Feature extraction for machine learning-based intrusion detection in IoT networks

A large number of network security breaches in IoT networks have demonstrated the unreliability of current Network Intrusion Detection Systems(NIDSs).Consequently,network interruptions and loss of sensitive data have occurred,which led to an active research area for improving NIDS technologies.In an analysis of related works,it was observed that most researchers aim to obtain better classification results by using a set of untried combinations of Feature Reduction(FR)and Machine Learning(ML)techniques on NIDS datasets.However,these datasets are different in feature sets,attack types,and network design.Therefore,this paper aims to discover whether these techniques can be generalised across various datasets.Six ML models are utilised:a Deep Feed Forward(DFF),Convolutional Neural Network(CNN),Recurrent Neural Network(RNN),Decision Tree(DT),Logistic Regression(LR),and Naive Bayes(NB).The accuracy of three Feature Extraction(FE)algorithms is detected;Principal Component Analysis(PCA),Auto-encoder(AE),and Linear Discriminant Analysis(LDA),are evaluated using three benchmark datasets:UNSW-NB15,ToN-IoT and CSE-CIC-IDS2018.Although PCA and AE algorithms have been widely used,the determination of their optimal number of extracted dimensions has been overlooked.The results indicate that no clear FE method or ML model can achieve the best scores for all datasets.The optimal number of extracted dimensions has been identified for each dataset,and LDA degrades the performance of the ML models on two datasets.The variance is used to analyse the extracted dimensions of LDA and PCA.Finally,this paper concludes that the choice of datasets significantly alters the performance of the applied techniques.We believe that a universal(benchmark)feature set is needed to facilitate further advancement and progress of research in this field.

CMMCAN:Lightweight Feature Extraction and Matching Network for Endoscopic Images Based on Adaptive Attention

In minimally invasive surgery,endoscopes or laparoscopes equipped with miniature cameras and tools are used to enter the human body for therapeutic purposes through small incisions or natural cavities.However,in clinical operating environments,endoscopic images often suffer from challenges such as low texture,uneven illumination,and non-rigid structures,which affect feature observation and extraction.This can severely impact surgical navigation or clinical diagnosis due to missing feature points in endoscopic images,leading to treatment and postoperative recovery issues for patients.To address these challenges,this paper introduces,for the first time,a Cross-Channel Multi-Modal Adaptive Spatial Feature Fusion(ASFF)module based on the lightweight architecture of EfficientViT.Additionally,a novel lightweight feature extraction and matching network based on attention mechanism is proposed.This network dynamically adjusts attention weights for cross-modal information from grayscale images and optical flow images through a dual-branch Siamese network.It extracts static and dynamic information features ranging from low-level to high-level,and from local to global,ensuring robust feature extraction across different widths,noise levels,and blur scenarios.Global and local matching are performed through a multi-level cascaded attention mechanism,with cross-channel attention introduced to simultaneously extract low-level and high-level features.Extensive ablation experiments and comparative studies are conducted on the HyperKvasir,EAD,M2caiSeg,CVC-ClinicDB,and UCL synthetic datasets.Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed network improves upon the baseline EfficientViT-B3 model by 75.4%in accuracy(Acc),while also enhancing runtime performance and storage efficiency.When compared with the complex DenseDescriptor feature extraction network,the difference in Acc is less than 7.22%,and IoU calculation results on specific datasets outperform complex dense models.Furthermore,this method increases the F1 score by 33.2%and accelerates runtime by 70.2%.It is noteworthy that the speed of CMMCAN surpasses that of comparative lightweight models,with feature extraction and matching performance comparable to existing complex models but with faster speed and higher cost-effectiveness.

The Influence of Air Pollution Concentrations on Solar Irradiance Forecasting Using CNN-LSTM-mRMR Feature Extraction

Maintaining a steady power supply requires accurate forecasting of solar irradiance,since clean energy resources do not provide steady power.The existing forecasting studies have examined the limited effects of weather conditions on solar radiation such as temperature and precipitation utilizing convolutional neural network(CNN),but no comprehensive study has been conducted on concentrations of air pollutants along with weather conditions.This paper proposes a hybrid approach based on deep learning,expanding the feature set by adding new air pollution concentrations,and ranking these features to select and reduce their size to improve efficiency.In order to improve the accuracy of feature selection,a maximum-dependency and minimum-redundancy(mRMR)criterion is applied to the constructed feature space to identify and rank the features.The combination of air pollution data with weather conditions data has enabled the prediction of solar irradiance with a higher accuracy.An evaluation of the proposed approach is conducted in Istanbul over 12 months for 43791 discrete times,with the main purpose of analyzing air data,including particular matter(PM10 and PM25),carbon monoxide(CO),nitric oxide(NOX),nitrogen dioxide(NO_(2)),ozone(O₃),sulfur dioxide(SO_(2))using a CNN,a long short-term memory network(LSTM),and MRMR feature extraction.Compared with the benchmark models with root mean square error(RMSE)results of 76.2,60.3,41.3,32.4,there is a significant improvement with the RMSE result of 5.536.This hybrid model presented here offers high prediction accuracy,a wider feature set,and a novel approach based on air concentrations combined with weather conditions for solar irradiance prediction.

A three-dimensional feature extraction-based method for coal cleat characterization using X-ray μCT and its application to a Bowen Basin coal specimen

Cleats are the dominant micro-fracture network controlling the macro-mechanical behavior of coal.Improved understanding of the spatial characteristics of cleat networks is therefore important to the coal mining industry.Discrete fracture networks(DFNs)are increasingly used in engineering analyses to spatially model fractures at various scales.The reliability of coal DFNs largely depends on the confidence in the input cleat statistics.Estimates of these parameters can be made from image-based three-dimensional(3D)characterization of coal cleats using X-ray micro-computed tomography(m CT).One key step in this process,after cleat extraction,is the separation of individual cleats,without which the cleats are a connected network and statistics for different cleat sets cannot be measured.In this paper,a feature extraction-based image processing method is introduced to identify and separate distinct cleat groups from 3D X-ray m CT images.Kernels(filters)representing explicit cleat features of coal are built and cleat separation is successfully achieved by convolutional operations on 3D coal images.The new method is applied to a coal specimen with 80 mm in diameter and 100 mm in length acquired from an Anglo American Steelmaking Coal mine in the Bowen Basin,Queensland,Australia.It is demonstrated that the new method produces reliable cleat separation capable of defining individual cleats and preserving 3D topology after separation.Bedding-parallel fractures are also identified and separated,which has his-torically been challenging to delineate and rarely reported.A variety of cleat/fracture statistics is measured which not only can quantitatively characterize the cleat/fracture system but also can be used for DFN modeling.Finally,variability and heterogeneity with respect to the core axis are investigated.Significant heterogeneity is observed and suggests that the representative elementary volume(REV)of the cleat groups for engineering purposes may be a complex problem requiring careful consideration.

A Lightweight Network with Dual Encoder and Cross Feature Fusion for Cement Pavement Crack Detection

Automatic crack detection of cement pavement chiefly benefits from the rapid development of deep learning,with convolutional neural networks(CNN)playing an important role in this field.However,as the performance of crack detection in cement pavement improves,the depth and width of the network structure are significantly increased,which necessitates more computing power and storage space.This limitation hampers the practical implementation of crack detection models on various platforms,particularly portable devices like small mobile devices.To solve these problems,we propose a dual-encoder-based network architecture that focuses on extracting more comprehensive fracture feature information and combines cross-fusion modules and coordinated attention mechanisms formore efficient feature fusion.Firstly,we use small channel convolution to construct shallow feature extractionmodule(SFEM)to extract low-level feature information of cracks in cement pavement images,in order to obtainmore information about cracks in the shallowfeatures of images.In addition,we construct large kernel atrous convolution(LKAC)to enhance crack information,which incorporates coordination attention mechanism for non-crack information filtering,and large kernel atrous convolution with different cores,using different receptive fields to extract more detailed edge and context information.Finally,the three-stage feature map outputs from the shallow feature extraction module is cross-fused with the two-stage feature map outputs from the large kernel atrous convolution module,and the shallow feature and detailed edge feature are fully fused to obtain the final crack prediction map.We evaluate our method on three public crack datasets:DeepCrack,CFD,and Crack500.Experimental results on theDeepCrack dataset demonstrate the effectiveness of our proposed method compared to state-of-the-art crack detection methods,which achieves Precision(P)87.2%,Recall(R)87.7%,and F-score(F1)87.4%.Thanks to our lightweight crack detectionmodel,the parameter count of the model in real-world detection scenarios has been significantly reduced to less than 2M.This advancement also facilitates technical support for portable scene detection.

Novel Multimodal Biometric Feature Extraction for Precise Human Identification

In recent years,biometric sensors are applicable for identifying impor-tant individual information and accessing the control using various identifiers by including the characteristics like afingerprint,palm print,iris recognition,and so on.However,the precise identification of human features is still physically chal-lenging in humans during their lifetime resulting in a variance in their appearance or features.In response to these challenges,a novel Multimodal Biometric Feature Extraction(MBFE)model is proposed to extract the features from the noisy sen-sor data using a modified Ranking-based Deep Convolution Neural Network(RDCNN).The proposed MBFE model enables the feature extraction from differ-ent biometric images that includes iris,palm print,and lip,where the images are preprocessed initially for further processing.The extracted features are validated after optimal extraction by the RDCNN by splitting the datasets to train the fea-ture extraction model and then testing the model with different sets of input images.The simulation is performed in matlab to test the efficacy of the modal over multi-modal datasets and the simulation result shows that the proposed meth-od achieves increased accuracy,precision,recall,and F1 score than the existing deep learning feature extraction methods.The performance improvement of the MBFE Algorithm technique in terms of accuracy,precision,recall,and F1 score is attained by 0.126%,0.152%,0.184%,and 0.38%with existing Back Propaga-tion Neural Network(BPNN),Human Identification Using Wavelet Transform(HIUWT),Segmentation Methodology for Non-cooperative Recognition(SMNR),Daugman Iris Localization Algorithm(DILA)feature extraction techni-ques respectively.

Feature evaluation and extraction based on neural network in analog circuit fault diagnosis

Choosing the right characteristic parameter is the key to fault diagnosis in analog circuit. The feature evaluation and extraction methods based on neural network are presented. Parameter evaluation of circuit features is realized by training results from neural network; the superior nonlinear mapping capability is competent for extracting fault features which are normalized and compressed subsequently. The complex classification problem on fault pattern recognition in analog circuit is transferred into feature processing stage by feature extraction based on neural network effectively, which improves the diagnosis efficiency. A fault diagnosis illustration validated this method.

Aquaculture area extraction and vulnerability assessment in Sanduao based on richer convolutional features network model

Sanduao is an important sea-breeding bay in Fujian,South China and holds a high economic status in aquaculture.Quickly and accurately obtaining information including the distribution area,quantity,and aquaculture area is important for breeding area planning,production value estimation,ecological survey,and storm surge prevention.However,as the aquaculture area expands,the seawater background becomes increasingly complex and spectral characteristics differ dramatically,making it difficult to determine the aquaculture area.In this study,we used a high-resolution remote-sensing satellite GF-2 image to introduce a deep-learning Richer Convolutional Features(RCF)network model to extract the aquaculture area.Then we used the density of aquaculture as an assessment index to assess the vulnerability of aquaculture areas in Sanduao.The results demonstrate that this method does not require land and water separation of the area in advance,and good extraction can be achieved in the areas with more sediment and waves,with an extraction accuracy>93%,which is suitable for large-scale aquaculture area extraction.Vulnerability assessment results indicate that the density of aquaculture in the eastern part of Sanduao is considerably high,reaching a higher vulnerability level than other parts.

Seismic signal recognition using improved BP neural network and combined feature extraction method

Seismic signal is generally employed in moving target monitoring due to its robust characteristic.A recognition method for vehicle and personnel with seismic signal sensing system was proposed based on improved neural network.For analyzing the seismic signal of the moving objects,the seismic signal of person and vehicle was acquisitioned from the seismic sensor,and then feature vectors were extracted with combined methods after filter processing.Finally,these features were put into the improved BP neural network designed for effective signal classification.Compared with previous ways,it is demonstrated that the proposed system presents higher recognition accuracy and validity based on the experimental results.It also shows the effectiveness of the improved BP neural network.

Improve Fractal Compression Encoding Speed Using Feature Extraction and Self-organization Network

Image compression consists of two main parts: encoding and decoding. One of the important problems of the fractal theory is the long encoding implementation time, which hindered the acceptance of fractal image compression as a practical method. The long encoding time results from the need to perform a large number of domain-range matches, the total encoding time is the product of the number of matches and the time to perform each match. In order to improve encoding speed, a hybrid method combining features extraction and self-organization network has been provided, which is based on the feature extraction approach the comparison pixels by pixels between the feature of range blocks and domains blocks. The efficiency of the new method was been proved by examples.

Text Feature Extraction and Classification Based on Convolutional Neural Network(CNN)

With the high-speed development of the Internet,a growing number of Internet users like giving their subjective comments in the BBS,blog and shopping website.These comments contains critics’attitudes,emotions,views and other information.Using these information reasonablely can help understand the social public opinion and make a timely response and help dealer to improve quality and service of products and make consumers know merchandise.This paper mainly discusses using convolutional neural network(CNN)for the operation of the text feature extraction.The concrete realization are discussed.Then combining with other text classifier make class operation.The experiment result shows the effectiveness of the method which is proposed in this paper.

FusionNN:A Semantic Feature Fusion Model Based on Multimodal for Web Anomaly Detection

With the rapid development of the mobile communication and the Internet,the previous web anomaly detectionand identificationmodels were built relying on security experts’empirical knowledge and attack features.Althoughthis approach can achieve higher detection performance,it requires huge human labor and resources to maintainthe feature library.In contrast,semantic feature engineering can dynamically discover new semantic featuresand optimize feature selection by automatically analyzing the semantic information contained in the data itself,thus reducing dependence on prior knowledge.However,current semantic features still have the problem ofsemantic expression singularity,as they are extracted from a single semantic mode such as word segmentation,character segmentation,or arbitrary semantic feature extraction.This paper extracts features of web requestsfrom dual semantic granularity,and proposes a semantic feature fusion method to solve the above problems.Themethod first preprocesses web requests,and extracts word-level and character-level semantic features of URLs viaconvolutional neural network(CNN),respectively.By constructing three loss functions to reduce losses betweenfeatures,labels and categories.Experiments on the HTTP CSIC 2010,Malicious URLs and HttpParams datasetsverify the proposedmethod.Results show that compared withmachine learning,deep learningmethods and BERTmodel,the proposed method has better detection performance.And it achieved the best detection rate of 99.16%in the dataset HttpParams.

Residual Feature Attentional Fusion Network for Lightweight Chest CT Image Super-Resolution

The diagnosis of COVID-19 requires chest computed tomography(CT).High-resolution CT images can provide more diagnostic information to help doctors better diagnose the disease,so it is of clinical importance to study super-resolution(SR)algorithms applied to CT images to improve the reso-lution of CT images.However,most of the existing SR algorithms are studied based on natural images,which are not suitable for medical images;and most of these algorithms improve the reconstruction quality by increasing the network depth,which is not suitable for machines with limited resources.To alleviate these issues,we propose a residual feature attentional fusion network for lightweight chest CT image super-resolution(RFAFN).Specifically,we design a contextual feature extraction block(CFEB)that can extract CT image features more efficiently and accurately than ordinary residual blocks.In addition,we propose a feature-weighted cascading strategy(FWCS)based on attentional feature fusion blocks(AFFB)to utilize the high-frequency detail information extracted by CFEB as much as possible via selectively fusing adjacent level feature information.Finally,we suggest a global hierarchical feature fusion strategy(GHFFS),which can utilize the hierarchical features more effectively than dense concatenation by progressively aggregating the feature information at various levels.Numerous experiments show that our method performs better than most of the state-of-the-art(SOTA)methods on the COVID-19 chest CT dataset.In detail,the peak signal-to-noise ratio(PSNR)is 0.11 dB and 0.47 dB higher on CTtest1 and CTtest2 at×3 SR compared to the suboptimal method,but the number of parameters and multi-adds are reduced by 22K and 0.43G,respectively.Our method can better recover chest CT image quality with fewer computational resources and effectively assist in COVID-19.

EliteVec: Feature Fusion for Depression Diagnosis Using Optimized Long Short-Term Memory Network

Globally,depression is perceived as the most recurrent and risky disor-der among young people and adults under the age of 60.Depression has a strong influence on the usage of words which can be observed in the form of written texts or stories posted on social media.With the help of Natural Language Proces-sing(NLP)and Machine Learning(ML)techniques,the depressive signs expressed by people can be identified at the earliest stage from their Social Media posts.The proposed work aims to introduce an efficacious depression detection model unifying an exemplary feature extraction scheme and a hybrid Long Short-Term Memory network(LSTM)model.The feature extraction process combines a novel feature selection method called Elite Term Score(ETS)and Word2Vec to extract the syntactic and semantic information respectively.First,the ETS method leverages the document level,class level,and corpus level prob-abilities for computing the weightage/score of the terms.Then,the ideal and per-tinent set of features with a high ETS score is selected,and the Word2vec model is trained to generate the intense feature vector representation for the set of selected terms.Finally,the resultant word vector obtained is called EliteVec,which is fed to the hybrid LSTM model based on Honey Badger optimizer with population reduction technique(PHB)which predicts whether the input textual content is depressive or not.The PHB algorithm is integrated to explore and exploit the opti-mal hyperparameters for strengthening the performance of the LSTM network.The comprehensive experiments are carried out with two different Twitter depres-sion corpus based on accuracy and Root Mean Square Error(RMSE)metrics.The results demonstrated that the proposed EliteVec+LSTM+PHB model outperforms the state-of-art models with 98.1%accuracy and 0.0559 RMSE.

Application of a new feature extraction and optimization method to surface defect recognition of cold rolled strips

Considering that the surface defects of cold rolled strips are hard to be recognized by human eyes under high-speed circumstances, an automatic recognition technique was discussed. Spectrum images of defects can be got by fast Fourier transform （FFF） and sum of valid pixels （SVP）, and its optimized center region, which concentrates nearly all energies, are extracted as an original feature set. Using genetic algorithm to optimize the feature set, an optimized feature set with 51 features can be achieved. Using the optimized feature set as an input vector of neural networks, the recognition effects of LVQ neural networks have been studied. Experiment results show that the new method can get a higher classification rate and can settle the automatic recognition problem of surface defects on cold rolled strips ideally.

Adaptive WNN aerodynamic modeling based on subset KPCA feature extraction

In order to accurately describe the dynamic characteristics of flight vehicles through aerodynamic modeling, an adaptive wavelet neural network (AWNN) aerodynamic modeling method is proposed, based on subset kernel principal components analysis (SKPCA) feature extraction. Firstly, by fuzzy C-means clustering, some samples are selected from the training sample set to constitute a sample subset. Then, the obtained samples subset is used to execute SKPCA for extracting basic features of the training samples. Finally, using the extracted basic features, the AWNN aerodynamic model is established. The experimental results show that, in 50 times repetitive modeling, the modeling ability of the method proposed is better than that of other six methods. It only needs about half the modeling time of KPCA-AWNN under a close prediction accuracy, and can easily determine the model parameters. This enables it to be effective and feasible to construct the aerodynamic modeling for flight vehicles.

A Haze Feature Extraction and Pollution Level Identification Pre-Warning Algorithm

The prediction of particles less than 2.5 micrometers in diameter(PM2.5)in fog and haze has been paid more and more attention,but the prediction accuracy of the results is not ideal.Haze prediction algorithms based on traditional numerical and statistical prediction have poor effects on nonlinear data prediction of haze.In order to improve the effects of prediction,this paper proposes a haze feature extraction and pollution level identification pre-warning algorithm based on feature selection and integrated learning.Minimum Redundancy Maximum Relevance method is used to extract low-level features of haze,and deep confidence network is utilized to extract high-level features.eXtreme Gradient Boosting algorithm is adopted to fuse low-level and high-level features,as well as predict haze.Establish PM2.5 concentration pollution grade classification index,and grade the forecast data.The expert experience knowledge is utilized to assist the optimization of the pre-warning results.The experiment results show the presented algorithm can get better prediction effects than the results of Support Vector Machine(SVM)and Back Propagation(BP)widely used at present,the accuracy has greatly improved compared with SVM and BP.

On Lemon Defect Recognition with Visual Feature Extraction and Transfers Learning

Applying machine learning to lemon defect recognition can improve the efficiency of lemon quality detection. This paper proposes a deep learning-based classification method with visual feature extraction and transfer learning to recognize defect lemons (i.e., green and mold defects). First, the data enhancement and brightness compensation techniques are used for data prepossessing. The visual feature extraction is used to quantify the defects and determine the feature variables as the bandit basis for classification. Then we construct a convolutional neural network with an embedded Visual Geometry Group 16 based (VGG16-based) network using transfer learning. The proposed model is compared with many benchmark models such as K-nearest Neighbor (KNN) and Support Vector Machine (SVM). Results show that the proposed model achieves the highest accuracy (95.44%) in the testing data set. The research provides a new solution for lemon defect recognition.

A NEW DIGITAL MODULATION RECOGNITION METHOD USING FEATURES EXTRACTED FROM GAR MODEL PARAMETERS

Based on the features extracted from generalized autoregressive (GAR) model parameters of the received waveform, and the use of multilayer perceptron(MLP) neural network classifier, a new digital modulation recognition method is proposed in this paper. Because of the better noise suppression ability of the GAR model and the powerful pattern classification capacity of the MLP neural network classifier, the new method can significantly improve the recognition performance in lower SNR with better robustness. To assess the performance of the new method, computer simulations are also performed.