High-resolution seismicity imaging and early aftershock migration of the 2023 Kahramanmara?(SE Türkiye)M_W7.9&7.8 earthquake doublet

We build a high-resolution early aftershock catalog for the 2023 SE Türkiye seismic sequence with PALM,a seamless workflow that sequentially performs phase picking,association,location,and matched filter for continuous data.The catalog contains 29,519 well-located events in the two mainshocks rupture region during 2023-02-01–2023-02-28,which significantly improves the detection completeness and relocation precision compared to the public routine catalog.Employing the new PALM catalog,we analyze the structure of the seismogenic fault system.We find that the Eastern Anatolian Fault(EAF)that generated the first M_(W)7.9 mainshock is overall near-vertical,whereas complexities are revealed in a small-scale,such as subparallel subfaults,unmapped branches,and stepovers.The seismicity on EAF is shallow(<15 km)and concentrated in depth distribution,indicating a clear lock-creep transition.In contrast,the SürgüFault(SF)that is responsible for the second M_(W)7.8 mainshock is shovel-shaped for the nucleation segment and has overall low dip angles(~40°–80°).Aftershocks on the SF distribute in a broad range of depth,extending down to~35 km.We also analyze the temporal behavior of seismicity,discovering no immediate foreshocks within~5 days preceding the first mainshock,and no seismic activity on the SF before the second mainshock.

A high-resolution seismic catalog for the 2021 M_(S)6.4/M_(W)6.1 Yangbi earthquake sequence, Yunnan, China: Application of AI picker and matched filter

We present a high-resolution seismic catalog for the 2021 M_(S)6.4/M_(W)6.1 Yangbi sequence.The catalog has a time range of 2021-05-01 to 2021-05-28,and contains~8,000 well located events.It captures the features of the whole foreshock sequence and the early aftershocks.We designed a detection strategy incorporating both an artificial intelligent(AI)picker and a matched filter algorithm.Here,we adopt a hybrid AI method incorporating convolutional and recurrent neural network(CNN&RNN)for event detection and phase picking respectively(i.e.CERP),a light-weight AI picker that can be trained with small volume of data.CERP is first trained with detections from a STA/LTA and Kurtosis-based method called PAL,and then construct a rather complete template set of~4,000 events.Finally,the matched filter algorithm MESS augments the initial detections and measures differential travel times with cross-correlation,which finally results in precise relocation.This process gives 9,026 detections,among which 7,943 events can be well relocated.The catalog shows as expected power-law distribution of frequency magnitude and reveals detailed pattern of seismicity evolution.The main features are:(1)the foreshock sequence images simple fault geometry with consistent strike,but also show a variable event depth along strike;(2)the mainshock ruptures the same fault of the foreshock sequence and activate conjugate faults further to the southeast;(3)complex seismicity are developed in the post-seismic period,indicating complex triggering mechanisms.Thus,our catalog provides a reliable basis for further investigations,such as b-value studies,rupture process,and triggering relations.

Seismicity patterns before the 2021 Fin (Iran) doublet earthquakes using the region-time-length and time-to-failure methods

Knowledge regarding earthquake hazards and seismicity is crucial for crisis management, and the occurrence of foreshocks, seismic activity patterns, and spatiotemporal variations in seismic activity have been studied. Furthermore, the estimation of the region-time-length (RTL) parameter has been proposed to detect seismic quiescence before the occurrence of a large earthquake. In addition, the time-to-failure method has been used to estimate the time occurrence of large earthquakes. Hence, in this study, to gain deeper insight into seismic activity in the southern Zagros region, we utilized the RTL algorithm to identify the quiescence and activation phases leading to the Fin doublet earthquakes. Temporal variations in the RTL parameter showed two significant anomalies. One corresponded to the occurrence time of the first earthquake (2017-12-12);the other anomaly was associated with the occurrence time of the second event (2021-11-14). Based on a negative value of the RTL parameter observed in the vicinity of the Fin epicenters (2021), seismic quiescence (a decrease in seismicity compared to the preceding background rate) was identified. The spatial distribution of the RTL prognostic parameters confirms the appearance of seismic quiescence surrounding the epicenter of the Fin doublet earthquakes (2021). The time-to-failure method was designed using precursory events that describe the acceleration of the seismic energy release before the mainshock. Using the time-to-failure method for the earthquake catalog, it was possible to estimate both the magnitude and time of failure of the Fin doublet. Hence, the time-tofailure technique can be a useful supplementary method to the RTL algorithm for determining the characteristics of impending earthquakes.

Application of High-Resolution Remote Sensing Technology in Quantitative Study on Coseismic Surface Rupture Zones: An Example of the 2008 M_w7.2 Yutian Earthquake

Objective Nowadays, high-resolution remote sensing technology has brought new changes to surveys of earthquakes, and the quantitative study of seismic faults based on this technology has become a trend in the world(Barzegari et al., 2017). An Mw 7.2 earthquake occurred in Yutian of Xinjiang on the western end of the Altyn Tagh fault on March 21 st, 2008. It is difficult to access this depopulated zone because of the high altitude and only 1–2 months of snowmelt. This study utilized high-resolution

A test on methods for MC estimation based on earthquake catalog

This study tested five methods widely used in estimating the complete magnitudes(M_C) of earthquake catalogs. Using catalogs of observed earthquake properties, we test the performance of these five algorithms under several challenging conditions, such as small volume of events and spatial-temporal heterogeneity, in order to see whether the algorithms are stable and in agreement with known data. We find that the maximum curvature method(MAXC) has perfect stability, but will significantly underestimate M_C unless heterogeneity is absent. M_C estimated by the b-value stability method(MBS) requires many events to reach a stable result. Results from the goodness of fit method(GFT) were unstable when heterogeneity lowered the fitness level. The entire magnitude range method(EMR) is relatively stable in most conditions, and can reflect the change in M_C when heterogeneity exists, but when the incomplete part of the earthquake catalog is dismissed, this method fails. The median-based analysis of the segment slope method(MBASS) can tolerate small sample size, but is incapable of reflecting the missing degree of small events in aftershock sequences. In conditions where M_C changes rapidly, such as in aftershock sequences, observing the time sequence directly can give a precise estimation of the complete sub-catalog, but only when the number of events available for study is large enough can the MAXC, GFT, and MBS methods give a similarly reliable estimation.

Generalization of PhaseNet in Shandong and its application to the Changqing M4.1 earthquake sequence

Waveforms of seismic events,extracted from January 2019 to December 2021 were used to construct a test dataset to investigate the generalizability of PhaseNet in the Shandong region.The results show that errors in the picking of seismic phases(P-and Swaves)had a broadly normal distribution,mainly concentrated in the ranges of−0.4–0.3 s and−0.4–0.8 s,respectively.These results were compared with those published in the original PhaseNet article and were found to be approximately 0.2–0.4 s larger.PhaseNet had a strong generalizability for P-and S-wave picking for epicentral distances of less than 120 km and 110 km,respectively.However,the phase recall rate decreased rapidly when these distances were exceeded.Furthermore,the generalizability of PhaseNet was essentially unaffected by magnitude.The M4.1 earthquake sequence in Changqing,Shandong province,China,that occurred on February 18,2020,was adopted as a case study.PhaseNet detected more than twice the number of earthquakes in the manually obtained catalog.This further verified that PhaseNet has strong generalizability in the Shandong region,and a high-precision earthquake catalog was constructed.According to these precise positioning results,two earthquake sequences occurred in the study area,and the southern cluster may have been triggered by the northern cluster.The focal mechanism solution,regional stress field,and the location results of the northern earthquake sequence indicated that the seismic force of the earthquake was consistent with the regional stress field.

Brief Introduction to the "Catalogue of Recent Chinese Earthquakes (1912～1990, M_S≥4.7)

This paper briefly introduces the principles and methods for compiling the "Catalog of Recent Chinese Earthquakes (1912 ～ 1990, MS≥4.7)." This new catalog is compiled by revising and supplementing the 1983 version of the Catalog of Chinese Earthquakes.

Estimation of Earthquake Hazard Parameters Based on the Unequal-Accuracy Catalog

In this paper,the maximum likelihood estimation of earthquake hazard parameters(β,Mmax)is extended to those data including incomplete and uncertain parts.We calculated earthquake hazard parameters of the Fenwei seismic belt,and the border area between Shaanxi,Sichuan,Hubei and Henan Provinces.The result is comparatively stable and gives an objective evaluation of earthquake hazard.

Comparison of two earthquake early warning location methods

According to earthquake catalog records of Fujian Seismic Network, the Tnow method and the fourstation continuous location method put forward by Jin Xing are inspected by using P-wave arrival information of the first four stations in each earthquake. It shows that the fourstation continuous location method can locate more seismic events than the Tnow method. By analyzing the results, it is concluded that the reason for this is that the Tnow method makes use of information from stations without being triggered, while some stations failed to be reflected in earthquake catalog because of discontinuous records or unclear records of seismic phases. For seismic events whose location results can be given, there is no obvious difference in location results of the two methods and positioning deviation of most seismic events is also not significant. For earthquakes outside the network, the positioning deviation may amplify as the epicentral distance enlarges, which may relate to the situation that the seismic stations are centered on one side of epicenter and the opening angle between seismic stations used for location and epicenter is small.

Information Detection of Seismic Debris Flow by UAV High-resolution Image Based on Transfer Learning

A large number of debris flow disasters(called Seismic debris flows) would occur after an earthquake, which can cause a great amount of damage. UAV low-altitude remote sensing technology has become a means of quickly obtaining disaster information as it has the advantage of convenience and timeliness, but the spectral information of the image is so scarce, making it difficult to accurately detect the information of earthquake debris flow disasters. Based on the above problems, a seismic debris flow detection method based on transfer learning(TL) mechanism is proposed. On the basis of the constructed seismic debris flow disaster database, the features acquired from the training of the convolutional neural network(CNN) are transferred to the disaster information detection of the seismic debris flow. The automatic detection of earthquake debris flow disaster information is then completed, and the results of object-oriented seismic debris flow disaster information detection are compared and analyzed with the detection results supported by transfer learning.

Precursory Seismic Quiescence Before July 28, 1976 Great Tangshan,China, Earthquake

The earthquake catalog with the minimum completeness magnitude of ML=1.7 during the period from 1970 to 1976 has been used as basic data for the research on seismic quiescence in source area before occurrence of the July 1976 great Tangshan earthquake in China,based on the analyses of the detectability of seismic network,and of relation between earthquake magnitude and frequency in Northern China.The temporal processes of seismicity rate(January 1970-July 1976)before the July 1976 great Tangshan earthquake for four researched sub regions in and around source area(aftershock area)of the mainshock are investigated and compared.It is found that there exist abnormal seismic quiescence with duration of 38 months in the subregion located in western part of aftershock area,which is significant statistically at confidence level of 0.99 and larger by beta-test.In addition,because there were no false alarms except for the above abnormal interval in the west aftershock area,and the Tangshan mainshock and 85% of

Comparison of Two Earthquake Location Methods for Seismic Early Warning

In this paper,according to the Fujian Seismic Network earthquake catalog records,the T now method and the Four Stations Continuous Location method( hereinafter called FSCL)put forward by Jin Xing are inspected by using P-wave arrival information of the first four stations of each seismic event. Results show that for earthquakes within the network,both methods can obtain similar location results and location deviations are small for the majority of the events. For earthquakes outside the network,the location deviation may be amplified as the epicentral distance increases,owing to the seismic station distribution which spread toward the side of the epicenter and the small opening angle between seismic stations used for locating and epicenter. For the FSCL method,the impacts of the wave velocity on the location results may be significant for earthquakes outside the network.Thus,selecting a velocity model which is similar to the actual structure of the wave velocity will contribute to improving location results of earthquakes. The FSCL method can locate more seismic events than the T now method. It concludes that the T now method makes use of mistake information from some non-triggering stations in earthquake catalog,and some P-wave arrivals are not included in the earthquake catalog due to discontinuous records or unclear records of the seismic phase,which induces incorrect location.

新源-和静M_(S)6.6地震余震序列自动处理结果

使用地震实时智能处理(RISP)系统处理2012-06-30新疆新源-和静M_(S)6.6地震序列,并与人工编目结果进行对比。结果表明,二者定位结果较为一致,发震时刻差值主要集中在±2 s内,震中偏差范围主要集中在10 km内,震源深度差值主要集中在25 km内,且以20 km内居多,震级偏差范围为±M_(L)0.4,多数集中在±M_(L)0.2。RISP系统检测到的相同地震同震相的到时差主要集中在±0.25 s之间,对Pg震相的识别率高于Sg震相。

2023年甘肃积石山M_(S)6.2地震目录完备性研究

2023年积石山M_(S)6.2地震是典型的“主-余震”型地震,主震后存在大量余震,余震波形相互重叠、难以区分,造成地震目录不完善。为完善该地震的目录,选取震中附近流动台站和固定数字测震台站震后21 d观测到的波形数据,利用模板匹配方法对地震序列重新检测,共得到1412个地震事件,是测震台网地震数量的1.8倍。根据补充后的地震目录,计算出积石山地震目录最小完整性震级为M_(L)1.0,b值为0.74左右。对积石山震源区地震目录的完备性进行补充,有助于分析该地区地震活动的时空分布特征,并为地震危险性、地震活动性和地震预测等研究提供基础资料。

江苏台网地震目录最小完整性震级研究

区域台网完整性震级的研究对于了解测震台网监测能力、评估地震目录的可靠性以及研究地震活动特征具有重要意义,其有助于确定最小可靠震级范围,并为地震监测和地震研究提供参考。针对江苏及邻区地震目录的特点和需求,结合江苏省区域测震台网台站建设与发展情况,使用震级-序号法、多参数方法联合研究,对江苏区域台网记录的地震活动最小完整性震级M_(C)随时间的变化趋势进行分析;通过使用完整震级范围(EMR)方法,对地震的空间分布特征进行深入探究。研究结果表明,江苏及邻区整体区域M_(C)值变化趋势大致分为2个阶段,1970-2008年M_(C)值主要分布于M_(L)1.0~M_(L)2.2之间,2009-2022年M_(C)值主要分布于M_(L)0.5~M_(L)1.5之间。江苏内陆地区1970-2008年M_(C)值主要分布于M_(L)1.0~M_(L)2.5之间,2009-2022年M_(C)值主要分布于M_(L)0.5~M_(L)2.0之间,江苏沿海黄海海域1970-2022年M_(C)值主要分布于M_(L)2.0~M_(L)3.0之间,江苏区域台网地震监测能力趋于完善。

内蒙古测震台网实时智能地震处理系统运行实践——以2020年和林格尔地区地震事件为例

为评估实时智能地震处理系统(RISP)在内蒙古测震台网运行的可靠性,以2020年3月30日和林格尔ML 4.5地震前后30天内该区发生的31条地震事件为研究对象,将人工编目与实时智能地震处理系统产出结果(自动目录)进行对比分析,得出以下结论:RISP系统识别事件数量约为人工识别数量的2.5倍,其中自动目录有30条与人工目录(31条)相匹配,事件召回率高达96.8%;自动目录在发震时刻、震中位置、震级、P波和S波震相到时方面,与人工目录偏差较小。由自动目录与人工目录结果对比可知,2种目录相同事件的编目结果基本保持一致,震中偏差一般在±10 km范围内,发震时刻一般在±2 s范围内,自动目录基本符合人工编目误差范围要求。综合来看,实时智能地震处理系统(RISP)产出结果符合预期目标,可为震后快速产出余震序列、震群趋势判断等相关科学研究提供数据支撑。

云南德宏及邻区地震目录最小完整性震级分析

通过对地质构造复杂、地震活动强的德宏及邻区进行最小完整性震级(M_(C))分析,为后续开展地震活动性研究和地震危险性分析等工作提供一定的参考。以德宏及邻区(23.5°~26.5°N,97°~99.5°E)1970—2022年的地震目录作为研究资料,采用震级—序号法、最大曲率法和拟合度检测法计算不同时段的最小完整性震级,得到了研究区域内M_(C)值的时间演化特征。结果显示:研究区域内1970年以来M_(L)≥2.6地震目录基本完整,1970—1982年M_(C)为M_(L)2.3~2.6,1983—1999年M_(C)为M_(L)1.9~2.6,2000—2008年M_(C)为M_(L)1.3~2.2,2009—2022年M_(C)为M_(L)1.1~1.8。1976年龙陵M_(S)7.3和M_(S)7.4地震、2008年盈江M_(S)5.9地震和2014年盈江M_(S)6.1地震之后M_(C)值出现一段时间的高值;2011年盈江M_(S)5.8地震和腾冲M_(S)5.2震群之前,震区内发生大量的前震,可能是引起该时间段内M_(C)值降低的主要原因之一。

Dual threshold search method for asperity boundary determination based on geodetic and seismic catalog data

As an important model for explaining the seismic rupture mode,the asperity model plays an important role in studying the stress accumulation of faults and the location of earthquake initiation.Taking Qilian-Haiyuan fault as an example,this paper combines geodetic method and b-value method to propose a multi-source observation data fusion detection method that accurately determines the asperity boundary named dual threshold search method.The method is based on the criterion that the b-value asperity boundary should be most consistent with the slip deficit rate asperity boundary.Then the optimal threshold combination of slip deficit rate and b-value is obtained through threshold search,which can be used to determine the boundary of the asperity.Based on this method,the study finds that there are four potential asperities on the Qilian-Haiyuan fault:two asperities(A1 and A2)are on the Tuolaishan segment and the other two asperities(B and C)are on Lenglongling segment and Jinqianghe segment,respectively.Among them,the lengths of asperities A1 and A2 on Tuolaishan segment are 17.0 km and 64.8 km,respectively.And the lower boundaries are 5.5 km and 15.5 km,respectively;The length of asperity B on Lenglongling segment is 70.7 km,and the lower boundary is 10.2 km.The length of asperity C on Jinqianghe segment is 42.3 km,and the lower boundary is 8.3 km.

实时智能地震处理系统在2013年福建仙游ML5.0地震序列中的应用研究

文中将实时智能地震处理系统(RISP)应用于福建仙游地震序列,处理了2013年8月至12月福建台网的连续波形数据。自动处理结果与人工编目结果进行了深入对比,全面评估了RISP系统对该地震序列的自动处理能力。RISP系统共产出615个地震,与人工编目匹配事件462个,对于ML≥1.0的地震,匹配率达到96.4%;漏检测事件282个,其中ML<1.0占比为94.7%;多检测事件162个,均为仙游序列地震事件。匹配事件地震参数统计结果表明:发震时刻偏差不超过1 s占比99.13%;震中位置偏差小于5 km占比98.69%;震源深度偏差在5 km内占比91.5%;震级偏差不超过0.5占比89.54%。通过该实例测试表明:现有观测条件下,利用RISP系统可以快速产出仙游地区ML≥1.0地震序列目录,地震目录完备性高,RISP系统产出地震参数精度与人工处理结果相当,可应用于大震应急、震后趋势判定等工作。

广西及邻区地震目录最小完整性震级时空分布研究

基于广西区域测震台网测定的1970年以来地震事件,采用震级-序号法、MAXC方法以及GFT方法分析M_C时间演化特征,运用EMR方法研究M_C空间分布情况。结果表明,随着测震台站数量增加和布局优化,广西及邻区地震监测范围和震级逐时段明显增强,且M_C值整体下降。时间序列显示,广西及邻区M_C值在1970~2007年为2.0~2.5,2008~2016年为1.8~1.9,2017年后降至1.4~1.8。不同时段桂西、桂东南及桂北地区M_C空间不均匀性较为显著,桂西地区M_C较小,桂东南地区次之,桂北地区最大;2008年后,桂西地区M_C为0.6~1.6,桂东南和桂北地区为1.8~2.0。