Numerical Simulation Analysis of the Transformer Fire Extinguishing Process with a High-Pressure Water Mist System under Different Conditions

To thoroughly study the extinguishing effect of a high-pressure water mist fire extinguishing system when a transformer fire occurs,a 3D experimental model of a transformer is established in this work by employing Fire Dynamics Simulator(FDS)software.More specifically,by setting different parameters,the process of the highpressure water mist fire extinguishing system with the presence of both diverse ambient temperatures and water mist sprinkler laying conditions is simulated.In addition,the fire extinguishing effect of the employed high-pressure water mist system with the implementation of different strategies is systematically analyzed.The extracted results show that a fire source farther away fromthe centerline leads to a lower local temperature distribution.In addition,as the ambient temperature increases,the temperature above the fire source decreases,while the temperature and the concentrationof theupperflue gas layer bothdecrease.Interestingly,after thehigh-pressurewatermist sprinkler begins to operate,both the temperature distribution above the fire source and the concentration of the flue gas decrease,which indicates that the high-pressure water mist system plays the role of cooling and dust removal.By comparing various sprinkler laying methods,it is found that the lower sprinkler height has a better effect on the temperature above the fire source,the temperature of the upper flue gas layer,and the concentration of the flue gas.Moreover,when the sprinkler is spread over thewhole transformer,the cooling effect on both the temperature above the fire source and the temperature of the upper flue gas layer is good,whereas the change in the concentration of the flue gas above the fire source is not obvious compared to the case where the sprinkler is not fully spread.

Application of high-pressure water jet technology and the theory of rock burst control in roadway

This paper puts forward using high-pressure water jet technology to control rock burst in roadway, and analyzes the theory of controlling rock burst in roadway by the weak structure zone model. The weak structure zone is formed by using high-pressure water jet to cut the coal wall in a continuous and rotational way. In order to study the influence law of weak structure zone in surrounding rock, this paper numerically analyzed the influence law of weak structure zone, and the disturbance law of coal wall and floor under dynamic and static combined load. The results show that when the distance between high-pressure water jet drillings is 3 m and the diameter of drilling is 300 mm, continuous stress superposition zone can be formed. The weak structure zone can transfer and reduce the concentrated static load in surrounding rock, and then form distressed zone. The longer the high-pressure water jet drilling is, the larger the distressed zone is. The stress change and displacement change of non-distressed zone in coal wall and floor are significantly greater than that of distressed zone under dynamic and static combined load. And it shows that the distressed zone can effectively control rock burst in roadway under dynamic and static combined load. High-pressure water jet technology was applied in the haulage gate of 250203 working face in Yanbei Coal Mine, and had gained good effect. The study conclusions provide theoretical foundation and a new guidance for controlling rock burst in roadway.

In situ experimental study on TBM excavation with high-pressure water-jet-assisted rock breaking

China’s first high-pressure hydraulically coupled rock-breaking tunnel boring machine(TBM) was designed to overcome the rock breaking problems of TBM in super-hard rock geology, where high-pressure water jet system is configured, including high-flow pump sets, high-pressure rotary joint and high-pressure water jet injection device. In order to investigate the rock breaking performance of high-pressure water-jet-assisted TBM, in situ excavation tests were carried out at the Wan’anxi Water Diversion Project in Longyan, Fujian Province, China, under different water jet pressure and rotational speed. The rock-breaking performance of TBM was analyzed including penetration, cutterhead load, advance rate and field penetration index. The test results show that the adoption of high-pressure water-jet-assisted rock breaking technology can improve the boreability of rock mass, where the TBM penetration increases by 64% under the water jet pressure of 270 MPa. In addition, with the increase of the water jet pressure, the TBM penetration increases and the field penetration index decreases. The auxiliary rock-breaking effect of high-pressure water jet decreases with the increase of cutterhead rotational speed. In the case of the in situ tunneling test parameters of this study, the advance rate is the maximum when the pressure of the high-pressure water jet is 270 MPa and the cutterhead rotational speed is 6 r/min. The technical superiority of high-pressure water-jet-assisted rock breaking technology is highlighted and it provides guidance for the excavation parameter selection of high-pressure hydraulically coupled rock-breaking TBM.

Prevention and treatment technologies of railway tunnel water inrush and mud gushing in China

Water inrush and mud gushing are one of the biggest hazards in tunnel construction. Unfavorable geological sections can be observed in almost all railway tunnels under construction or to be constructed, and vary in extent. Furthermore, due to the different heights of mountains and the lengths of tunnels, the locations of the unfavorable geological sections cannot be fully determined before construction, which increases the risk of water inrush and mud gushing. Based on numerous cases of water inrush and mud gushing in railway tunnels, the paper tries to classify water inrush and mud gushing in railway tunnels in view of the conditions of the surrounding rocks and meteorological factors associated with tunnel excavation. In addition, the causes of water inrush and mud gushing in combination of macroand micromechanisms are summarized, and site-specifc treatment method is put forward. The treatment methods include choosing a method of advance geological forecast according to risk degrees of different sections in the tunnel, determining the items of predictions, and choosing the appropriate methods, i.e. draining-oriented method, blocking-oriented method or draining-and-blocking method. The treatment technologies of railway water inrush and mud gushing are also summarized, including energy relief and pressure relief technology, advance grouting technology, and advance jet grouting technology associated with their key technical features and applicable conditions. The results in terms of treatment methods can provide reference to the prevention and treatment of tunnel water inrush and mud gushing.

Application of SVM in Analyzing the Headstream of Gushing Water in Coal Mine

To recognize the presence of the headstream of gushing water in coal mines, the SVM (Support Vector Ma- chine) was proposed to analyze the gushing water based on hydrogeochemical methods. First, the SVM model for head- stream analysis was trained on the water sample of available headstreams, and then we used this to predict the unknown samples, which were validated in practice by comparing the predicted results with the actual results. The experimental results show that the SVM is a feasible method to differentiate between two headstreams and the H-SVMs (Hierachical SVMs) is a preferable way to deal with the problem of multi-headstreams. Compared with other methods, the SVM is based on a strict mathematical theory with a simple structure and good generalization properties. As well, the support vector W in the decision function can describe the weights of the recognition factors of water samples, which is very important for the analysis of headstreams of gushing water in coal mines.

EVOLUTION OF LIQUID WATER CONTENT IN A SEA FOG CONTROLLED BY A HIGH-PRESSURE PATTERN

On March 16–17, 2008, a sea fog occurred in Dianbai in the west of Guangdong Province and was accompanied by a high-pressure synoptic system. Using comprehensive observation datasets, this study analyzes the evolution of liquid water content during this sea fog and investigates the relationships between liquid water content and the average diameters and count densities of fog droplets, air temperature, wind speed and turbulence exchanges. The main results are presented as follows. (1) The sea fog showed a quasi-periodic oscillation characteristic, i.e., it developed, disappeared and then developed again. (2) During the sea fog, the number of fog droplets changed significantly while the changes in average diameter of the fog droplets were relatively small. The development and disappearance of the sea fog correlated significantly with the fog droplet numbers. (3) The air-cooling mechanism played a significant role in sea fog formation and development. However, the influences of this mechanism were not evident during fog persistence. (4) During sea fog formation, weak turbulence exchanges were helpful for fog formation. During sea fog development and persistence, liquid water content increased when turbulence exchanges weakened, and vice versa. The changes in turbulence exchanges were closely related to the quasi-periodic oscillations observed in sea fog presence.

Detection technology and application of electromagnetic method for hidden danger of water gushing at coal face

The principles, methods, technologies and application effects of several electromagnetic methods for the detection of the hidden danger of water gushing at the coal face were introduced. Also, emphasis was laid on expounding the methods, principles and effects of down-hole detections by electric transmission tomography and transient electromagnetic method. The potential of point power supplied in the underground homogeneous semi-space, as well as the response to a low-resistivity abnormal body in the homogeneous semi-space, was simulated by adopting 3-D finite element method to interpret the basic theory of the electric transmission tomography. The results of actual measurement show that the mine electromagnetic method is sensitive to water-bearing low-resistivity bodies and can play a unique role in detecting the hidden danger of water gushing at the coal face.

Dynamic effects of high-pressure pulsed water jet in low-permeability coal seams

Mine gas extraction in China is difficult due to the characteristics such as micro-porosity,low-permeability and high adsorption of coal seams.The pulsed mechanismof a high-pressure pulsed water jet was studied through theoretical analysis,experimentand field measurement.The results show that high-pressure pulsed water jet has threedynamic properties.What's more,the three dynamic effects can be found in low-permeabilitycoal seams.A new pulsed water jet with 200-1 000 Hz oscillation frequency andpeak pressure 2.5 times than average pressure was introduced.During bubble collapsing,sound vibration and instantaneous high pressures over 100 MPa enhanced the cuttingability of the high-pressure jet.Through high-pressure pulsed water jet drilling and slotting,the exposure area of coal bodies was greatly enlarged and pressure of the coal seamsrapidly decreased.Therefore,the permeability of coal seams was improved and gas absorptionrate also decreased.Application results show that gas adsorption rate decreasedby 30%-40%and the penetrability coefficient increased 100 times.This proves that high-pressurepulsed water is more efficient than other conventional methods.

A Numerical Study on the Extinguishing Performances of High-Pressure Water Mist on Power-Transformer Fires for Different Flow Rates and Particle Velocities

In order to study the extinguishing performance of high-pressure-water-mist-based systems on the fires originating from power transformers the PyroSim software is used.Different particle velocities and flow rates are considered.The evolution laws of temperature around transformer,flue gas concentration and upper layer temperature of flue gas are analyzed under different boundary conditions.It is shown that the higher the particle velocity is,the lower the smoke concentration is,the better the cooling effect on the upper layer temperature of flue gas layer is,the larger the flow rate is and the better the cooling effect is.

Physico-Chemical Characteristics of Gushing Water Aquifers in the Coastal Sedimentary Basin of Benin (West Africa)

The coastal sedimentary basin in southern Benin consists of monoclinal layers divided into two plateau zones (North and South) which are separated by a longitudinal depression ESE-WNW. The valleys of the main N-S-oriented rivers (Ouémé, Couffo and Mono) set the bondaries of the different plateau of the BSC (Coastal Sedimentary Basin). The present study, based on geology, hydrochemistry, temperature and log data available on boreholes, makes a physico-chemical characterization of the waters of the gushing aquifers of the coastal sedimentary basin of Benin. The gushing water boreholes are shared between the valleys of the main rivers of the BSC. Some of these boreholes are thermal with a water temperature between 38 and 69 degrees Celsius. The hydrogeological correlations established in the BSC in accordance to the North- South direction in the valleys of the main streams (Couffo and Ouémé) reveal that the captured aquifers are sands, marls and limestones that respond either in major discordance (northern zone) or above the sedimentation gaps (southern zone). Chemical analyses have shown that gushing thermal waters are mineralized in the south with a neutral to basic pH and are highly concentrated with bicarbonate, calcium and magnesium ions. In the North, on the other hand, thermal waters are acidic with a pH ranging from 4.8 to 5.9. The acidic nature of the northern waters is influenced by the crystalline base while the southern neutral to basic waters are influenced by the lithological nature (limestone and marl) of the aquifer. The random distribution of thermal water boreholes in the valleys of the main BSC streams is believed to be related to tectonic events.

High-pressure capacity expansion and water injection mechanism and indicator curve model for fractured-vuggy carbonate reservoirs

Water injection for oil displacement is one of the most effective ways to develop fractured-vuggy carbonate reservoirs.With the increase in the number of rounds of water injection,the development effect gradually fails.The emergence of high-pressure capacity expansion and water injection technology allows increased production from old wells.Although high-pressure capacity expansion and water injection technology has been implemented in practice for nearly 10 years in fractured-vuggy reservoirs,its mechanism remains unclear,and the water injection curve is not apparent.In the past,evaluating its effect could only be done by measuring the injection-production volume.In this study,we analyze the mechanism of high-pressure capacity expansion and water injection.We propose a fluid exchange index for high-pressure capacity expansion and water injection and establish a discrete model suitable for high-pressure capacity expansion and water injection curves in fractured-vuggy reservoirs.We propose the following mechanisms:replenishing energy,increasing energy,replacing energy,and releasing energy.The above mechanisms can be identified by the high-pressure capacity expansion and water injection curve of the well HA6X in the Halahatang Oilfield in the Tarim Basin.By solving the basic model,the relative errors of Reservoirs I and II are found to be 1.9%and 1.5%,respectively,and the application of field examples demonstrates that our proposed high-pressure capacity expansion and water injection indicator curve is reasonable and reliable.This research can provide theoretical support for high-pressure capacity expansion and water injection technology in fracture-vuggy carbonate reservoirs.

A study of hydrate plug formation in a subsea natural gas pipeline using a novel high-pressure flow loop

The natural gas pipeline from Platform QKI8-1 in the southwest of Bohai Bay to the onshore processing facility is a subsea wet gas pipeline exposed to high pressure and low temperature for a long distance. Blockages in the pipeline occur occasionally. To maintain the natural gas flow in the pipeline, we proposed a method for analyzing blockages and ascribed them to the hydrate formation and agglomeration. A new high-pressure flow loop was developed to investigate hydrate plug formation and hydrate particle size, using a mixture of diesel oil, water, and natural gas as experimental fluids. The influences of pressure and initial flow rate were also studied. Experimental results indicated that when the flow rate was below 850 kg/h, gas hydrates would form and then plug the pipeline, even at a low water content （10%） of a water/oil emulsion. Furthermore, some practical suggestions were made for daily management of the subsea pipeline.

岩溶凹陷式露天矿山大流量涌水治理技术

我国岩溶地质分布广泛,岩溶突涌水已成为石灰石矿山安全生产的巨大灾害与挑战。以广西某岩溶凹陷式露天矿山大流量涌水为研究对象,针对该矿山地质条件复杂、集中涌水量大、流速高等特点,利用岩溶发育特征、资料分析与地球物理探查等方法初步圈定矿山径流带区域;进一步通过钻探、跨孔CT和示踪联通试验等精准查找到矿山Y01特大涌水点岩溶管道的具体位置,在此基础上研究并实施了矿山涌水治理技术与工艺。研究表明:(1)针对复杂岩溶凹陷式露天矿山大流量、高流速的涌水特征,提出并实施了“非连续帷幕截流+关键通道探查与封堵+止浆垫控流降速”的岩溶矿山涌水综合治理体系。依据岩溶发育的不均匀性,提出了非连续帷幕封堵裂隙型涌水区域的思想;对大流量岩溶管道型集中涌水设计采用止浆垫控流装置,通过控流能有效降低关键过水通道内水流速度,为注浆材料的有效留存沉积和工程的成功封堵提供了重要条件。(2)关键孔联合注浆工艺是岩溶管道型涌水成功封堵的保证,关键孔是指直接揭露岩溶涌水管道或与涌水管道联通性极强并对注浆堵水起主要作用的钻孔。针对矿山Y01岩溶管道型特大涌水精准查找到2个关键孔,均在矿坑南部:一个是距涌水点直线距离约50 m的近距离钻孔(以下简称“近孔”),另一个是距涌水点直线距离约150 m的远距离钻孔(以下简称“远孔”)。现场采用近孔、远孔2个关键孔联合注浆工艺:近孔以粗骨料和自主研发的可控凝结新型材料进行注浆,远孔仅注水泥浆液;近孔粗骨料和新型材料既能降低管道内的水流速度为远孔浆液起到更好的留存沉积作用,又能作为封堵材料起到增强的功能,远孔因其离涌水点距离长、辐射范围广、浆液扩散充分而能确保封堵长度和效果。近孔、远孔协同配合同步注浆是封堵管道型大流量涌水的有效组合工艺。(3)涌水口止浆垫控流降速装置的合理有效调控,配合关键孔联合注浆工艺的同步实施,进一步确保了注浆浆液的有效快速留存和沉积,是岩溶地区封堵管道型大流量涌水的创新性技术和方法。项目实施后,彻底封堵矿坑内集中涌水量达7.12万m^(3)/d的Y01特大涌水点,实现总减水量8.43万m3/d(含非连续帷幕注浆封堵),保证了矿山的正常安全开采,大幅降低了抽排水费用,同时保护了周边环境和地下水资源,具有显著的经济效益和社会效益。研究成果可为我国矿山涌水灾害治理提供理论价值和经验借鉴。

富水区隧道穿越断层破碎带施工应急预案研究

为降低富水区公路隧道穿越断层破碎带施工中涌水、塌方等突发事件的危害,保证施工人员的安全,该文依托古兜山隧道实体工程,建立富水区隧道施工中突发事件应急预案体系。对富水区公路隧道穿越断层破碎带施工过程中可能的突发事件进行分类,建立富水区隧道突发事件应急预案。研究表明,富水区隧道施工过程中发生涌水事故时,应及时疏通横通道,布设抽水泵将涌水抽出洞外,减少洞内水流量;出现坍塌事件时,应当及时处理伤亡人员,并及时运走废土;发生爆炸事故时,应迅速灭火及时疏散工作人员,救治伤员,清理现场,避免造成二次伤害;发生大型机械设备故障情况后,要及时处理伤亡人员,并尽快判断其位置和损伤范围,及时开展救援,转移机械设备,抢修故障机械。

香炉山隧洞不良地质段“L”型地面超前注浆方案研究

为解决隧道(洞)建设过程中不良地质段突泥涌水和软岩大变形等问题,依托滇中引水工程香炉山隧洞,提出一种采用全孔长度超过500 m的地面“L”型定向钻孔注浆并辅以洞内超前注浆的加固方法,在实际工程中确定这一方法的具体设计方案。首先,通过现场地质调查与分析,揭示不良地质区段香炉山隧洞建设的技术难点;其次,介绍“L”型定向钻孔注浆的施工过程及注浆工艺;然后,设计出一种能够提高地层稳定性的“L”型地面超前注浆方案,并对地层进行加固;最后,采用掌子面揭示、注浆技术以及大地电磁检测等手段证明现场注浆效果。研究结果表明:1)“Z1+Z2+Z4”钻场设计为最优地面超前注浆技术方案;2)“L”型定向钻孔注浆辅以洞内超前注浆技术可满足盲区注浆区域覆盖问题,实现真正意义上的超前治理。

管棚法支护在富水层沙土地质深基坑支护工程中的应用

结合某建筑工程,针对其存在突涌、流沙以及地下构筑物及周边建筑物变形较大的问题,采用管棚法对深基坑进行支护,主要围绕该技术的原理、施工要点、施工质量及安全控制措施进行探讨,并对施工经济效益进行分析,最终得出结论:管棚支护法具有经济、高效的优点,用在深基坑支护中可取得较好的社会效益和经济效益。

安定组地层渗透性变化下的覆岩白垩系含水层涌水规律研究

为了研究呼吉尔特矿区某深埋矿井煤层开采对地下含水层的影响,采用地下水三维数值模型对大采高深埋煤层开采过程中地下水流场的变化进行模拟研究。模拟结果显示,煤层开采对顶板白垩系含水层及侏罗系直罗组含水层流场均产生较大影响,工作面开采过程中安定组地层渗透系数发生改变,使其隔水性能产生变化,上覆白垩系含水层参与井下涌水程度随之改变,导致工作面涌水量呈阶梯状变化趋势。由于白垩系含水层富水性强于直罗组含水层,白垩系含水层依然是工作面的主要涌水来源,其贡献度达到70.4%。该结果可为呼吉尔特矿区深部大采高煤层的防治水重点提供依据。

富水白云岩斜井注浆堵水技术应用研究

针对昆阳磷矿二矿胶带斜井开拓过程中遇到的水害问题,运用地质雷达和探水孔对巷道围岩的富水情况进行超前探测,查明了巷道围岩的破碎程度和富水特征,根据富水性探测结果,针对性地制订注浆堵水方案,由于巷道围岩属于节理裂隙发育的硬质岩,弱富水破碎带设计采用水泥注浆,强富水破碎带设计采用马丽散E化学注浆。在现场开展注浆试验,通过对比注浆前后的单孔涌水量和区段涌水量来评估注浆堵水效果,试验结果表明:化学浆液渗透性好,凝固时间短,平均堵水效率为76.6%,水泥-水玻璃浆液则为70.5%;通过对工作面分区段预注浆,能有效封堵涌水通道,改善工作环境和围岩条件,优化支护设计,每米支护成本降低了20%。研究成果可为类似地质条件下的巷道水害治理提供参考。

山区高速公路隧道施工中涌水预测与涌水方案研究

随着高速公路隧道施工的不断发展,地下水控制与涌水管理成为确保施工安全和顺利进行的关键因素。通过对地下水特性及隧道施工中涌水预测;影响因素以及预测方法的综合分析,探讨了高速公路隧道施工中的涌水预测方案的选择。文中回顾了过往研究,识别了现有问题,并提出防水屏障技术作为地下水控制的方法,虹吸排水方法对隧道涌水的运用。通过实际工程案例的分析,总结了排水方法的效果与经验。最后,展望了未来技术创新和可持续性考虑在高速公路隧道施工中的应用。该研究为喀斯特地貌山区高速公路隧道施工中地下水控制提供了深入的理论和实践参考。

富水粉细砂隧道失稳破坏特征分析及增稳固结技术研究

桃树坪隧道穿越富水粉细砂地层,施工过程中极易出现大变形、涌水涌砂和坍塌等一系列破坏特征。通过对隧道失稳破坏的分析,总结了隧道在富水粉细砂条件下失稳破坏的特征,分析了破坏特征发生的机制,认为隧道的破坏主要由围岩岩性和地下水造成;由隧道破坏机理提出了增稳固结措施,通过超前降水、超前小导管注高分子化学浆对掌子面前方砂层进行预先固结,提高钢架整体刚度,通过对扰动砂层进行灌浆和回填等措施进行固结,围岩的自承能力得到提高。从处理后围岩的情况、涌水量和监测情况分析发现,增稳固结技术能从根本上提高围岩的自承能力,抑制发生失稳破坏,为隧道在富水粉细砂地层中的施工提供借鉴。