Experimental and Finite Element Analysis of Corroded High-Pressure Pipeline Repaired by Laminated Composite

Repairs of corroded high-pressure pipelines are essential for fluids transportation under high pressure.One of the methods used in their repairs is the use of layered composites.The composite used must have the necessary strength.Therefore,the experiments and analytical solutions presented in this paper are performed according to the relevant standards and codes,including ASME PCC-2,ASME B31.8S,ASME B31.4,ISO 24817 and ASME B31.G.In addition,the experimental tests are replicated numerically using the finite element method.Setting the strain gauges at different distances from the defect location,can reduce the nonlinear effects,deformation,and fluctuations due to the high pressure.The direct relationship between the depth of an axial defect and the stress concentration is observed at the inner side edges of the defect.Composite reparation reduces the non-linearities related to the sharp variation of the geometry and a more reliable numerical simulation could be performed.

Numerical simulation and experimental verification of a novel double-layered split die for high-pressure apparatus used for synthesizing superhard materials

Based on the principles of massive support and lateral support, a novel double-layered split die(DLSD) for high-pressure apparatus was designed to achieve a higher pressure-bearing capacity and larger sample cavity. The stress distributions of the DLSDs with different numbers of divided blocks were investigated by the finite element method and compared with the stress distributions of the conventional belt-type die(BTD). The results show that the cylinders and first-layer supporting rings of the DLSDs have dramatically smaller stresses than those of the BTD. In addition, increasing the number of divided blocks from 4 to 10 gradually increases the stress of the cylinder but has minimal influence on the stress of the supporting rings. The pressure-bearing capacities of the DLSDs with different numbers of divided blocks, especially with fewer blocks, are all remarkably higher than the pressure-bearing capacity of the BTD. The contrast experiments were also carried out to verify the simulated results. It is concluded that the pressure-bearing capacities of the DLSDs with 4 and 8 divided blocks are 1.58 and 1.45 times greater than that of the BTD. This work is rewarding for the commercial synthesis of high-quality, large-sized superhard materials using a double-layered split high-pressure die.

High-Pressure Preparation of High-Density Cu_2ZnSnS_4 Materials

High-density Cu2ZnSnS4 （CZTS） materials are prepared via the mechanical alloying and high pressure sintering method using Cu2S, ZnS and SnS2 as the raw materials. The morphological, structural, compositional and electrical properties of the materials are investigated by using x-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, and energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy, as well as by the Raman scattering and the Hall EFfect measurements. The CZTS synthesized under 5 GPa and 800℃ shows a p-type conductivity, with a resistivity of 9.69 × 10^-2 Ω.cm and a carrier concentration of 1.45 × 10^20 cm-3. It is contributed to by the large grains in the materials reducing the grain boundaries, thus effectively reducing the recombination of the charge carriers.

Application of New Techniques, Materials and Technologies in West-East Gas Transportation Pipeline Project

With the application of new techniques, materials and technologies in West East Gas Transportation Pipeline (WEGTP) project, the design concept of domestic pipeline industrial construction has been updated, speeding up the development and improvement of the strength as a whole in aspects of smelting industry, pipe fabrication, pipeline construction and equipment manufacture,making China’s pipeline industry catch up with the trend of development of the world advanced level.

Research on thermal insulation materials properties under HTHP conditions for deep oil and gas reservoir rock ITP-Coring

Deep oil and gas reservoirs are under high-temperature conditions,but traditional coring methods do not consider temperature-preserved measures and ignore the influence of temperature on rock porosity and permeability,resulting in distorted resource assessments.The development of in situ temperaturepreserved coring(ITP-Coring)technology for deep reservoir rock is urgent,and thermal insulation materials are key.Therefore,hollow glass microsphere/epoxy resin thermal insulation materials(HGM/EP materials)were proposed as thermal insulation materials.The materials properties under coupled hightemperature and high-pressure(HTHP)conditions were tested.The results indicated that high pressures led to HGM destruction and that the materials water absorption significantly increased;additionally,increasing temperature accelerated the process.High temperatures directly caused the thermal conductivity of the materials to increase;additionally,the thermal conduction and convection of water caused by high pressures led to an exponential increase in the thermal conductivity.High temperatures weakened the matrix,and high pressures destroyed the HGM,which resulted in a decrease in the tensile mechanical properties of the materials.The materials entered the high elastic state at 150℃,and the mechanical properties were weakened more obviously,while the pressure led to a significant effect when the water absorption was above 10%.Meanwhile,the tensile strength/strain were 13.62 MPa/1.3%and 6.09 MPa/0.86%at 100℃ and 100 MPa,respectively,which meet the application requirements of the self-designed coring device.Finally,K46-f40 and K46-f50 HGM/EP materials were proven to be suitable for ITP-Coring under coupled conditions below 100℃ and 100 MPa.To further improve the materials properties,the interface layer and EP matrix should be optimized.The results can provide references for the optimization and engineering application of materials and thus technical support for deep oil and gas resource development.

Fiber Grating-Based Strain Sensor Array for Health Monitoring of Pipelines

Pipelines are one of the most important modern energy transportation methods,used especially for the transportation of certain dangerous energy media materials such as crude oil,natural gas,and chemical raw materials.New requirements have been put forward for the health monitoring and early security warning of pipelines because of the large-scale and complicated development trend of the pipe network system.To achieve an accurate assessment of the health conditions of pipeline infrastructure,obtaining as many precise operating parameters as possible,particularly at some critical parts of the pipeline,is necessary.Therefore,a novel type of fiber grating strain sensor array is proposed herein to monitor the pipeline hoop strain.The sensor utilizes fiber grating characteristics such as light weight,corrosion resistance,remote transmission,and strong environmental adaptability.The fiber containing the grating measurement points is implanted into the composite material to complete the sensitization encapsulation and protection of the bare fiber grating.The design of the sensor array fulfills the requirements for monitoring pipeline mass data,making it easy to form a pipeline health monitoring sensor network.The sensor sensitivity is researched by using a combination of theoretical and experimental analysis.A sensitivity test,as well as linearity and stability tests,are performed on the sensor.The experimental results show that the average sensitivity of the sensor is 14.86 pm/με,and the error from the theoretical calculation analysis value is 8.75%.Due to its high reliability,good linear response and long-term stability,and the ability to reflect the exact strain change of the outer wall of the pipeline,the designed sensor can support longterm online pipeline monitoring.The fiber grating sensor array network has successfully realized the monitoring of the pipeline’s internal operation by using external strain changes.In addition to the performance benefits,there are other merits associated with the applicability of the sensor namely simple structure,compact size,manufacturing ease,and exterior installation ease.

Progress in the Physisorption Characterization of Nanoporous Gas Storage Materials

Assessing the adsorption properties of nanoporous materials and determining their structural characterization is critical for progressing the use of such materials for many applications, including gas storage. Gas adsorption can he used for this characterization because it assesses a broad range of pore sizes, from micropore to mesopore. In the past 20 years, key developments have been achieved both in the knowledge of the adsorption and phase behavior of fluids in ordered nanoporous materials and in the creation and advancement of state-of-the-art approaches based on statistical mechanics, such as molecular sim- ulation and density functional theory. Together with high-resolution experimental procedures for the adsorption of suhcritical and supercritical fluids, this has led to significant advances in physical adsorp- tion textural characterization. In this short, selective review paper, we discuss a few important and central features of the underlying adsorption mechanisms of fluids in a variety of nanoporous materials with well-defined pore structure. The significance of these features for advancing physical adsorption charac- terization and gas storage applications is also discussed.

Effects of Hydrogen Charging Time and Pressure on the Hydrogen Embrittlement Susceptibility of X52 Pipeline Steel Material

The effects of hydrogen charging time and pressure on the hydrogen embrittlement(HE)susceptibility of X52 pipeline steel material are studied by slow strain rate tensile tests.The fracture morphologies of the specimens are observed by scanning electron microscopy.The HE susceptibility of the X52 pipeline steel material increases with an increase in both hydrogen charging time and hydrogen pressure.At a charging time of 96 h,the HE susceptibility index reaches 45.86%,approximately 3.6 times that at a charging time of 0 h.Similarly,a charging pressure of 4 MPa results in a HE susceptibility index of 31.61%,approximately 2.5 times higher than that at a charging pressure of 0.3 MPa.

Fatigue Crack Growth on Double Butt Weld with Toe Crack of Pipelines Steel

The welded structures have a broad applicability (car industry, aeronautical, marine, pipelines, etc.). The welding being an assembled process, presents both advantages and disadvantages. A simple existing defect after welding can generate a catastrophic fracture. This work studies the fatigue crack growth of double butt weld with toe crack. Two types of pipeline material are studied with knowing API 5L grades X60 and X70 where tension form of loading is applied. In order to predict the fatigue behavior of the welded structure, a constant amplitude loading is applied where the influence of the stress ratio over the fatigue life is presented.

Finite Element Structural Analysis of Buried Pipelines

This document uses previous results (which we call the first stage), for the development of a computer model based on finite elements under the FEAP programmer, to carry out a structural analysis of a pipeline. For this purpose, we used environmental variables that we believe influence the failure of buried pipelines such as the internal pressure of fluid, the type of support used, the temperature at which the pipelines work, the type of soil and the stiffness of the soil acting on it. Once the model was finalized, analyses were made with each of the variables separately and combined to observe the behavior of the pipeline, finding the most unfavorable case that indicates the main causes that led to its failure.

Research on physical explosion crater model of high-pressure natural gas pipeline

In this study,Hypermesh and LS-DYNA numerical simulation software are used to build a multi domain coupling model of natural gas pipeline,including soil,pipeline,TNT explosive and air domain,and the non-reflection boundary conditions are set for the model.The TNT equivalent method is used to convert the physical explosion amount of natural gas pipeline into 1387.38 kg TNT explosive amount.The simulation results show that the physical explosion of pipeline forms an approximate elliptical crater with a width of 12.68 m and a depth of 4.12 m;the TNT equivalent of the model is corrected by comparing the crater simulation value and the size value of the crater calculated by the PRCI empirical formula under the same laying condition,and the correction coefficient is selected as O.9,and the cor-rected TNT equivalent is 1248.64 kg:the modified model crater size is 3.72 m deep and 12.66 m wide,compared with the crater size obtained from the field test,the error of crater depth and width calculated by the modified model simulation is 5.7%and 15.5%respectively.

燃气管道泄漏爆炸应急救援物资需求及救援点优化选址研究

为研究燃气管道泄漏爆炸后的应急救援物资需求量和最佳救援点选址,采用案例推理方法,建立了燃气管道泄漏爆炸事故应急资源需求模型。以某化工园区发生燃气管道泄漏爆炸为案例,运用MATLAB编程对应急资源需求进行数值计算;利用ArcGIS可视化、地图数据分析功能,建立网络空间数据集,获得该案例工业园区6个应急救援点。结果表明,可通过化工园区应急救援历史数据获得事故应急资源需求量,利用ArcGIS建立位置分配点和确定救援点数量,可获得优化的应急救援选址。

掺氢输送管道材料的适应性及评价方法

天然气管网掺氢输送可有效解决氢能利用过程中的输送问题,但这会给管道带来安全风险。本文详细评述了掺氢输送管道金属和非金属材料的种类、适应性影响因素及其评价方法,建议完善和利用现有金属和非金属材料宏观性能表征及微观机理分析方法,结合实际工况环境及材料关键性能指标,建立掺氢输送管道的适应性评价方法和评价限值要求,并完善实际掺氢试运行评价方法和评判标准。本文可为天然气管网掺氢输送工程提供重要参考。

含缺陷管道碳纤维复合材料补强数值模拟研究

当代石油、天然气等能源的主要运输方式为管道运输,管道在长期使用时会产生各种缺陷,这些缺陷将对管道的结构和强度产生影响。目前先进的管道修复技术为复合材料补强技术,其中碳纤维复合材料是较优的选择。为了测试有/无碳纤维补强管道缺陷处的效果,开展了不同层数碳纤维复合材料的拉伸实验研究,结合ANSYS数值模拟探究了修复前后不同缺陷管道在承载时的应力、应变分布,分析了修复补强效果的影响因素。结果表明:缺陷减薄厚度对管道的应力、应变状态影响较大,碳纤维复合材料修复技术能在减小管道缺陷处应力、应变的同时优化其应力、应变分布,可以通过增加碳纤维修复层数来提升修复效果,相关研究对于管道的修复补强有一定指导意义。

玻璃纤维增强柔性冷水管截面设计及强度分析

海洋温差能因具有能源稳定、环保可持续等特点,而具有较高的开发利用价值.冷海水管设计是温差能电站建造的重要环节,为降低成本,提出一种分段设计方法.首先,利用ABAQUS软件对直径为1 m的大口径玻璃纤维增强柔性冷水管进行截面设计,并运用ORCAFLEX软件分析缓波形布置冷水管的整体受力情况;其次,根据整体受力分析结果将冷水管按深度分段,再通过ABAQUS软件建立局部分析模型,计算得到不同分段冷水管满足内压、外压、拉伸载荷及弯矩组合载荷强度要求的增强层最少纤维缠绕层数;最后,提出分段设计截面的方法.研究结果表明,采用分段设计截面的方法,可大幅减少冷水管纤维增强层材料的用量,降低冷水管的制作成本,为大口径玻璃纤维增强冷水管的设计提供参考.

金属橡胶-聚氨酯复合材料减振性能研究

针对单一减振材料无法兼具高阻尼与高刚度的弊端,本工作提出了一种新的复合材料,即将三维空间网状结构的金属橡胶(EMWM)作为基体,聚氨酯(PU)作为增强体,并采用真空渗流的方式制备了具有高阻尼与高刚度的金属橡胶-聚氨酯(EMWM-PU)复合材料。通过EMWM与EMWM-PU复合材料的准静态压缩试验,发现界面摩擦的引入使得EMWM-PU复合材料的耗能与刚度特性得到显著提升。此外搭建了复合材料管路减振测试平台,以平均振动加速度级和插入损失作为评价指标,研究了EMWM密度、激振量级、安装时的预紧间距对管路减振性能的影响。结果表明,EMWM-PU复合材料在5~1 000 Hz频段范围内均具有优异的减振效果,且复合材料中基体材料EMEM的密度越小、安装时的预紧间距越大,减振效果越好。本研究有效拓宽了复合材料的应用范围,也为金属橡胶复合材料的设计和应用提供了有效的指导。

纤维复合材料在调水工程长输管道中的应用

调水工程长距离输水管道的材料选择,对工程成本和输水线路的安全有着重要影响。纤维复合材料具有轻质高强、内壁光滑、耐腐蚀性好等特点,正逐步应用在输水管道中。文章分析了影响长距离输水管道材料选择的主要因素,介绍了钢管、球墨铸铁管、混凝土管等传统输水管道的材料特性,阐述了纤维复合材料在输水管道中的应用,重点分析了玻璃钢夹砂管的发展和特点,最后对纤维复合材料输水管道在产品升级、施工技术、安全防护和质量管理四个方面的发展进行了展望。

市政给排水管道布置的设计原则与技术分析

为了提升市政给排水设计水平,总结了给排水管道布置的基本原则和设计目标,分析了排水体制、雨水设计流量、污水设计流量的确定方法,从技术和经济两方面对比了不同给排水管道材料。同时,分析了给排水管道的纵向和横向布局方法,研究成果表明市政给排水管道竖向布局应控制好管道埋置深度和交叉方式,横向布局方式应根据地形和道路条件选择确定。

油田井下输送原油管道保温结构及性能

高含蜡原油易在开采及输送过程中出现蜡沉积现象,造成井筒和输送管道的堵塞,影响油田的正常生产。为综合解决油井井筒结蜡和偏磨问题,在分析了目标油藏生产概况以及井筒温度影响因素的基础之上,开展了油田井下输送原油管道保温措施和防磨措施研究,并对保温材料和防磨材料的性能进行了评价。结果表明:油井产液量越大、含水率和动液面高度越高,井筒温度相对就越高,造成井筒析蜡的风险相对就越小。聚苯乙烯泡沫保温材料的综合性能相对更好,当实验时间为360 min时,温度保持率仍能达到85.35%,保温效果较好。NC-2耐磨材料的硬度和耐温性能较好,延展性能优良。采用复合复挤的方式将聚苯乙烯泡沫保温材料和NC-2耐磨材料相结合,形成适合目标油田井下输送原油管道的保温结构,能够满足井筒和输送管道的保温需求,有效缓解井筒结蜡和偏磨问题,有助于提高高含蜡原油的生产效率。

废硫酸再生装置导热盐管线开裂原因分析及修复方法

熔盐具有良好的热稳定性和较高的热传导系数,在废硫酸再生装置中用作高温热载体。某废硫酸再生装置熔盐系统运行期间,搭载熔盐介质的导热盐夹套管线多次发生泄漏,影响装置正常运行。对导热盐管线泄漏区域管道裂纹进行了理化检验检测,制定了以更换管道材质及改进伴热方式为主要内容的修复方案。方案实施后效果良好,用相同方法完成了剩余导热盐管线的优化改进,有效保障了导热盐管线的安全稳定运行。