Control effect of boring pests on fruit trees by high-pressure injection of pesticides

This research is to control the pests inside fruits and buds by injecting pesticides into the tree with the high-pressure injector. The soluable pesticides injected into the trunk can transported insides to every part of the tree to kill pests. The change of pesticides inside the tree was observed. The result showed that injecting pesticides once a year could kill above 80% of the pests which happened once annually. The effect of injection lasts longer than that of applying the pesticide outside. The pesticides injected into the tree are not affected by environment and do not kill natural enemies directly,and the residual amount of pesticides is below the international standard level.

Development and Application of a Surface High-pressure Injection Device Using a Submersible Electric Pump

Injection recovery is an important measure for increasing the oil recovery rate of an oil field. One way is that centrifugal pumps or plunger pumps are used in an injection station to responsible for injection over a large area under the same pressure. This method is ineffective for low-permeability layers. For the oilfields in dispersed distribution in the marginal areas of Daqing, the low water-absorbing section needs an injection with a high delivery pressure and a low discharge capacity; another way is to install the submersible electric pump upside down, but because the submersible electric pump and the motor are underground, it is difficult for installation and maintenance. Introduced in this paper is the development and application of a surface high-pressure injection device with a submersible electric pump. Bysuccessful resolving some problems, such as the axial force of the submersible electric pump, sealing, level regulation of the pump, coaxiality and vibration, the device has the good points of running smoothly, moving easily, installation and maintains quickly and long period of running. This device can effectively solve the injection of the low water-absorbing section and of oilfields in dispersed locations. The recovery rate of oilfields is also enhanced.

RESEARCH ON THE SEROSITY DURING INJECTING CLAY GROUTS INTO THE OVERLYING ROCK STRATA

On the basis of the mechanism study of injecting clay grouts into overlying strata, the clay grouts are researched in greater detail from three aspects. The flowing state of clay grouts in the strata——the pattern of different direction flowing around a point source is advanced and the flowing equation is put forward which is correspond with experiment result, and the corresponding mechanical model is set up which has its formulistic study, and the function of clay grouts is also discussed after the water in it has been lost, at the same time the concept of similar rock in effective supporting zone is given. It would draw great positive inspiration from what studied in this paper for studying on drawing down the surface subsidence by injecting.

Longwall surface subsidence control by technology of isolated overburden grout injection

Surface subsidence is a typical ground movement due to longwall mining, which causes a series of environmental problems and hazards. In China, intensive coal extractions are commonly operated under dense-populated coalfields, which exacerbates the negative subsequences resulted from surface settlement. Therefore, effective approaches to control the ground subsidence are in urgent need for the Chinese coal mining industry. This paper presents a newly developed subsidence control technology: isolated overburden grout injection, including the theory, technique and applications. Relevant procedures such as injection system design, grouting material selection, borehole layout, grout take estimation and injection process design are proposed. The applicability of this technology has been demonstrated through physical modelling, field measurements, and case studies. Since 2009, the technology has been successfully applied to 14 longwall areas in 9 Chinese coal mines. The ultimate surface subsidence factors vary from 0.10 to 0.15. This method has a great potential to be popularized and performed where longwall mining are implemented under villages and ground infrastructures.

Investigation of overburden behaviour for grout injection to control mine subsidence

This paper describes a field and numerical investigation of the overburden strata response to underground longwall mining, focusing on overburden strata movements and stress concentrations.Subsidence related high stress concentrations are believed to have caused damage to river beds in the Illawarra region, Australia. In the field study, extensometers, stressmeters and piezometers were installed in the overburden strata of a longwall panel at West Cliff Colliery. During longwall mining, a total of1000 mm tensile deformation was recorded in the overburden strata and as a result bed separation and gaps were formed. Bed separation was observed to start in the roof of the mining seam and gradually propagate toward the surface as the longwall face advanced. A substantial increase in the near-surface horizontal stresses was recorded before the longwall face reached the monitored locations. The stresses continued to increase as mining advanced and they reached a peak at about 200 m behind the longwall face. A numerical modelling study identified that the angle of breakage(i.e., the angle of the boundary of caved zone) behind the longwall face and over the goaf was 22–25° from vertical direction. This is consistent with the monitoring results showing the high gradient of stresses and strains on the surface150–320 m behind the mining face.

Grouting theories and technologies for the reinforcement of fractured rocks surrounding deep roadways

Grouting is an effective method to improve the integrity and stability of fractured rocks that surround deep roadways.After years of research and practice,various theories and a complete set of grouting technologies for deep roadways with fractured rocks have been developed and are widely applied in Chinese coal mining production.This paper systematically summarizes and analyzes the research results concerning the theory,design,materials,processes,and equipment for the grouting and reinforcement of fractured rocks surrounding deep roadways.Specifically,in terms of grouting methods,pregrouting,groutingwhile-excavation,and postgrouting methods are explored;in terms of grouting theory,backfill grouting,compaction grouting,infiltration grouting,and fracture grouting theories are studied.In addition,this paper also studies grouting borehole arrangement,water-cement ratio,grouting pressure,grouting volume,grout diffusion radius,and other grouting parameters and their determination methods.On this basis,this paper explores the physical and mechanical properties of organic and organic-inorganic composite grouting materials,and assess grouting reinforcement quality testing methods and instruments.Taken as the field cases,the application of pregrouting in front of heading faces,groutingwhile-excavation,and postgrouting in the Kouzidong coal mine are then introduced,and the effects of the grouting reinforcements are evaluated.This paper proposes a development direction for grouting technology based on problems existing in the grouting reinforcement of fractured rocks surrounding deep roadways.

Theory,technology and application of grouted bolting in soft rock roadways of deep coal mines

The grouted bolt,combining rock bolting with grouting techniques,provides an effective solution for controlling the surrounding rock in deep soft rock and fractured roadways.It has been extensively applied in numerous deep mining areas characterized by soft rock roadways,where it has demonstrated remarkable control results.This article systematically explores the evolution of grouted bolting,covering its theoretical foundations,design methods,materials,construction processes,monitoring measures,and methods for assessing its effectiveness.The overview encompassed several key elements,delving into anchoring theory and grouting reinforcement theory.The new principle of high pretensioned high-pressure splitting grouted bolting collaborative active control is introduced.A fresh method for dynamic information design is also highlighted.The discussion touches on both conventional grouting rock bolts and cable bolts,as well as innovative grouted rock bolts and cables characterized by their high pretension,strength,and sealing hole pressure.An examination of the merits and demerits of standard inorganic and organic grouting materials versus the new inorganic–organic composite materials,including their specific application conditions,was conducted.Additionally,the article presents various methods and instruments to assess the support effect of grouting rock bolts,cable bolts,and grouting reinforcement.Furthermore,it provides a foundation for understanding the factors influencing decisions on grouted bolting timing,the sequence of grouting,the pressure applied,the volume of grout used,and the strategic arrangement of grouted rock bolts and cable bolts.The application of the high pretensioned high-pressure splitting grouted bolting collaborative control technology in a typical kilometer-deep soft rock mine in China—the soft coal seam and soft rock roadway in the Kouzidong coal mine,Huainan coal mining area,was introduced.Finally,the existing problems in grouted bolting control technology for deep soft rock roadways are analyzed,and the future development trend of grouted bolting control technology is anticipated.

Characteristics of High-Pressure Spray of a Gasoline Direct Injection Injector Under Non-Flash Boiling and Flash Boiling Conditions

The increasingly stringent emission regulations and fuel consumption requirements have elevated the demands of internal combustion engines with higher fuel efficiency and lower emissions.It has been widely demonstrated that fash boiling spray can generate shorter and wider spray with improved atomization and evaporation to promote a better air-fuel mixing process.In this study,macroscopic(far-field)spray morphologies and primary breakup(near-field)characteristics of a two-hole gasoline direct injection injector are investigated under non-flash boiling and flash boiling conditions.High speed macroscopic and microscopic imaging was used to capture the overall spray structure and near-field characteristics,respectively.N-Hexane is used as the test fuel with the injection pressure ranging from 10 MPa up to 40 MPa.For sub-cooled liquid fuel sprays,increasing fuel pressure contributes to enhanced fuel atomization and evaporation.Evident collapses occurred under fare flash boiling conditions,and higher injection pressure weakened this phenomenon since the spray cone angle decreased due to a higher injection velocity.

High-pressure capacity expansion and water injection mechanism and indicator curve model for fractured-vuggy carbonate reservoirs

Water injection for oil displacement is one of the most effective ways to develop fractured-vuggy carbonate reservoirs.With the increase in the number of rounds of water injection,the development effect gradually fails.The emergence of high-pressure capacity expansion and water injection technology allows increased production from old wells.Although high-pressure capacity expansion and water injection technology has been implemented in practice for nearly 10 years in fractured-vuggy reservoirs,its mechanism remains unclear,and the water injection curve is not apparent.In the past,evaluating its effect could only be done by measuring the injection-production volume.In this study,we analyze the mechanism of high-pressure capacity expansion and water injection.We propose a fluid exchange index for high-pressure capacity expansion and water injection and establish a discrete model suitable for high-pressure capacity expansion and water injection curves in fractured-vuggy reservoirs.We propose the following mechanisms:replenishing energy,increasing energy,replacing energy,and releasing energy.The above mechanisms can be identified by the high-pressure capacity expansion and water injection curve of the well HA6X in the Halahatang Oilfield in the Tarim Basin.By solving the basic model,the relative errors of Reservoirs I and II are found to be 1.9%and 1.5%,respectively,and the application of field examples demonstrates that our proposed high-pressure capacity expansion and water injection indicator curve is reasonable and reliable.This research can provide theoretical support for high-pressure capacity expansion and water injection technology in fracture-vuggy carbonate reservoirs.

工字钢新型快速套接装置的研制

为适应不同中小跨径桥梁的抢修需求,提出研制工字钢新型套接装置实现工字钢的快速接长,明确了套接装置总体结构和承载要求,自此基础上设计了套接装置的三种连接方式,基于足尺模型试验探究快速套接装置连接工字钢的最优方式。研究结果表明:相较于注胶连接、灌浆连接,套接装置采用“预留开槽+现场槽孔塞焊”的连接方式,既可以保证其具有不低于工字钢的承载力,又能实现不同跨径应急钢桥的快速连接。

复合再生顶板条件下煤体固化与顶板强化技术研究及应用

为提升复合再生顶板工作面的安全性和回采效率,在平煤十二矿己16-17-31020复合再生顶板工作面开展了煤体注水固化、顶板注浆强化和管缝锚杆顶板强化试验,探索了复合再生顶板工作面矿压显现规律,评价了加固措施的支护效果。研究结果表明:加固措施实施后,工作面完整度大幅提升,降低了顶板冒落和压架等事故风险;平均来压步距由22.15 m增加至29.92 m,顶板压力由25~31 MPa降到19~26 MPa。顶板下沉量降低了50.4%,保证了工作面的正常安全回采,同时进尺速率提升了16.7%。煤体固化-顶板强化措施取得了良好的效益,可为同类型复合再生顶板工作面提供借鉴。

易燃煤层综合防灭火技术工艺实践探析

以石圪台矿22^(上)104工作面为研究背景,详细介绍了针对易燃煤层的综合防灭火技术手段,主要包括束管监测、煤层注水、黄泥灌浆、井下注凝胶、喷洒阻化剂、采空区注氮以及通过封堵地表裂缝、端头封堵等减少采空区漏风量的技术手段。该综合技术手段对于易燃煤层火灾防治效果显著,104工作面回采整个阶段,未出现自燃发火征兆,实现了采空区遗煤零自燃、工作面安全回采的目标。

130203综放工作面综合防灭火技术研究与实践

130203工作面采用走向长壁综采放顶煤采煤法,所采2#煤层属于易自燃煤层。为预防在回采期间工作面出现自燃发火的现象,结合130203综放工作面实际开采情况,采用预测、治理及效果监测的全过程研究方法,确定了自燃发火预测预报,封堵采空区漏风,工作面上、下段采空区灌注防灭火材料,采空区灌浆、注惰性气体等综合防灭火技术方案,并制定了近距离、远距离、小面积、大面积应急灭火方案。经实践证明130203综放工作面回采期间,工作面煤层未出现自燃迹象及险情,达到了预期的防治效果,保障了工作面的安全生产。

岛礁珊瑚砂可注性试验研究

为研究岛礁珊瑚砂材料可注性,采用超细硅酸盐水泥浆液开展了一系列可注入特性正交试验。以注浆结石率作为可注性判别依据,分析了珊瑚砂密实度、浆液水灰比、注浆压力和保压时长等因素对注浆结石率的影响。试验结果表明,超细硅酸盐水泥对珊瑚砂注浆结石率影响的程度强弱顺序为:注浆压力、水灰比、保压时长、密实度。采用多元线性回归分析方法,建立了注浆结石率与各影响因素之间的数学模型,可用来预测注浆结石率目标值。拟合结果表明,所提模型线性相关性良好。

机械制螺旋缠绕修复技术修复沿河截污干管实践

重庆市綦江区某河畔湿地公园截污干管长度481m,材质为双壁波纹管,污水外渗情况严重,采用机械制螺旋缠绕技术修复。结果表明:该技术能克服工程车辆难以靠近、施工条件恶劣的困难,通过计算和选型,选用126-20(S5)带状型材,加衬0.7 mm厚度不锈钢钢带,实测短期刚度系数为2.07×10^(6) MPa·mm^(3),满足设计要求;环隙注浆水泥用量108 t,成功修复了该段管道。

关于入岩垂直防渗墙的施工技术应用

入岩垂直防渗墙的施工技术在各类垃圾填埋场垂直防渗项目、水利工程和深基坑止水工程等领域均有广泛应用。结合工程实例,详细介绍了入岩防渗墙的墙体布置、钻孔、注浆、膨润土填充等各个环节的施工技术和注意事项,阐述了入岩防渗墙施工的原理和策略,以及目前常用的水泥浆注浆工艺和高压注浆工艺,对入岩防渗墙的施工及其质量保证提出了建议。

柳湾煤矿31029综放工作面综合防灭火技术

对于地质条件相对复杂、井田范围内受小煤窑私挖滥采破坏严重的煤矿,采掘过程中经常会遭遇不明空巷,导致有毒有害气体大量涌出。加上煤层顶板裂隙发育充分,巷道围岩破坏严重,漏风通道多,在回采期间,采空区管理难度大,极易造成遗煤自燃,给煤矿的安全生产造成严重的威胁,一旦发生事故往往会造成不可估量的损失。为有效预防采空区自然发火,汾西矿业集团有限责任公司柳湾煤矿31029综放工作面运用均压防灭火技术,辅以对采空区进行开放式注氮、喷洒阻化剂、灌浆,通过运用多种措施,有效抑制了31029综放工作面回采期间采空区遗煤自燃,实现了工作面的安全高效生产。

小型水库及4、5级堤防白蚁防治技术

白蚁为害综合治理是小型水库及4、5级堤防日常维护的重要组成部分。本文结合工作实践和文献,分析了此类水库及堤防出现白蚁为害的主要原因、活动规律和防治方法,在此基础上探讨其防治策略。白蚁产生的主要原因是原基础的旧隐患,以及堤坝适宜的环境条件及繁殖蚁纷飞等,其活动与温度、湿度有较大关系。小型水库及4、5级堤防白蚁防治包括常态化防治方法(打孔注药、劈裂灌浆、诱杀法和挖巢法等)和除险加固工程白蚁预防措施(如化学防蚁沟和化学防蚁层)。基于此,提出加强白蚁防治队伍建设,开展白蚁为害普查,加大白蚁防治经费投入,以及加强白蚁防治技术培训等策略,为此类水库及堤防白蚁综合治理提供参考。

煤矿深井软弱围岩巷道锚架注支护施工技术研究

针对巷道在围岩应力作用下会产生较大的移近量,提出煤矿深井软弱围岩巷道锚架注支护施工技术,分别从锚杆设置、金属网铺设、钢支架架设以及注浆施工等方面进行设计,明确了具体的施工材料、方式及操作要点,并利用实例验证技术的先进性,结果显示,煤矿深井巷道两帮移近量和巷道顶底板移近量始终稳定在较低水平,应用效果较好。

大埔县茶阳镇堤防工程防渗加固施工工艺研究

针对高压旋喷注浆对地质要求较高且返浆量大的问题,研究依托大埔县茶阳镇堤防工程进行防渗加固施工工艺设计,引入钻灌一体技术与高压旋喷结合,提出一种无返浆高压旋喷的方式。研究显示,加固桩芯样检查以及载荷试验结果均符合相关规范要求,承载力超过140kN。加固桩桩径为61.2~70.5cm,渗透系数均小于5.0×10^(-5)cm/s。结果表明,研究提出的无返浆高压旋喷方式在茶阳镇堤防工程的防渗加固施工中具有可行性和可靠性,在防渗加固领域具有一定的应用价值。