Effects of Increased Planting Density with ReducedNitrogen Application on Yield Formation and NitrogenUtilization of Autumn Maize

With the change of cropping system in the middle reaches of the Yangtze River,the planting area of autumn maize is gradually increasing.However,the cultivation techniques are still under improvement for higher yield and nitrogen efficiency of autumn maize.Increase in planting density with reduced nitrogen fertilizer application is one of the important paths to achieve high yield and high nitrogen utilization efficiency.Meanwhile,the effect needs to be verified for autumn maize.The semi-compact autumn maize variety Qinyu 58 was planted under different planting densities and nitrogen fertilizer amounts with the split plot design.Different nitrogen application rates were arranged in the main plots,including the conventional nitrogen application(N300,300 kg/hm^2),30%reduction from the conventional treatment(N210,210 kg/hm^2)and no nitrogen application(N0).Different planting densities were arranged in the sub-split plots,including the conventional planting density(D60,60000 plants/hm2),medium density(D78,78000 plants/hm^2)and high density(D93,93000 plants/hm2).The effects of nitrogen fertilizer,planting density and their interaction effects on canopy structure,dry matter accumulation,yield and nitrogen use efficiency of autumn maize were studied.The nitrogen application rate and planting density had obvious interaction effects on the yield formation of autumn maize.Compared with the conventional cultivation(N300D60),increasing the planting density with 30%reduction in nitrogen application(N210)can obviously increase the canopy light interception rate,LAI,dry matter accumulation and yield.However,there was no significant change in canopy light interception rate,LAI,dry matter accumulation,grain weight and yield between D93 and D78.Compared with N300D60,nitrogen translocation efficiency and nitrogen contribution proportion to grain nitrogen did not change significantly in autumn maize grown under N210 and D78 treatments,whereas nitrogen partial productivity,nitrogen agronomic efficiency and recovery and utilization efficiency of nitrogen fertilizer increased significantly.Moreover,high density(D93)planting at N210 plots significantly improved nitrogen transport efficiency and utilization efficiency in autumn maize.Therefore,the suitable planting density of the autumn maize variety Qinyu 58 in Hubei Province is recommended a value of 78000 plants/hm^2,with the nitrogen application rate of 210 kg/hm2,which can achieve the target of higher yield by increasing density and reducing nitrogen.

Effect of Fertilizing Level and Planting Densities on Yield and Nitrogen Utilization in Maize

Elite maize hybrid Guidan0810 was selected as material, and the effects of fertilizing level and planting densities on yield and nitrogen utilization were dis- cussed in the study. In field experiments as per double-cropping system, 4 main plots （fertilization levels） and 6 subplots （planting densities） were set in a split plot design. The results suggested that yield had close relationship with fertilization levels and planting densities. Different fertilization levels and planting densities significantly affected yield. With the increase of nitrogen fertilization, nitrogen use efficiency, nitrogen agronomic efficiency and nitrogen physiological efficiency declined. Under the same fertilization level, nitrogen use efficiency, nitrogen agronomic efficiency and nitrogen physiological efficiency grew a little with the increase of planting density, so nitrogen efficiency could be improved by regulating planting density. The results also showed that A2 （including N 225.0 kg/hm2, P205 75.0 kg/hm^2, K20 187.5 kg/hm^2） matching to B3 （52 500 plants/hm^2） or B4（60 000 plants/hm^2） was a better design, which could obtain a higher yield in the range of 7 913.2-8 207.8 kg/hm2, respectively.

N, P and K use efficiency and maize yield responses to fertilization modes and densities

Optimal planting density and proper fertilization method are important factors to improve maize yield and nutrient utilization. A two-year(2016 and 2017) field experiment was conducted with three plant densities(6.0, 7.5 and 9.0 plants m^-2) and three fertilization modes(no fertilizer, 0 F;one-off application of slow-released fertilizer, SF;twice application of conventional fertilizer, CF). Results indicated that the grain yields and N, P and K use efficiencies under SF with the optimal planting density(7.5 plants m^-2) were the highest among all the treatments in 2016 and 2017. Compared with CF, SF could increase post-silking dry matter accumulation and promote N, P and K uptake at pre-and post-silking stages;this treatment increased grain N, P and K concentrations and resulted in high N, P and K use efficiencies. Nutrient(N, P and K) absorption efficiencies and partial productivity, and nutrient(N and P) recovery efficiency in SF treatment were significantly higher than those in CF treatments under the planting density of 7.5 plants m^-2. Under both SF and CF conditions, the grain yield, total N accumulation and nutrient use efficiencies initially increased, peaked at planting density of 7.5 plants m^-2, and then decreased with increasing plant density. Based on the yield and nutrient use efficiency in two years, plant density of 7.5 plants m^-2 with SF can improve both the grain yield and N, P and K use efficiency of spring maize in Jiangsu Province, China.

Integrating phosphorus management and cropping technology for sustainable maize production

Achieving high maize yields and efficient phosphorus(P)use with limited environmental impacts is one of the greatest challenges in sustainable maize production.Increasing plant density is considered an effective approach for achieving high maize yields.However,the low mobility of P in soils and the scarcity of natural P resources have hindered the development of methods that can simultaneously optimize P use and mitigate the P-related environmental footprint at high plant densities.In this study,meta-analysis and substance flow analysis were conducted to evaluate the effects of different types of mineral P fertilizer on maize yield at varying plant densities and assess the flow of P from rock phosphate mining to P fertilizer use for maize production in China.A significantly higher yield was obtained at higher plant densities than at lower plant densities.The application of single superphosphate,triple super-phosphate,and calcium magnesium phosphate at high plant densities resulted in higher yields and a smaller environmental footprint than the application of diammonium phosphate and monoammonium phosphate.Our scenario analyses suggest that combining the optimal P type and application rate with a high plant density could increase maize yield by 22%.Further,the P resource use efficiency throughout the P supply chain increased by 39%,whereas the P-related environmental footprint decreased by 33%.Thus,simultaneously optimizing the P type and application rate at high plant densities achieved multiple objectives during maize production,indicating that combining P management with cropping techniques is a practical approach to sustainable maize production.These findings offer strategic,synergistic options for achieving sustainable agricultural development.

The priority of management factors for reducing the yield gap of summer maize in the north of Huang-Huai-Hai region, China

Understanding yield potential, yield gap and the priority of management factors for reducing the yield gap in current intensive maize production is essential for meeting future food demand with the limited resources. In this study, we conducted field experiments using different planting modes, which were basic productivity(CK), farmer practice(FP), high yield and high efficiency(HH), and super high yield(SH), to estimate the yield gap. Different factorial experiments(fertilizer, planting density, hybrids, and irrigation) were also conducted to evaluate the priority of individual management factors for reducing the yield gap between the different planting modes. We found significant differences between the maize yields of different planting modes. The treatments of CK, FP, HH, and SH achieved 54.26, 58.76, 65.77, and 71.99% of the yield potential, respectively. The yield gaps between three pairs: CK and FP, FP and HH, and HH and SH, were 0.76, 1.23 and 0.85 t ha^(–1), respectively. By further analyzing the priority of management factors for reducing the yield gap between FP and HH, as well as HH and SH, we found that the priorities of the management factors(contribution rates) were plant density(13.29%)>fertilizer(11.95%)>hybrids(8.19%)>irrigation(4%) for FP to HH, and hybrids(8.94%)>plant density(4.84%)>fertilizer(1.91%) for HH to SH. Therefore, increasing the planting density of FP was the key factor for decreasing the yield gap between FP and HH, while choosing hybrids with density and lodging tolerance was the key factor for decreasing the yield gap between HH and SH.

Studies on the Root Characteristics of Maize Varieties of Different Eras

Experiment was conducted at the Gongzhuling Experimental Station of Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jilin Province, China, during 2009-2010. Six representative varieties of maize （Baihe in the 1950s, Jidan 101 in the 1960s, Zhongdan 2 in the 1970s, Yedan 13 in the 1980s, Zhengdan 958 in the 1990s, and Xianyu 335 in the 2000s） were each planted under two different densities （52 500 and 82 500 plants ha-~） and two different nitrogen application levels （150 and 300 kg ha-l）. Root characteristics and distribution among soil layers were studied by the field root digging method. The results showed that root mass increased with the process of the growth and development of the plant, and it peaked at kernel filling stage, and decreased at maturity due to the root senesces. Root mass of different maize varieties from the 1950s to 1980s had a trend of increase, while it decreased for the modern varieties. Root length and root surface areas had the similar changing trend. The study suggested that early maize varieties may have root redundancy, and reducing root redundancy may be a direction for variety improvement for high yield. Root characteristics were affected by nitrogen application level and density; modern varieties were more suitable for higher fertilizer application level and density conditions. Root characteristics distribution among soil layers decreased by an exponent equation, but the regression coefficients of different varieties were different. Though the root length density （RLD） of every soil layer of different varieties also decreased by an exponent equation, there were large variations of RLD in every part of a layer.

增密与减氮对青贮玉米产量的影响

以郑青贮1号、北农青贮368和郑单958为试验材料,研究了施氮量、种植密度及品种互作对青贮玉米鲜草产量和干物质生物产量的影响。结果表明:品种(郑青贮1号、北农青贮368、郑单958)、施氮量(N_(1)、N_(2)、N_(3)分别为240、216、168 kg/hm^(2))和密度(D_(1)、D_(2)、D_(3)、D4分别为6.75万、7.50万、8.25万、9.00万株/hm^(2))对青贮玉米干物质生物产量和鲜草产量均有显著的影响,在相同的密度水平下,3个玉米品种的干物质生物产量随施氮量的减少,总体呈下降趋势,但是N_(1)和N_(2)处理之间无显著差异;在相同施氮水平下,3个玉米品种的干物质生物产量随密度的增加,总体呈现先上升后下降的趋势;在不同施氮量和种植密度条件下,正常施氮量且高密度种植条件下(N_(1)D_(3)、N_(1)D4)的产量表现为郑青贮1号>北农青贮368>郑单958;在正常施氮量且低密度种植(N_(1)D_(1)、N_(1)D_(2))和减氮条件下(N_(2)、N_(3))的产量表现为北农青贮368>郑青贮1号>郑单958。因此,综合考虑减氮增产高效的目标,氮肥减施10%(N_(2))的条件下,郑青贮1号和北农青贮368的推荐栽植密度为8.25万株/hm^(2),郑单958不推荐作为青贮玉米种植。

青贮玉米应用现状以及其栽培措施研究进展

青贮玉米营养丰富、适口性好,是畜牧业发展中重要的饲草作物。近年来,随着我国畜牧业的迅速发展和“粮改饲”政策的不断推进,我国青贮玉米产业发展迅速,产量和品质均得到很大提升。青贮玉米种植面积有限,且品种多为传统品种。如何在有限的资源条件下提高青贮玉米产量和品质,是目前青贮玉米产业亟待解决的问题。目前,对于青贮玉米的栽培措施已开展了许多深入的研究,文章综述了青贮玉米的发展现状和近年来青贮玉米高产优质栽培的研究成果,主要包括品种选择、种植方式、种植密度、氮肥施用和收获时期等栽培措施对青贮玉米产量和品质的影响,以及青贮玉米与动物生产应用相关的研究,旨在为青贮玉米优质生产提供重要参考。

大豆玉米复合种植播期、密度和施肥量对大豆农艺性状和产量的影响

为筛选大豆玉米复合种植大豆最佳的栽培措施,采用三因素三水平正交试验,研究大豆播期、密度和施肥量对主要性状和产量的影响。结果表明,选择鲜食玉米与大豆复合种植,玉米收获后大豆复光期长;提高株高、主茎节数、单株有效荚数、单株粒数、百粒重、单株粒重对大豆产量有促进作用,且单株粒数、单株粒重和百粒重对产量有决定性作用。分析结果表明,播种期为4月30日—5月10日,密度为21万~24万株/hm^(2),施肥量为300~375 kg/hm^(2)的最佳栽培技术,可优化复合群体配置获得较高的产量。

密度与氮肥对关中灌区夏玉米(Zea mays L.)群体光合生理指标的影响

合理的密度是玉米构建良好群体结构、优化群体光合生理功能的基础,适宜的氮肥施用量是玉米进行光合生产的营养物质保障。运用作物群体生理学的方法,采用二次饱和D试验设计,研究了关中灌区夏玉米密度与氮肥耦合和群体光合生理指标的关系及其效应,明确了在关中灌区夏播条件下,在45000-75000株/hm^2的密度范围内,密度与玉米籽粒产量、总干物质积累量（DMA）、吐丝期叶面积指数（MLAI）、总光合势（LAD）、平均作物生长率（CGR）为正相关,在45000-60000株/hm^2的密度范围内,密度与玉米叶片平均净同化率（NAR）为正相关,而在60000-75000株/hm^2的密度范围内,密度与玉米NAR为负相关;在氮素施用量≤600.0 kg/hm^2的范围内,氮素施用量与玉米籽粒产量、DMA、CGR为正相关,在氮素施用量≤260.55 kg/hm^2的范围内,氮素施用量与玉米MLAI、LAD为正相关,与玉米NAR为负相关,而在氮素施用量260.55-600.0kg/hm^2的范围内,氮素施用量与玉米MLAI、LAD为负相关,与玉米NAR为正相关。密度对其影响较大的指标为：籽粒产量、DMA、LAD、CGR和MLAI,影响较小的指标为：NAR;氮肥对其影响较大的指标为：DMA、CGR、籽粒产量、NAR,影响较小的指标为：LAD和MLAI。对籽粒产量和群体生理指标的综合影响效应,密度显著大于氮肥,玉米生产中,尤其要重视合理密植。通过对回归模型的解析,筛选确定了陕单8806玉米在关中灌区夏播中,实现高产的密度与氮肥耦合优化技术方案：合理密度为61713-66177株/hm^2,适宜纯氮施用量为309.88-569.02kg/hm^2。

种植密度和氮肥水平对春玉米产量及氮素效率的影响

以玉米杂交种郑单958为材料,对不同种植密度和施氮水平下春玉米的产量形成和氮素利用效率进行了研究。结果表明,不同种植密度对郑单958子粒产量形成影响极显著,中密度水平(67500株/hm2)下,玉米单株生产能力较高,高密度(90000株/hm2)下的减产原因是干物质积累总量的减少;不同施氮水平对郑单958子粒产量形成影响显著,氮肥对玉米生产能力的调控作用主要表现在对穗粒数的影响上,适宜的氮肥施用量可促进顶部子粒发育,使秃尖长度减小,增加穗粒数,增加产量,并提高氮素的利用效率;种植密度与氮肥水平间互作效应显著。在3种密度水平(45000、67500、90000株/hm2)下,施氮量为225kg/hm2时,增产作用均最明显,是当地较为适宜的氮肥施用量。

密度和肥料对高油玉米生理性状的影响

研究不同肥料、密度下高油玉米的叶绿素、NRA、光合作用和氮、磷、钾变化情况,结果表明,肥料和密度对高油玉米的叶绿素、NRA、光合作用和氮、钾都有显著的影响。其中密度为52500株/hm2,施肥量为N:360kg/hm2、P2O5:120kg/hm2、K2O:180kg/hm2的表现最好。

不同栽培措施对青贮玉米产量和营养品质的影响

采用随机区组设计和＂3414＂最优回归设计,研究青贮玉米不同种植密度、收获期和施肥水平对产量和营养品质的影响。结果表明：不同种植密度、收获期和施肥水平均极显著影响青贮玉米的产量和营养品质。其中,氮肥对青贮玉米的鲜、干生物产量的提高及青贮玉米营养品质、饲用价值的提高贡献最大,其次是磷肥,钾肥的影响较小。建立了氮、磷、钾肥和青贮玉米鲜、干生物产量,蛋白质产量,中、酸性洗涤纤维产量,脂肪产量的回归数学模型。得出了青贮玉米新饲玉14号在海南中等肥力土壤上的适宜种植密度为7.50-9.00万株/hm^2;最佳收获期是籽粒乳熟中期;预测出了获得青贮玉米最大鲜、干生物产量,蛋白质产量,中、酸性洗涤纤维产量,脂肪产量时所需氮、磷、钾肥的施用量。

不同密度下增施有机肥对夏玉米物质生产及产量构成的影响

本研究在夏玉米季适当降低种植密度并连续两年施用有机肥,旨在了解黄淮海地区夏玉米群体物质累积和产量构成对有机肥施用量和种植密度的响应,从而降低倒伏风险,确保稳产、高产。试验采用随机区组设计,设高、中、低3个种植密度,分别为90 000株·hm-2、75 000株·hm-2和60 000株·hm-2,3个种植密度下设不同的有机肥施用量处理,其中高密度下设30 m3·hm-2一种施肥量,中密度下设30 m3·hm-2一种施肥量,低密度下设0 m3·hm-2、30 m3·hm-2和45 m3·hm-23种施肥量。研究结果表明:施用有机肥可以有效改善土壤肥力。施用有机肥第1年,在中、低密度下对玉米干物质生产、群体生长速率和产量构成均产生一定的促进作用,但效果不显著。施用有机肥第2年,低密度下玉米群体衰老速率减缓,叶面积指数和棒三叶叶绿素相对含量在生育后期均维持在较高水平,花后群体生长速率维持在较高水平,且与中高密度无显著差异,群体花后生物量增加幅度最大,成熟期地上部总生物量显著提高甚至接近中高密度。低密度下施用有机肥后穗粒数和千粒重均大幅度提高,从而有效补偿了低密度下穗数的不足,最终低密度下施用45 m3·hm-2有机肥处理产量达10 838 kg·hm-2,与中、高密度下施用30 m3·hm-2有机肥处理的产量11 080 kg·hm-2和11 202 kg·hm-2基本持平且差异不显著。由此可见,通过适度降低密度并增施有机肥能够有效合理地调控群体花前花后生长,避免前期旺长和后期早衰,实现保穗保花增重增产的目的。

种植方式、密度、施肥量对玉米产量和肥料利用率的影响

采用裂区设计研究了种植方式、种植密度及施肥量对玉米产量的影响。结果表明:等行距种植的玉米产量均高于宽窄行种植;种植密度60000株/hm2的产量高于45000株/hm2;施肥增产作用明显,但施肥处理间产量差异不显著。种植方式和密度影响肥料效益和利用率。

肥料与密度对高油玉米农艺性状及产量的影响

试验设密度(A)与肥料(B)二因素三水平研究了施肥量与密度对高油115玉米农艺性状和产量的影响,结果表明:肥料和密度对高油玉米的农艺性状和产量都有显著的影响。其中,密度为52500株/hm2、施肥量为N:360kg/hm2、P2O5:120kg/hm2、K2O:180kg/hm2时各农艺性状表现最好,产量也最高(6876.45kg/hm2)。

基于BP神经网络的玉米种植密度和施肥量优化

为解决利用回归模型进行作物种植密度和施肥量优化时存在的拟合精度差和准确性低等问题,该文提出一种基于BP神经网络的优化方法。以玉米作物为研究对象,选取种植密度、施氮量、施磷量、施钾量为试验因素,玉米产量为影响指标,设计4因素5水平正交旋转试验方案进行田间试验,获取不同种植密度和施肥量水平下的玉米产量。利用BP神经网络模型对试验数据进行函数拟合,拟合后运用该文提出的优化方法获得试验条件下红星农场德美亚1号玉米最佳种植密度9.32×10~4株/hm^2、施N量139.5 kg/hm^2、施P_2O_5量85.4 kg/hm^2、施K_2O量70.8 kg/hm^2,该参数组合下玉米的最优产量为16 308.53 kg/hm^2,高于二次回归模型优化得到的最高产量16 009.00 kg/hm^2。以BP神经网络优化结果在试验区进行验证试验,获得试验方案下玉米产量为15 948.3 kg/hm^2,试验与优化结果相对误差仅为-2.21%,表明该优化方法拟合函数精度高,优化结果准确,为解决农业生产领域中类似优化问题提供了一种可靠方法。

种植密度对夏玉米碳氮代谢和氮利用率的影响

研究了低、中、高3个种植密度对夏播玉米CF008、郑单958和金海5号碳氮积累、运转及氮肥利用的影响,以期通过密度调控碳氮代谢,实现产量与氮肥效率协同提高。结果表明,吐丝期茎叶总糖和全氮积累量和茎叶总糖和全氮的运转率均以中或高密度下较高,而籽粒产量、氮素吸收效率、氮素利用效率和氮肥利用率均以中或低密度显著高于高密度。吐丝前地上部氮素积累量以中高密度下较高,但成熟期地上部总氮量及籽粒氮量均以中低密度较高,表明吐丝期后植株氮素积累量对玉米籽粒氮贡献较大。在中低密度下,3个品种夏玉米产量达10262～11461kghm?2,氮肥利用率达23.00%～34.11%。

肥料和密度对寒地高产玉米源库性状及产量的调节作用

采用4因素最优试验设计,探讨了肥料和密度对玉米源库性状和产量的调节作用。结果表明,密度和氮肥对玉米的源库性状影响较大,而钾肥和磷肥较小,4个因素变化的效应曲线均呈抛物线状。密度的影响在群体和个体源库性状上表现不同。库源比既受肥料水平的影响,也受密度的影响。当产量在极低水平到高产水平之间变化时,库源比与产量间呈正相关,但在高产阶段,产量与库源比间相关不显著甚至呈负相关。说明库源比在环境与作物相互影响过程中,不断进行源库的动态变化调节。密度对玉米产量的影响最大,其次是氮肥。在-γ水平下,磷、钾肥的产量效应主要是负作用。在零水平下,4个因素对产量的影响均呈抛物线状。肥料和密度之间存在明显的互作效应。适宜的氮、磷、钾、比例为2:1:1.3。

秸秆还田配施氮肥对土壤性状与水分利用效率的影响

为揭示宁夏扬黄灌区秸秆还田配施氮肥对土壤性状与玉米水分利用效率的影响,在秸秆全量还田(9 000 kg/hm^2)条件下,设置4种不同纯氮施用水平:SR+N0(0 kg/hm^2)、SR+N1(150 kg/hm^2)、SR+N2(300 kg/hm^2)和SR+N3(450 kg/hm^2),以秸秆不还田施氮量333 kg/hm 2为对照(CK),研究秸秆还田配施氮肥对土壤容重、含水率、养分含量、玉米产量及水分利用效率的影响。结果表明,秸秆还田配施氮肥可改善耕层(0~40 cm)土壤容重和孔隙状况,以SR+N2和SR+N3处理效果最优,耕层平均土壤容重分别较CK降低8.0%和8.8%,土壤总孔隙度分别较CK提高11.4%和12.5%。秸秆还田配施氮肥有利于提高耕层土壤有机碳和全氮含量,随施氮量的增加土壤碳氮比降低,其中以SR+N2和SR+N3处理效果最优。SR+N2处理改善土壤肥力效果最优,其土壤碱解氮、有效磷、速效钾含量分别较CK提高33.6%、47.0%、30.8%。SR+N2处理在玉米生育中后期具有较好的蓄水保墒效应,玉米增产和改善水分利用效率效果最优,两年平均玉米籽粒产量和水分利用效率分别较CK提高33.9%、26.2%。通过两年研究发现,在宁夏扬黄灌区,秸秆还田配施氮肥可有效改善土壤物理性质、增加土壤养分含量、调节土壤碳氮比、增强土壤的蓄水保墒能力,从而显著提高玉米籽粒产量和水分利用效率,以秸秆还田配施纯氮300 kg/hm^2效果最优。