) to moderate-intensity continuous training (MICT) on various health outcomes. The studies found that HIIT can improve aerobic fitness, cerebral blood flow, and brain function in stroke patients;lower diastolic blood pressure more than MICT and improve insulin sensitivity and skeletal muscle mitochondrial content in obese individuals, potentially helping with the prevention and management of type 2 diabetes. In people with multiple sclerosis, acute exercise can decrease the plasma neurofilament light chain while increasing the flow of the kynurenine pathway. The available clinical and preclinical data suggest that further study on high-intensity interval training (HIIT) and its potential to alleviate neuropathic pain is justified. Randomized controlled trials are needed to investigate the type, intensity, frequency, and duration of exercise, which could lead to consensus and specific HIIT-based advice for patients with neuropathies.

High-intensity interval training for health benefits and care of cardiac diseases——The key to an efficient exercise protocol

Aerobic capacity, which is expressed as peak oxygen consumption (VO2peak), is well-known to be an independent predictor of all-cause mortality and cardiovascular prognosis. This is true even for people with various coronary risk factors and cardiovascular diseases. Although exercise training is the best method to improve VO2peak, the guidelines of most academic societies recommend 150 or 75 min of moderate- or vigorous- intensity physical activities, respectively, every week to gain health benefits. For general health and primary and secondary cardiovascular prevention, high-intensity interval training (HIIT) has been recognized as an efficient exercise protocol with short exercise sessions. Given the availability of the numerous HIIT protocols, which can be classified into aerobic HIIT and anaerobic HIIT [usually called sprint interval training (SIT)], professionals in health-related fields, including primary physicians and cardiologists, may find it confusing when trying to select an appropriate protocol for their patients. This review describes the classifications of aerobic HIIT and SIT, and their differences in terms of effects, target subjects, adaptability, working mechanisms, and safety. Understanding the HIIT protocols and adopting the correct type for each subject would lead to better improvements in VO2peak with higher adherence and less risk.

Impact of a single bout of high-intensity interval exercise and short-term interval training on interleukin-6, FNDC5, and METRNL mRNA expression in human skeletal muscle

Background: Exercise promotes numerous phenotypic adaptations in skeletal muscle that contribute to improved function and metabolic capacity. An emerging body of evidence suggests that skeletal muscle also releases a myriad of factors during exercise, termed "myokines". The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of high-intensity interval training(HIIT) on the acute regulation of the mRNA expression of several myokines, including the prototypical myokine interleukin-6(IL-6), and recently identified myokines fibronectin type III domain-containing protein 5(FNDC5)(irisin) and meteorin-like protein(METRNL).Methods: Both before and after a 20-day period of twice-daily high-volume HIIT, 9 healthy males(20.5 ± 1.5 years performed a standardized bout of high-intensity interval exercise(HIIE; 5 × 4 min at ~80% pretraining peak power output) with skeletal muscle biopsy samples(vastus lateralis) obtained at rest, immediately following exercise, and at 3 h recovery.Results: Before training, a single bout of HIIE increased IL-6(p < 0.05) and METRNL(p < 0.05) mRNA expression measured at 3 h recovery when compared to rest. Following 20 days of HIIT, IL-6 and FNDC5 mRNA were increased at 3 h recovery from the standardized HIIE bout when compared to rest(both p < 0.05). Resting METRNL and FNDC5 mRNA expression were higher following training(p < 0.05), and there was an overall increase in FNDC5 mRNA post-training(main effect of training, p < 0.05).Conclusion: In human skeletal muscle(1) an acute bout of HIIE can induce upregulation of skeletal muscle IL-6 mRNA both before and after a period of intensified HIIT;(2) Resting and overall FNDC5 mRNA expression is increased by 20 days of HIIT; and(3) METRNL mRNA expression is responsive to both acute HIIE and short-term intense HIIT. Future studies are needed to confirm these findings at the protein and secretion level in humans.

Extremely low-volume, high-intensity interval training improves exercise capacity and increases mitochondrial protein content in human skeletal muscle

Purpose: The purpose of the present study was to evaluate whole-muscle content of several proteins involved in the regulation of skeletal muscle mitochondrial protein content and anaerobic capacity following 4 weeks of extremely low-volume high-intensity interval training (HIT). Methods: Young, healthy, recreationally active adult males (n = 8) trained 4 times a week for 4 weeks on a cycle ergometer. Each session involved 4 min of total exercise comprised of eight 20 s intervals at ~170% of peak aerobic power separated by 10 s rest. Muscle biopsies were taken prior to (pre) and ~72 hrs post-training (post). Par- ticipants completed an incremental peak oxygen up- take (VO2peak) test and a Wingate test pre-, mid-, and post-training. Results: VO2peak was elevated (p p < 0.05) and post-training (pre: 40.5 ± 3.8 ml·kg-1·min-1, mid: 43.4 ± 2.5 ml·kg-1·min-1, post-: 47.2 ± 2.9 ml·kg-1·min-1). Wingate mean power also increased with training (pre-: 701.0 ± 73.0 W, mid-: 745.5 ± 73.3 W, post-: 786.8 ± 80.0 W). While maximal citrate synthase activity was unchanged, protein expression of the mitochondrial protein cytochrome c oxidase (COX) subunit I (+27%;p p p = 0.08) increased. Increases (p α (+19%), and nuclear PGC-1α (+46%) were also observed after 4 weeks of HIT. No changes were observed in the whole-muscle contents of PDHe1a, PDK4, SIRT1, mTOR, S6K1, MCT1, or PFK protein. Conclusions: These results demonstrate that several mitochondrial protein (but not citrate synthase activity), PGC-1α protein content, and exercise capacity can be improved in only 4 min of total training time per day, 4 days per wk using HIT cycle training.

Health Promotion in Cardiac Rehabilitation Patients through the Use of a High-Intensity Interval Training Protocol

According to the American Heart Association’s (AHA) recent statistical update, over 2150 Americans die each day from cardiovascular disease (CVD), which equals approximately 1 death every 40 seconds;many of which were under the age of 65 years old [1]. In 2009, 386,324 people, 1 in 6 Americans, died as a result of coronary artery disease (CAD) alone [1]. They also estimate 150,000 people have “silent” heart attacks each year [1]. Even though the number of cardiovascular disease deaths has declined in the last 10 years, they still accounted for 32.3% of American deaths [1]. As a result, the AHA updated their 2020 goals to improve the nation’s cardiovascular health by 20% [1]. One of these methods is through the use of cardiac rehabilitation. Cardiac rehabilitation (CR) is a health promotion strategy to help return cardiac patients to their previous level of functioning, increase health, decrease comorbidities and promote education and lifestyle change. For select patients, another alternative exercise plan may exist to gain even better results. High intensity interval training (HIIT) has shown positive training results for athletes and many studies show that it may also be an effective exercise modality for many cardiac patients instead of the traditional circuit training method. This article will review current literature on the effects of HIIT on CR patients as well as a sample HIIT protocol for instituting this treatment with appropriate patients.

Running slow or running fast;that is the question:The merits of high-intensity interval training

In a recent issue of the Journal of Sport and Health Science,García-Pinillos et al.~1 reviewed evidence on the effects of highintensity intermittent training(interval training)(HIIT)on muscular and performance adaptations in recreational runners.

High-Intensity Interval Training and Diabetes Mellitus

Background: Diabetes mellitus often develops on the background of insulin resistance. High-intensity interval training (HIIT) is included in the treatment of diabetes mellitus since it increases the sensitivity of tissues to insulin. Objective: This paper aimed to review published articles on the effects of HIIT on insulin resistance in diabetic patients. Method: A narrative literature review was undertaken. This review provides evidence from human studies, which highlights the beneficial effects of HIIT in both T1DM and T2DM patients. Conclusion: HIIT is generally safe and effective for people with diabetes mellitus and warrants further exploration.

Effect of high-intensity interval training on blood glucose control, adipocytokine secretion and oxidative stress response in patients with T2DM

Objective:To investigate the effect of high-intensity interval training on blood glucose control, adipocytokine secretion and oxidative stress response in patients with T2DM.Methods: A total of 92 patients with newly diagnosed T2DM who were treated in this hospital between July 2016 and July 2017 were divided into the control group (n=46) and HIIT group (n=46) by random number table method. Control group received conventional hypoglycemic therapy, HIIT group received hypoglycemic combined with high-intensity interval training therapy, and the intervention lasted for 3 months. The differences in blood glucose control, adipocytokine secretion and oxidative stress response were compared between the two groups before and after intervention.Results: Before intervention, the differences in blood glucose index levels in peripheral blood as well as the contents of adipocytokines and oxidative stress indexes in serum were not statistically significant between the two groups of patients. After 3 months of intervention, blood glucose indexes FPG, FINS and 2hPBG levels in peripheral blood of HIIT group were lower than those of control group;adipocytokine APN content in serum was higher than that of control group whereas LEP, Resistin and CHEM contents were lower than those of control group;oxidative stress indexes MDA and ROS contents in serum were lower than those of control group whereas T-AOC content was higher than that of control group. Conclusion: Routine hypoglycemic therapy combined with high-intensity interval training can further control the blood glucose levels, regulate the secretion of adipocytokines and reduce the systemic oxidative stress response.

Impact of a 12-wk physical conditioning program on the aerobic capacity of aviation cadets

BACKGROUND Flight cadets need to have good physical fitness to cope with the challenges of flying missions.The continuous development of science and technology has led to the constant upgrading of fighter jets and the improvement of their performance,which has resulted in new and higher requirements for the physical fitness of flight personnel.The traditional physical training mode,method,and assessment have been used for many years and do not meet current fitness needs.AIM To investigate the impact of a 12-wk comprehensive anti-G fitness training program on the aerobic capacity of aviation cadets and to evaluate its effectiveness.METHODS Fifty-five cadets were randomly assigned to control and experimental groups using a randomized,single-blind design.The control group maintained their existing training regimen,while the experimental group participated in a 12-wk comprehensive training intervention.The training program comprised strength training twice per week,high-intensity interval training three times per week,and supplemental nutritional and psychological support.Maximal oxygen uptake(VO2max),lower limb strength,and hemoglobin levels were measured at baseline,at 6 wk and 12 wk post-intervention.RESULTS Repeated measures analysis of variance revealed significant differences of both VO2max and relative VO2 in both groups across time points(P<0.05).However,no significant time-group interaction was observed(P>0.05).Paired t-tests comparing baseline and 12-wk results showed that VO2max and relative VO2 were significantly higher in the experimental group than the control group(P<0.05).This suggests that the training program effectively enhanced the aerobic capacity of the experimental group.Key indicators of aerobic capacity,bilateral lower limb strength and hemoglobin levels,were also significantly different over time and between groups(P<0.05).No significant differences were noted in heart-rate metrics(P>0.05).CONCLUSION A 12-wk comprehensive anti-G fitness training program significantly improved the aerobic capacity of aviation cadets,thereby enhancing their overall capacity and laying a physiological foundation for enduring high-G flights.

Aerobic interval training preconditioning protocols inhibit isoproterenol-induced pathological cardiac remodeling in rats:Implications on oxidative balance,autophagy,and apoptosis

This study aimed to investigate the potential cardioprotective effects of moderate and high-intensity aerobic interval training(MIIT and HIIT)preconditioning.The focus was on histological changes,pro-oxidant-antioxidant balance,autophagy initiation,and apoptosis in myocardial tissue incited by isoproterenol-induced pathological cardiac remodeling(ISO-induced PCR).Male Wistar rats were randomly divided into control(n=6),ISO(n=8),MIIT(n=4),HIIT(n=4),MIIT+ISO(n=8),and HIIT+ISO(n=8)groups.The MIIT and HIIT protocols were administered for 10 weeks,followed by the induction of cardiac remodeling using subcutaneous injection of ISO(100 mg/kg for two consecutive days).Alterations in heart rate(HR),mean arterial pressure(MAP),rate pressure product(RPP),myocardial oxygen consumption(MVO_(2)),cardiac hypertrophy,histopathological changes,prooxidant-antioxidant balance,autophagy biomarkers(Beclin-1,Atg7,p62,LC3Ⅰ/Ⅱ),and apoptotic cell distribution were measured.The findings revealed that the MIIT+ISO and HIIT+ISO groups demonstrated diminished myocardial damage,hemorrhage,immune cell infiltration,edema,necrosis,and apoptosis compared to ISO induced rats.MIIT and HIIT preconditioning mitigated HR,enhanced MAP,and preserved MVO_(2)and RPP.The pro-oxidant-antioxidant balance was sustained in both MIIT+ISO and HIIT+ISO groups,with MIIT primarily inhibiting pro-apoptotic autophagy progression through maintaining pro-oxidant-antioxidant balance,and HIIT promoting pro-survival autophagy.The results demonstrated the beneficial effects of both MIIT and HIIT as AITs preconditioning in ameliorating ISO-induced PCR by improving exercise capacity,hemodynamic parameters,and histopathological changes.Some of these protective effects can be attributed to the modulation of cardiac apoptosis,autophagy,and oxidative stress.

Research and Practice of Cardiopulmonary Rehabilitation Training Programs

In today’s society, the incidence of cardiopulmonary diseases is increasing annually, seriously affecting patients’ quality of life. Therefore, developing a scientific and effective rehabilitation training program is of great significance. This study first analyzes the theoretical basis of cardiopulmonary rehabilitation training, including the effects of aerobic exercise, interval training, and strength training on cardiopulmonary function. Based on this, a comprehensive rehabilitation training program is designed, which includes personalized training plans, comprehensive interventions, multidisciplinary collaboration, patient education, and regular follow-up visits. The cardiopulmonary rehabilitation training plan developed in this study has certain scientific practicability, which provides a theoretical basis for cardiopulmonary rehabilitation training, and also provides a reference for medical institutions, rehabilitation centers and communities, which is helpful for promotion and application to a wider range of patients with cardiopulmonary diseases.

How does high-intensity intermittent training affect recreational endurance runners? Acute and chronic adaptations: A systematic review

Objective: This systematic review aimed to critically analyze the literature to determine how high-intensity intermittent training(HIIT) affects recreational endurance runners in the short-and long-term.Methods: Electronic databases were searched for literature dating from January 2000 to October 2015. The search was conducted using the key words "high-intensity intermittent training" or "high-intensity interval exercise" or "interval running" or "sprint interval training" and "endurance runners" or "long distance runners". A systematic approach was used to evaluate the 783 articles identified for initial review. Studies were included if they investigated HIIT in recreational endurance runners. The methodological quality of the studies was evaluated using the Physiotherapy Evidence Database(PEDro) scale(for intervention studies) and the modified Downs and Black Quality Index(for cross-sectional studies).Results: Twenty-three studies met the inclusionary criteria for review. The results are presented in 2 parts: cross-sectional(n = 15) and intervention studies(n = 8). In the 15 cross-sectional studies selected, endurance runners performed at least 1 HIIT protocol, and the acute impact on physiological, neuromuscular, metabolic and/or biomechanical variables was assessed. Intervention studies lasted a minimum of 4 weeks, with 10 weeks being the longest intervention period, and included 2 to 4 HIIT sessions per week. Most of these studies combined HIIT sessions with continuous run(CR) sessions; 2 studies' subjects performed HIIT exclusively.Conclusion: HIIT-based running plans(2 to 3 HIIT sessions per week, combining HIIT and CR runs) show athletic performance improvements in endurance runners by improving maximal oxygen uptake and running economy along with muscular and metabolic adaptations. To maximize the adaptations to training, both HIIT and CR must be part of training programs for endurance runners.

Exercise interventions for patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus:A narrative review with practical recommendations

Type 1 diabetes mellitus(T1DM)is a chronic endocrine disease that results from autoimmune destruction of pancreatic insulin-producingβcells,which can lead to microvascular(e.g.,retinopathy,neuropathy,and nephropathy)and macrovascular complications(e.g.,coronary arterial disease,peripheral artery disease,stroke,and heart failure)as a consequence of chronic hyperglycemia.Despite the widely available and compelling evidence that regular exercise is an efficient strategy to prevent cardiovascular disease and to improve functional capacity and psychological well-being in people with T1DM,over 60%of individuals with T1DM do not exercise regularly.It is,therefore,crucial to devise approaches to motivate patients with T1DM to exercise,to adhere to a training program,and to inform them of its specific characteristics(e.g.,exercise mode,intensity,volume,and frequency).Moreover,given the metabolic alterations that occur during acute bouts of exercise in T1DM patients,exercise prescription in this population should be carefully analyzed to maximize its benefits and to reduce its potential risks.

Exercised blood plasma promotes hippocampal neurogenesis in the Alzheimer's disease rat brain

Background:Exercise training promotes brain plasticity and is associated with protection against cognitive impairment and Alzheimer’s disease(AD).These beneficial effects may be partly mediated by blood-borne factors.Here we used an in vitro model of AD to investigate effects of blood plasma from exercise-trained donors on neuronal viability,and an in vivo rat model of AD to test whether such plasma impacts cognitive function,amyloid pathology,and neurogenesis.Methods:Mouse hippocampal neuronal cells were exposed to AD-like stress using amyloid-βand treated with plasma collected from human male donors 3 h after a single bout of high-intensity exercise.For in vivo studies,blood was collected from exercise-trained young male Wistar rats(high-intensity intervals 5 days/week for 6 weeks).Transgenic AD rats(McGill-R-Thyl-APP)were inj ected 5 times/fortnight for 6 weeks at2 months or 5 months of age with either(a)plasma from the exercise-trained rats,(b)plasma from sedentary rats,or(c)saline.Cognitive function,amyloid plaque pathology,and neurogenesis were assessed.The plasma used for the treatment was analyzed for 23 cytokines.Results:Plasma from exercised donors enhanced cell viability by 44.1%(p=0.032)and reduced atrophy by 50.0%(p<0.001)in amyloid-β-treated cells.In vivo exercised plasma treatment did not alter cognitive function or amyloid plaque pathology but did increase hippocampal neurogenesis by~3 fold,regardless of pathological stage,when compared to saline-treated rats.Concentrations of 7 cytokines were significantly reduced in exercised plasma compared to sedentary plasma.Conclusion:Our proof-of-concept study demonstrates that plasma from exercise-trained donors can protect neuronal cells in culture and promote adult hippocampal neurogenesis in the AD rat brain.This effect may be partly due to reduced pro-inflammatory signaling molecules in exercised plasma.

Exercise as a modality to improve heart transplantation-related functional impairments: An article review

Heart transplantation(HT),the treatment choice of advanced heart failure pa-tients,is proven effective in increasing the survival and functional status of the recipients.However,compared to normal controls,functional status is lower in HT recipients.Exercise given in cardiac rehabilitation has been shown to improve exercise capacity as measured with peak oxygen uptake(VO2 peak)and muscle strength after completion of the program and cessation of exercise results in loss of exercise benefits.Several factors related to cardiac denervation and the use of immunosuppressive agents in HT recipients result in functional impairments including cardiovascular,pulmonary,exercise capacity,psychological,and qua-lity of life(QoL)problems.High-intensity interval training(HIIT)is the most common type of exercise used in HT recipients and given as a hospital-based program.Improvement of functional impairments was found to have occurred due to primarily musculoskeletal adaptations through improvement of muscle structure and aerobic capacity and cardiovascular adaptations.In general,exercise given after transplantation improved VO2 peak significantly and improvement was better in the HIIT group compared to moderate intensity continuous training or no-exercise groups.Improvement of QoL was ascribed to improve-ment of exercise capacity,symptoms,pulmonary function,physical capacity improve-ment,anxiety,and depression.

有氧匀速运动和高强度间歇性运动对雄性小鼠抑郁样行为及脑内神经肽相关基因表达的影响

目的:探讨有氧匀速运动和高强度间歇性运动对雄性小鼠抑郁样行为和脑内神经肽相关基因表达的影响。方法:将18只小鼠随机分为对照组、匀速运动组和高强度间歇性运动组,每组6只,除对照组外其余小鼠连续运动8周。运动干预后,采用强迫游泳实验检测小鼠不动时间,实时荧光定量PCR检测小鼠脑组织不同部位(前额皮层、纹状体、海马、下丘脑)神经肽相关基因的表达,即脑源性神经营养因子(Bdnf)、饥饿激素(Ghrelin)、神经肽Y(Npy)、刺鼠关联蛋白(Agrp)、可卡因-苯丙胺调节转录肽(Cart)、前阿黑皮素原(Pomc)、促肾上腺皮质激素释放激素(Crh)、爱帕琳肽(Apelin)和黑色素聚集激素(Mch)。结果:与对照组相比,两种运动组小鼠的不动时间均显著降低(P<0.05),高强度间歇性运动组小鼠不动时间降低更多;匀速运动组小鼠下丘脑Apelin基因的表达水平显著升高(P<0.01);高强度间歇性运动组小鼠纹状体Apelin基因的表达水平显著降低(P<0.05),下丘脑Crh基因(P<0.05)和Cart基因的表达水平(P<0.01)均显著降低。结论:有氧匀速运动和高强度间歇性运动均在一定程度上改善小鼠抑郁样行为,后者效果更好。两种运动方式均可影响小鼠纹状体和下丘脑Apelin基因表达,高强度间歇性运动还影响小鼠下丘脑Crh和Cart基因表达。

有氧运动对肥胖伴糖尿病前期患者心肺储备功能及代谢性指标的影响

目的探究不同强度有氧运动对肥胖伴糖尿病前期(PDM)患者心肺储备功能及代谢性指标的影响。方法选取2021年1月至2022年1月我院收治的112例肥胖伴PDM患者作为研究对象,采用随机数字表法按照11比例分为观察组和对照组,每组56例。对照组采用持续中强度有氧运动训练,观察组采用高强度间歇有氧训练运动(HIIT),比较两组疗效,比较干预前、干预12周后肥胖指标[腰臀比(WHR)、肥胖度、体质量指数(BMI)、体脂率(Fat)]、糖代谢指标[空腹血糖(FPG)、空腹胰岛素(FINS)、胰岛素抵抗指数(HOMA-IR)]、脂代谢指标[高密度脂蛋白(HDL-C)、低密度脂蛋白(LDL-C)、甘油三酯(TG)]、心肺储备功能[峰值摄氧量(peakVO_(2))、峰值代谢当量(peak-METs)、静息摄氧量(VO_(2))]、脂肪因子水平[脂联素(APN)、瘦素(LP)、抵抗素(resstin)]。结果观察组总有效率(94.64%)较对照组(82.14%)高(P<0.05)。干预12周后,观察组WHR、肥胖度、BMI、Fat、糖代谢指标水平较对照组低(P<0.05);观察组脂代谢指标中的HDL-C较对照组高,LDL-C、TG较对照组低(P<0.05);观察组心肺储备功能指标中的peakVO_(2)、peak-METs较对照组低,静息VO_(2)较对照组高(P<0.05);观察组脂肪因子水平中的血清APN较对照组高,LP、resistin较对照组低(P<0.05)。结论有氧运动对肥胖伴PDM的治疗具有一定帮助,相较于持续中强度有氧运动训练,采用高强度间歇有氧运动更能改善肥胖伴PDM患者糖脂代谢指标及心肺储备功能,有效控制肥胖,降低体质量,调节脂肪因子水平。

Effects of a remote,YouTube-delivered exercise intervention on young adults’physical activity,sedentary behavior,and sleep during the COVID-19 pandemic:Randomized controlled trial

Background:Public health guidelines have called for innovative and flexible physical activity(PA)intervention strategies to promote PA and health amid the coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19)pandemic.Therefore,this study’s purpose was to examine the effects of a home-based,YouTube-delivered PA intervention grounded in self-determination theory on young adults’free-living PA,sedentary behavior,and sleep quality(NCT04499547).Methods:Sixty-four young adults(48 females;age=22.8±3.4 years,mean±SD;body mass index=23.1±2.6 kg/m^(2))were randomized(1:1)into the intervention group,which received weekly aerobic and muscle-strengthening PA videos,or control group,which received weekly general health education videos,for 12 weeks.Our primary outcome was free-living moderate-to-vigorous PA(MVPA)and our secondary outcomes were sedentary behavior,light PA,and sleep quality(measured using ActiGraph accelerometers)along with muscle-strengthening PA frequency,self-determination theory-related motivation(non-regulation,external regulation,introjected regulation,identified regulation,integrated regulation,and intrinsic regulation),and perceived PA barriers(assessed using validated questionnaires).Repeated measures analysis of variances(ANOVAs)examined between-group differences at an adjusted significance level of 0.004 and effect sizes as partial eta-squared(η;).Results:We observed statistically significant interaction effects for MVPA,sleep efficiency,muscle-strengthening PA frequency,non-regulation,integrated regulation,intrinsic regulation,and perceived PA barriers(F(1,62)=10.75-77.67,p<0.001-0.002,η_(p)^(2)=0.15-0.56)with all outcomes favoring the intervention group.We observed no statistically significant differences in either group for sedentary behavior,light PA,sleep duration,or external,introjected,and identified regulations after 12 weeks(F(1,62)=1.11-3.64,p=0.06-0.61).Conclusion:With national COVID-19 restrictions still in place and uncertainty regarding post-pandemic PA environments and behaviors,a remote,YouTube-delivered PA intervention may help foster clinically meaningful improvements in young adults’free-living MVPA,musclestrengthening PA frequency,sleep efficiency,PA-related intrinsic motivation,and perceived PA barriers.

Effect of acupuncture on heart rate variability during prolonged high-intensity training in soccer players

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effects of acupuncture therapy compared with sham acupuncture on heart rate variability(HRV) in 24 elite soccer players during 4-week, high-intensity training sessions.METHODS: The subjects were randomly divided into two groups: acupuncture group(AG) and sham acupuncture group(SG). In addition, AG had been implemented two times/week to stimulate Zusanli(ST 36), Hegu(LI 4), Shenshu(BL 23), and Chize(LU5). While SG, had been applied to utilize a special "placebo-needle" technique on the same sites.What's more, the HRV parameters were calculated before and after interventions, respectively.RESULTS: First, stress index(SI) had a significantly increased in SG(P = 0.031) compare pre-test with post-test, however, no significantly difference in AG(P = 0.102). Secondly, standard deviation of N-N intervals(SNDD) have enormously significantly high-er in AG when comparing baseline with post therapy(P = 0.001), while, declined in SG(P = 0.827).Meanwhile, the root mean square of successive differences(RMSSD) were significant differences in AG(P = 0.023). What's more, when the high-frequency(HF) were significantly higher in AG(P = 0.047) after receiving the acupuncture therapy, the lowe-frequency(LF) power were decreased but no significant in AG and SG. Comparing with pre-experiment, the ratio of LF/HF was lower in AG, but higher in SG. Furthermore, it was significant difference when compare the post-experiment parameters of AG with SG(P = 0.015). And HF parameters have significance(P = 0.005) compare between two groups during the post-experiment.CONCLUSION: Based on evidence, acupuncture therapy on special acupoints could strengthen the parasympathetic nervous activity and modulates the balance between parasympathetic and sympathetic activity in soccer players while they engage in high-intensity training.

冲刺间歇训练方式对有氧、无氧能力的影响及差异分析

目的:从骨骼肌无氧代谢角度比较不同冲刺间歇训练(SIT)方式对有氧、无氧能力的影响并分析其影响因素,意在针对不同训练目的制定科学合理的训练计划。方法:48名受试者随机分为8%阻力系数冲刺30s的训练方式A(A,n=10),9%阻力系数冲刺30s的训练方式B(B,n=9),8%阻力系数冲刺45s的训练方式C(C,n=10),9%阻力系数冲刺45s的训练方式D(D,n=8)进行为期4周,每周3次,5组,间歇5min的SIT训练。训练前后进行有氧和无氧能力相关测试(CMJ、立定跳远、30m、VO_(2max))、无氧功率(3个指标)、肌肉功能测试包括表面肌电(8个指标)、等速肌力(8个指标)测试。结果:(1)四种SIT对有氧、无氧测试成绩的影响:A方式可显著提高立定跳远、30m、VO_(2max)成绩(P<0.05);B方式可显著影响CMJ、立定跳远、30m、VO_(2max)成绩(P<0.05);C方式可显著提高30m、VO_(2max)成绩(P<0.05);D方式可显著提高30m冲刺成绩(P<0.01);ABD方式对VO_(2max)的提升效果具有显著性差异(P<0.05);(2)四种SIT影响有氧、无氧能力的因素:A方式在无氧和等速中筛选出3个因子解释对爆发力的影响,贡献率为75.89%,对速度和有氧能力未筛选出相关因子进行解释;B方式在无氧、肌电、等速中筛选出3个因子可解释对爆发力的影响,贡献率为65.09%,对速度和有氧能力未筛选出相关因子进行解释;C方式可在肌电、等速中分别筛选3个和5个因子对速度、有氧能力进行解释,贡献率为82.28%;D训练方式可从肌电和等速中筛选5个因子解释对爆发力和速度的影响,贡献率为81.68%,该方式对爆发力提升效果有限;(3)四种SIT方式后有氧、无氧测试成绩的差异肌电和等速因子的贡献率为37.15%,未筛选出无氧因子进行解释。结论:(1)冲刺时间为30s的A、B训练可作为爆发力训练的方式,四种SIT训练均可作为提升速度素质的方式,提升有氧能力时可选取A、B、D训练方式;(2)无氧和骨骼肌因素可作为解释四种SIT训练效果的重要贡献变量;(3)四种SIT训练方式造成无氧、有氧能力的差异与下肢骨骼肌平均功率频率及屈膝峰值力矩有关,但可解释程度有限,与Wingate峰值/平均功率及无氧功率递减率无关。