A study of pulsed high voltage driven hollow-cathode electron beam sources through synchronous optical trigger

In this study,a pulsed,high voltage driven hollow-cathode electron beam sources through an optical trigger is designed with characteristics of simple structure,low cost,and easy triggering.To validate the new design,the characteristics of hollow-cathode discharge and electron beam characterization under pulsed high voltage drive are studied experimentally and discussed by discharge characteristics and analyses of waveform details,respectively.The validation experiments indicate that the pulsed high voltage supply significantly improves the frequency and stability of the discharge,which provides a new solution for the realization of a high-frequency,high-energy electron beam source.The peak current amplitude in the high-energy electron beam increases from 6.2 A to 79.6 A,which indicates the pulsed power mode significantly improves the electron beam performance.Besides,increasing the capacitance significantly affects the highcurrent,lower-energy electron beam more than the high-energy electron beam.

A comparative study on the spectral characteristics of nanosecond pulsed discharges in atmospheric He and a He+2.3%H_(2)O mixture

Nanosecond pulsed discharges at atmospheric pressure in a pin-to-pin electrode configuration are well reproducible in time and space, which is beneficial to the fundamentals and applications of low-temperature plasmas. In this experiment, the discharges in helium(He) and He with 2.3%water vapor(H_(2)O) are driven by a series of 10 ns overvoltage pulses(~13 k V). Special attention is paid to the spectral characteristics obtained in the center of discharges by time-resolved optical emission spectroscopy. It is found that in helium, the emission of atomic and molecular helium during the afterglow is more intense than that in the active discharge, while in the He+2.3%H_(2)O mixture, helium emission is only observed during the discharge pulse and the molecular helium emission disappears. In addition, the emissions of OH(A-X) and Hα present similar behavior that increases sharply during the falling edge of the voltage pulse as the electrons cool down rapidly. The gas temperature is set to remain low at 540 K by fitting the OH(A-X) band. A comparative study on the emission of radiative species(He, He_(2), OH and H)is performed between these two discharge cases to derive their main production mechanisms. In both cases, the dominant primary ion is He^(+) at the onset of discharges, but their He^(+) charge transfer processes are quite different. Based on these experimental data and a qualitative discussion on the discharge kinetics, with regard to the present discharge conditions, it is shown that the electron-assisted three-body recombination processes appear to be the significant sources of radiative OH and H species in high-density plasmas.

Volume added surface barrier discharge plasma excited by bipolar nanosecond pulse power in atmospheric air: optical emission spectra influenced by gap distance

In this paper, volume barrier discharge with different gap distances is added on the discharge border of high-voltage electrode of annular surface barrier discharge for generating volume added surface barrier discharge （V-SBD） excited by bipolar nanosecond high-voltage pulse power in atmospheric air. The excited V-SBDs consist of surface barrier discharge （d = 0 mm） and volume added surface barrier discharges （d = 2 mm and 3 mm）. The optical emission spectra are recorded for calculating emission intensities of N2 （C3 ∏u → B3∏g） and N2＋ （B2 ∑u＋ → X2 ∑g＋）, and simulating rotational and vibrational temperatures. The influences of gap distance of V-SBD on emission intensity and plasma temperature are also investigated and analyzed. The results show that d = 0 mm structure can excite the largest emission intensity of N2 （C3 ∏u → B3 ∏g）, while the existence of volume barrier discharge can delay the occurrence of the peak value of the emission intensity ratio of N2 ＋ （B2 ∑u＋ → X2 ∑＋g）/N2 （C3 ∏u → B3 ∏g） during the rising period of the applied voltage pulse and weaken it during the end period. The increasing factor of emission intensity is effected by the pulse repetition rate. The d = 3 mm structure has the highest threshold voltage while it can maintain more emission intensity of N2 （C3 ∏u→ B3∏g） than that of d = 2 mm structure. The structure of d = 2 mm can maintain more increasing factor than that of the d = 3 mm structure with varying pulse repetition rate. Besides, the rotational temperatures of three V-SBD structures are slightly affected when the gap distance and pulse repetition rate vary. The vibrational temperatures have decaying tendencies of all three structures with the increasing pulse repetition rate.

Spatial characteristics of nanosecond pulsed micro-discharges in atmospheric pressure He/H2O mixture by optical emission spectroscopy

Atmospheric pressure micro-discharges in helium gas with a mixture of 0.5%water vapor between two pin electrodes are generated with nanosecond overvoltage pulses.The temporal and spatial characteristics of the discharges are investigated by means of time-resolved imaging and optical emission spectroscopy with respect to the discharge morphology,gas temperature,electron density,and excited species.The evolution of micro-discharges is captured by intensified CCD camera and electrical properties.The gas temperature is diagnosed by a two-temperature fit to the ro-vibrational OH(A^(2)Σ^(+)–X^П(2),0–0)emission band and is found to remain low at 425 K during the discharge pulses.The profile of electron density performed by the Stark broadening of Ha 656.1-nm and He I 667.8-nm lines is uniform across the discharge gap at the initial of discharge and reaches as high as 10^(23)m^(-3).The excited species of He,OH,and H show different spatio-temporal behaviors from each other by the measurement of their emission intensities,which are discussed qualitatively in regard of their plasma kinetics.

Trends in ultrashort and ultrahigh power laser pulses based on optical parametric chirped pulse amplification

Since the proof-of-principle demonstration of optical parametric amplification to efficiently amplify chirped laser pulses in 1992, optical parametric chirped pulse amplification（OPCPA） became the most promising method for the amplification of broadband optical pulses. In the meantime, we are witnessing an exciting progress in the development of powerful and ultrashort pulse laser systems that employ chirped pulse parametric amplifiers. The output power and pulse duration of these systems have ranged from a few gigawatts to hundreds of terawatts with a potential of tens of petawatts power level. Meanwhile, the output pulse duration based on optical parametric amplification has entered the range of fewoptical-cycle field. In this paper, we overview the basic principles, trends in development, and current state of the ultrashort and laser systems based on OPCPA, respectively.

Spectroscopic study of bipolar nanosecond pulse gas-liquid discharge in atmospheric argon

Atmospheric gas-liquid discharge with argon as a working gas is presented by employed nanosecond pulse power. The discharge is presented in a glow-like mode. The discharge powers are determined to be less than 1 W, and remains almost constant when the discharge duration time increases. Bountiful active species are determined by capturing optical emission spectra, and their main generation processes are also discussed. The plasma gas temperature is calculated as 350 K by comparing the experimental spectra and the simulated ones of N2（C3Ⅱg→B3Ⅱg, △v=-2）. The time resolved vibrational and rotational temperature is researched to present the stability of discharge when pulse voltage and discharge duration vary. The electron density is determined to be 1016 cm-3 according to the Stark broadening effect of the Ha line.

Simulations and Measurement of Electron Energy and Effective Electron Temperature of Nanosecond Pulsed Argon Plasma

The behavior of argon plasma driven by nanosecond pulsed plasma in a low-pressure plasma reactor is investigated using a global model, and the results are compared with the experimental measurements. The time evolution of plasma density and the electron energy probability function are calculated by solving the energy balance and Boltzmann equations. During and shortly after the discharge pulse, the electron energy probability function can be represented by a bi-Maxwellian distribution, indicating two energy groups of electrons. According to the effective electron temperature calculation, we find that there are more high-energy electrons that play an important role in the excitation and ionization processes than low-energy electrons. The effective electron temperature is also measured via optical emission spectroscopy to evaluate the simulation model. In the comparison, the simulation results are found to be in agreement with the measure- ments. Furthermore, variations of the effective electron temperature are presented versus other discharge parameters, such as pulse width time, pulse rise time and gas pressure.

Discharge characteristics and reactive species production of unipolar and bipolar nanosecond pulsed gas–liquid discharge generated in atmospheric N2

In this paper,unipolar pulse(including positive pulse and negative pulse)and bipolar pulse voltage are employed to generate diffuse gas–liquid discharge in atmospheric N2with a rumpetshaped quartz tube.The current–voltage waveforms,optical emission spectra of excited state active species,FTIR spectra of exhaust gas components,plasma gas temperature,and aqueous H2O2,NO2-,andNO3-production are compared in three pulse modes,meanwhile,the effects of pulse peak voltage and gas flow rate on the production of reactive species are studied.The results show that two obvious discharges occur in each voltage pulse in unipolar pulse driven discharge,differently,in bipolar pulse driven discharge,only one main discharge appears in a single voltage pulse time.The intensities of active species(OH(A),and O(3p))in all three pulsed discharge increase with the rise of pulse peak voltage and have the highest value at 200 ml min-1of gas flow rate.The absorbance intensities of NO2and N2O increase with the increase of pulse peak voltage and decrease with the increase of gas flow rate.Under the same discharge conditions,the bipolar pulse driven discharge shows lower breakdown voltage,and higher intensities of excited species(N2(C),OH(A),and O(3p)),nitrogen oxides(NO2,NO,and N2O),and higher production of aqueous H2O2,NO2-,andNO3-compared with both unipolar positive and negative discharges.

Spectroscopic Diagnostics of Rotational Temperature in the Pulsed Atmospheric Air Plasma

Dielectric barrier discharge(DBD) attracts lots of attentions for its great application promises,and the rotational temperature is one of its mostly important parameters.In order to measure the rotational temperature of a pulsed DBD in atmospheric air,the temperature is studied by using optical emission spectroscopy(OES).The discharge is excited by a high voltage pulse with 124 ns rise time and 230 ns full width at half maximum(FWHM) at a repetition rate of a few hundred hertz.The rotational temperatures are studied using different voltages,different repetition rates of the pulse power supply,and different gaps between dielectrics: They are in the range from 390 K to 500 K during the whole discharge.When the gap between dielectrics increases,the rotational temperature initially decreases and then increases.The rotational temperature changes complexly when the pulse repetition rate changes.When the voltage increases,the rotational temperature always decreases,which is not expected.These results allow one to predict the rotational temperature at different supply power parameters and electrode configurations,which is useful for the DBD's industrial application.

Precise Optical Fiber Length Measurement System Based on Fresnel Reflection

In this study, a precise optical fiber length measurement system is proposed. The measurement technique is based on the measurement of relative Fresnel reflected light intensity in a test fiber. Time delayed optical reflected pulses are obtained from a single nanosecond pulse injected at the input due to the difference in lengths of the reference and test fibers. The lengths of the different optical fibers have been measured with this technique with high resolution and fast response time. The measured results show that, the proposed technique has a comparable performance with the well-known length measurement systems.

Nanosecond high-pulse energy 1.57 μm KTA optical parametric amplifier with time delay

An efficient two-stage KTi OAO4 optical parametric amplifier(OPA) system with walk-off-compensating alignment is designed. By introducing an extra time delay between the pump pulse and the signal pulse, this OPA architecture is capable of obtaining high optical conversion efficiency and high signal gain simultaneously.Finally, a maximum gain of 98 at the 1.57 μm wavelength is obtained with the signal beam quality of M2 around5.6. The efficiency of the optical conversion from 1.064 to 1.57 μm is around 26%.

可调谐DFB激光器泵浦的PPLN绿色倍频光源

为研制脉冲宽度、重复频率以及输出功率可调谐至单光子级别的可见光波段高重频纳秒级窄脉冲光源,提出了一种基于增益调制型DFB激光器和PPLN晶体的绿色倍频光源设计方案。通过自制的纳秒级高速驱动电路以脉冲方式驱动DFB激光器产生固定波长的泵浦源;利用光纤半导体衰减器调节衰减量,调制泵浦光强度;采用PPLN晶体作为非线性晶体材料,通过其可调谐特性得到准相位匹配的绿色倍频激光输出。实验结果表明,DFB激光器输出的泵浦光功率和中心波长稳定,脉冲宽度1.02 ns~10.25 ns、工作频率1 Hz~10 MHz连续独立可调,泵浦光功率衰减至-44.61 dB时工作于532.96 nm波段的绿色倍频光输出脉冲平均光子数约为384 N,倍频光-光转换效率9.3%。

用于PPLN泵浦源的大能量百纳秒级脉冲固体激光器

为获得大能量、百纳秒脉宽的1064 nm激光稳定输出,首先理论分析了激光的泵浦能量和谐振腔长度对输出脉宽的影响,然后对Nd∶YAG固体激光器进行设计,采用折叠谐振腔、振荡-放大结构和电光调Q技术相结合。实验结果表明:当重复频率为1 Hz、泵浦电压在1200~1400 V变化时,实现了脉宽范围为152.6~95.71 ns的稳定1064 nm激光输出,最大单脉冲能量可达171 mJ;以激光器的输出激光作为基频光,设计了柱透镜组光束耦合系统,将基频光光斑整形为椭圆形状,实现了基频光的高效耦合和周期极化LiNbO_(3)(PPLN)光参量振荡器的稳定运行;采用耦合后的光束泵浦MgO∶PPLN晶体,获得了1.47μm近红外信号光的稳定输出。

纳秒脉冲等离子体合成射流的气动激励特性

等离子体合成射流是一种快速、宽频的气动激励方式,由于激励强度高、射流速度大,在超音速流动控制方面具有广阔的应用前景。等离子体合成射流气动激励特性的研究将为揭示等离子体合成射流的产生和演化机制提供必要的基础。为此,研究ns脉冲等离子体合成射流气动激励特性,在常规大气环境进行了发射光谱测试,通过对380.5nm附近的谱线进行拟合得到N2(C3Πu)的转动温度,利用氮分子二正系列的371.1nm和380.5nm两条谱线强度之比计算了振动温度。将腔体内的激励简化为定容加热的过程,理论计算了射流的喷射压力和喷射速度;建立了ns脉冲等离子体合成射流的仿真模型,计算了射流速度随时间的演化特性,结果表明,t=20μs时射流速度最大,达到了206m/s,t=70μs时气流开始回流到腔体中进入下一个循环。证明等离子体合成射流可产生快速的,高强度的气动激励。

纳秒脉冲火花放电高效转化甲烷的实验研究

火花放电是一种气体温度介于电弧放电和介质阻挡放电(DBD)之间的放电形式,具有设备简单、成本较低、转化率高和能量利用效率高等优点,是存在工业化潜力的甲烷高效转化技术。纳秒脉冲放电具有窄脉宽和上升沿,能够提高火花放电等离子体的不平衡程度,降低气体温度,进一步提高甲烷转化能量利用效率。本文研究纳秒脉冲甲烷放电的放电特性和产物分布,实验结果表明在输入能量为170kJ/mol的条件下,甲烷转化率可达60%、氢气选择性和产率分别为44.4%和26.6%、乙炔选择性和产率分别为28.8%和16.8%、总能量利用效率为33.9%、氢气能量利用效率为23%。获得了350～700nm的甲烷等离子发射光谱(OES),包括Ha、Hb、Hg 氢原子等Balmer谱线和CH、C^+、C_2等谱线,并利用Ha 的Stark展宽效应估算了电子密度约为1017cm-3量级。利用ICCD和单色仪获得了电子密度和CH、C_2发射光谱演变过程,实验结果表明电子密度随时间逐渐减少;C+几乎仅在外加脉冲时存在,CH仅在外加脉冲结束后出现,说明C+主要是由电子碰撞产生的,而C+在放电结束后与H发生反应生成CH,CH进一步复合生成C_2H2。

基于光纤传输技术的高压纳秒脉冲测量系统的研究

测量高压纳秒脉冲时,采用同轴电缆传输受电磁干扰严重,测量精度不高,光纤传输可有效克服此缺陷。叙述了光电转换、光纤传输测量系统的原理,给出了光发射模块及接收模块的电路结构,并用电路仿真软件Multisim进行了仿真。对所设计的光纤传输测量系统与同轴电缆传输测量系统进行了对比试验,光纤传输测量系统具有抗干扰能力强、测量精度高、长距离传输不失真等优点。

光参量振荡器的模型仿真

在傍轴近似条件下建立了OPO的数学模型,通过引入三波混频中时间与空间关系,采用分步傅里叶算法模拟了纳秒级脉冲和连续光波在谐振腔内的三波混频过程。理论模型中考虑了不同频率光波之间的色散关系,可以在高转换效率情况下分析不同泵浦脉冲功率、脉冲时长、腔镜透反射比以及不同种子光输入等情况下的输出波形、功率以及OPO阈值等特性。实验中采用掺杂MgO的周期性极化铌酸锂晶体(MgO∶PPLN)为非线性介质,在输入1.06μm泵浦激光脉冲能量为0.4mJ时,产生3.8μm闲频光超过0.07mJ输出,与数值模拟结果0.08mJ较为符合。

基于环形光路纳秒激光脉冲展宽技术研究

从理论上分析了影响激光脉冲宽度的因素,建立了脉冲展宽与各影响因素之间的数学模型。通过Matlab软件模拟分析了不同因素对脉冲展宽的影响,分析得出在一定条件下,脉冲展宽效果最佳时分束镜反射率R=0.38,光学腔长L=940 cm。对Nd∶YAG脉冲激光器纳秒激光进行了脉冲展宽实验,测试了脉冲宽度随着泵浦电压的变化情况。选取了泵浦电压为730 V,分束镜R为0.38,在初始脉宽为37 ns的条件下通过改变腔长将激光脉冲分别展宽到37.5 ns,42 ns和55 ns,实验数据与理论分析的误差分别0.98%,0.74%和2.1%。实验数据分析验证了建立的数学模型是可行的。

一级放大激光时域特性影响因素及优化

基于一级放大脉冲Nd3+:YAG激光器实验系统,通过实验测量手段,开展了级间泵浦延时、放大增益系数与电光调Q加压延时对激光单脉冲能量影响规律的测量研究与数据分析,分别从静态和动态2种条件下,测量了级间泵浦延时、脉冲能量、脉冲宽度、动、静态放大增益系数、电光调Q加压延时等时域参数随放大电压的变化规律曲线。研究表明,在谐振电压不变的情况下,随着放大电压的增加,级间泵浦延时逐渐减小,脉冲能量逐渐增大,脉冲宽度逐渐减小,动、静态放大增益系数逐渐增加,电光调Q加压延时围绕恒定值上下波动。此外,根据上述研究结果,给出该系统最佳级间泵浦延时为15μs、最佳电光调Q加压延时为189μs,静态最佳放大增益系数为4.75,动态最佳放大增益系数为2.60。

基于连续谱的氩气纳秒脉冲放电中电子温度的研究

采用了一种针对针的放电结构,将其放置在一个高纯氩气的密闭腔室中,通过施加正极性的过电压产生可重复的大气压纳秒脉冲放电,并提出建立大气压放电的连续辐射模型来诊断氩气纳秒脉冲放电中的电子温度。实验利用电压和电流探头分别获取放电过程中的电压和电流波形图,其放电脉宽约为20 ns。通过消色差透镜、单色仪和ICCD等光学系统的组合来测量放电正柱区在不同时刻(0<t<20 ns)的时间分辨发射光谱。结果表明,放电中连续谱的强度随时间先增加(0<t<10 ns)后减小(10 ns<t<20 ns),但是氩原子的谱线强度则随时间的增加而一直增大。研究表明连续谱强度与电子密度成正相关,因而电子密度随着时间也是先增加而后减小,这与放电电流的变化规律是完全一致的。根据连续谱模型拟合得到放电过程中(0<t<10 ns)的电子温度为(1.4±0.2)eV。随着驱动电压的下降(10 ns<t<20 ns),电子温度逐步减小至0.9 eV。在0<t<10 ns中,激发态氩原子主要是由电子碰撞激发产生的,因而谱线强度随着电子密度的增加而增大。然后,随着电子温度的减小,Ar+2复合反应速率激增,导致电子与离子的复合过程主导产生激发态氩原子,即谱线强度继续增大。通过加入0.5%的水蒸气以获取OH的振转光谱。实验发现,OH(A)的产生机制使其偏离玻尔兹曼平衡分布,本文采用了双温的OH(A-X)光谱模型来考察气体温度。在放电过程中,气体温度保持不变,大约为400 K。此外,水蒸气的加入使得短波长的连续谱发生显著增强。光谱分析认为H 2O在放电中能够解离产生H 2,继而与氩原子的亚稳态发生能量转移生成激发态H_( 2)(a^(3)Σ_(g)^(+))。H _(2)(a^(3)Σ_(g)^(+))将会自发辐射跃迁到排除态H ^(2)(b^( 3)Σ_(u)^(+)),同时发射短波长的连续谱。由于短波长的连续谱对电子温度(T_(e)>1 eV)的响应较为灵敏,所以载气中少量的水蒸气将会对连续谱诊断电子温度带来较大的影响。