China’s high-resolution optical remote sensing satellites and their mapping applications

Since the beginning of the twenty-first century,several countries have made great efforts to develop space remote sensing for building a high-resolution earth observation system.Under the great attention of the government and the guidance of the major scientific and technological project of the high-resolution earth observation system,China has made continuous breakthroughs and progress in high-resolution remote sensing imaging technology.The development of domestic high-resolution remote sensing satellites shows a vigorous trend,and consequently,a relatively stable and perfect high-resolution earth observation system has been formed.The development of high-resolution remote sensing satellites has greatly promoted and enriched modern mapping technologies and methods.In this paper,the development status,along with mapping modes and applications of China’s high-resolution remote sensing satellites are reviewed,and the development trend in high-resolution earth observation system for global and ground control-free mapping is discussed,providing a reference for the subsequent development of high-resolution remote sensing satellites in China.

Simulate New Near Equatorial Satellite System by a Novel Multi-Fields and Purposes Remote Sensing Goniometer

Researchers in the remote sensing field use different types of images from satellite systems and simulator devices, such as goniometers. However, no device can simulate the new generation of optical satellite system called near-equatorial satellite system to perform different kinds of remote sensing applications in equatorial regions. This study proposed a newly invented laboratory and fieldwork goniometer designed to simulate and capture intensity variation and measure the bidirectional spectral reflectance of earth surface. The proposed goniometer is a multi-purpose and multi-field device. It is able to simulate different satellite systems and measure the intensity variation and spectral reflectance of earth’s surface features with freely azimuth and zenith angles of sensors and illumination source in fieldwork and/or laboratory. However, the system of invention is focusing on specific satellite orbital to work with the parameters and properties of NEqO satellite system in order to obtain NEqO system imagery for performing different applications such as geometric correction, relative radiometric normalization and change detection for future work. The significant of this invention is that most of the invented goniometers of remote sensing are able to work just in field or just in laboratory and use, carry just optical sensor or hyperspectral sensor. Specifically, our invention can do all these functions that are not available in existing goniometers. The proposed device offers several advantages, namely, high measurement speed, flexibility, low cost, efficiency, and possible measurement depending on the free zenith/azimuth angles of sensors and illumination sources. The proposed goniometer includes ten parts, and two different sensors (optical and hyperspectral).

Progress in monitoring high-temperature damage to rice through satellite and ground-based optical remote sensing

The occurrence of rice high-temperature damage (HTD) has increased with global warming. Cultivation of rice is seriously affected by the HTD in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River, which directly affects food security in this region and in the whole of China. It is important to monitor and assess crop HTD using satellite remote sensing information. This paper reviews the recent development of monitoring rice HTD using optical remote sensing information. It includes the use of optical remote sensing information to obtain the regional spatial distribution of high temperatures, mixed-surface temperature retrieval for rice fields based on mixed decomposition information, the development of field and thermal infrared testing and modeling, and the satellite/ground-based remote sensing coupled method for monitoring rice HTD. Finally, the prospects for monitoring crop HTD based on remote sensing information are summarized.

Ship detection and classification from optical remote sensing images: A survey

Considering the important applications in the military and the civilian domain, ship detection and classification based on optical remote sensing images raise considerable attention in the sea surface remote sensing filed. This article collects the methods of ship detection and classification for practically testing in optical remote sensing images, and provides their corresponding feature extraction strategies and statistical data. Basic feature extraction strategies and algorithms are analyzed associated with their performance and application in ship detection and classification.Furthermore, publicly available datasets that can be applied as the benchmarks to verify the effectiveness and the objectiveness of ship detection and classification methods are summarized in this paper. Based on the analysis, the remaining problems and future development trends are provided for ship detection and classification methods based on optical remote sensing images.

Satellite remote sensing of atmospheric particulate matter mass concentration:Advances,challenges,and perspectives

Mapping the mass concentration of near-surface atmospheric particulate matter(PM)using satellite observations has become a popular research niche,leading to the development of a variety of instruments,algorithms,and datasets over the past two decades.In this study,we conducted a holistic review of the major advances and challenges in quantifying PM,with a specific focus on instruments,algorithms,datasets,and modeling methods that have been developed over the past 20 years.The aim of this study is to provide a general guide for future satellite-based PM concentration mapping practices and to better support air quality monitoring and management of environmental health.Specifically,we review the evolution of satellite platforms,sensors,inversion algorithms,and datasets that can be used for monitoring aerosol properties.We then compare various practical methods and techniques that have been used to estimate PM mass concentrations and group them into four primary categories:(1)univariate regression,(2)chemical transport models(CTM),(3)multivariate regression,and(4)empirical physical approaches.Considering the main challenges encountered in PM mapping practices,for example,data gaps and discontinuity,a hybrid method is proposed with the aim of generating PM concentration maps that are both spatially continuous and have high precision.

基于组合热流模拟策略的遥感卫星热平衡试验设计与验证

针对某型遥感卫星的不同区域对高精度热流模拟的需求,文章提出一种组合热流模拟策略:以红外加热笼来实现卫星舱板表面的外热流模拟,用薄膜电加热器实现卫星外露复杂表面外热流模拟。试验结果表明,在文述参试卫星状态及所采取的热设计措施下,该方法可对卫星低温初期、高温末期和高温热真空工况下的外热流进行精准模拟,并可有效考核遥感卫星的热控设计。该热流模拟策略可为卫星瞬态功耗散热设计的优化提供参考依据,为我国未来光学遥感卫星的热平衡试验及验证提供技术支撑。

一种基于星载被动遥感的海洋激光雷达标定方法

海洋激光雷达具有强穿水、高垂向分辨、全天时观测等技术特点,在海洋剖面测量上极具应用潜力,而海洋激光雷达的准确测量离不开系统常数的准确标定。针对这一现实需求,文章提出了一种基于星载被动遥感的海洋激光雷达系统常数新型标定方法。该方法基于海洋主被动光学遥感联合模型,通过利用星载被动遥感获取的海面遥感反射率数据,可在全球范围内实现对海洋激光雷达系统常数实时高效标定。基于自研机载海洋激光雷达与在轨Aqua-MODIS数据,在广西北部湾海域对该标定方法开展航飞试验验证,试验结果表明该方法准确有效,利用标定航线完成对激光雷达系统常数标定后,在检验航线中海洋激光雷达实测值与理论值的误差均值为13.7%。

利用光学影像的滑坡位移监测

为充分挖掘光学遥感图像在滑坡监测中的应用潜力,本文基于数字图像相关法推导了适应滑坡非均匀形变和自然光照影响的滑坡位移光学影像计算公式,形成了基于光学影像的滑坡位移监测方法。试验分析了地表形变方式和形变量对滑坡位移光学影像计算公式的影响,给出了地表平移、旋转、扭曲3种不同形变方式下,计算误差的概率累计值变化曲线,证明了该公式95%计算结果的相对误差在0.04以内;利用两期SkySat卫星光学影像计算了某滑坡的平面位移场,分析了该滑坡的表面形变特征。本文研究为滑坡灾害监测预警提供了新的技术参考。

基于光学遥感联合GEDI反演森林蓄积量研究

传统的森林蓄积量调查方法强度大、成本高、耗时长。单纯利用光学遥感影像特征进行森林蓄积量反演时,由于缺乏大量的样地数据支持,加之在森林接近郁闭时光谱反射率易饱和,导致蓄积量反演蓄积精度有限。通过结合光学遥感数据和GEDI足迹点提供的冠层高度信息,可以极低的成本获取大量具有较高蓄积量精度的足迹点,从而通过加密训练样地提升研究区域使用光学遥感反演乔木森林蓄积量的精度。结果显示:(1)当森林高度百分位数(RH)为RH 80时,GEDI提取森林高度特征与机载LiDAR提取树高一致性最高,R^(2)=0.44,RMSE为6.04 m。(2)使用不包含树高特征的光学遥感回归模型预测森林每公顷蓄积量,R^(2)为0.29,RMSE为64.95 m^(3)·hm^(-2);加入树高特征的回归模型预测森林每公顷蓄积的R^(2)为0.59,RMSE为49.53 m^(3)·hm^(-2);样地加密后再使用无树高特征的回归模型预测森林每公顷蓄积的R^(2)为0.46,RMSE为56.55 m^(3)·hm^(-2)。因此,通过结合GEDI足迹点加密样地后可以明显提升研究区域遥感反演乔木森林蓄积量的精度。(3)2020年云南省普洱市思茅区公布的总活立木蓄积量为2629×10^(4)m^(3),使用GEDI足迹点加密训练样地后反演得到的总蓄积量为2289×10^(4)m^(3),整体预测精度为83%。其分布空间格局与森林资源二类调查结果基本相符。

光学遥感卫星精密敏捷成像控制技术综述

从控制的角度综述了多功能、高质量成像需求下,超稳定、超精确、超敏捷高分辨率光学遥感卫星精密敏捷控制的关键技术和研究进展。以卫星成像与姿态控制系统性能的关系为基础,从姿态机动能力与多功能成像、姿态确定精度与成像质量和姿态控制精度与成像质量三个方面论述了精密敏捷控制技术对光学遥感卫星成像的重要性。在此基础上,结合光学遥感卫星姿态控制系统的组成及原理,分析了影响姿态控制精度和姿态机动能力的主要因素,对高精度姿态确定、精密姿态控制和敏捷姿态控制三个关键技术方向进行了讨论和总结。最后,综合当前技术的发展趋势,围绕一体化成像控制的设计思想展望了精密敏捷控制技术未来的发展趋势,为实现高分辨率光学遥感卫星多功能、高质量成像控制提供了理论依据和工程参考。

A method to estimate concentrations of surface-level particulate matter using satellite-based aerosol optical thickness

We propose a new method to estimate surface-level particulate matter(PM)concentrations by using satellite-retrieved Aerosol Optical Thickness(AOT).This method considers the distribution and variation of Planetary Boundary Layer(PBL)height and relative humidity(RH)at the regional scale.The method estimates surface-level particulate matter concentrations using the data simulated by an atmospheric boundary layer model RAMS and satellite-retrieved AOT.By incorporation MODIS AOT,PBL height and RH simulated by RAMS,this method is applied to estimate the surface-level PM 2.5 concentrations in North China region.The result is evaluated by using 16 ground-based observations deployed in the research region,and the result shows a good agreement between estimated PM 2.5 concentrations and observations,and the coefficient of determination R2 is 0.61 between the estimated PM 2.5 concentrations and the observations.In addition,surface-level PM 2.5 concentrations are also estimated by using MODIS AOT,ground-based LIDAR observations and RH measurements.A comparison between the two estimated PM 2.5 concentrations shows that the new method proposed in this paper is better than the traditional method.The coefficient of determination R2 is improved from 0.32 to 0.62.

Overview of the key technologies for high-resolution satellite mapping

As the important infrastructures for land mapping and resource monitoring,highresolution remote sensing satellites(HRSS)are urgently demanded for the development of China.In this article,the key technologies of the main HRSS are summarized,and these technologies include sensor design,attitude and orbit determination,geometric calibration,imaging model construction,and block adjustment,etc.,which involve the mapping accuracy of HRSS.Finally,the system design of the ZY-3 Satellite(China’s first civil stereoscopic surveying and mapping satellite,to be launched in 2012)is introduced,which mainly include satellite technical specifications and strategies design based on these key technologies research.

Conceptual rotational mode design for optical conical scanning imaging small satellites

This paper focuses upon the novel optical conical scanning imaging working mode design for small satellites.This kind of satellite employs only one inclined optical camera achieving wide-swath imaging via a rotational motion about the nadir axis either by the camera or by the satellite.Three working modes are designed,i.e.,high-speed rotational mode,low-speed rotational mode,and variable-speed rotational mode.For the high-speed and low-speed working modes,the camera rotates at a constant speed and the corresponding angular velocity is derived under the consideration of guaranteed coverage and minimized overlap.To improve the system performance,an enhanced working mode taking advantages of both the high-speed rotational mode and lowspeed rotational mode is proposed.Working in this variable-speed rotational mode,the camera rotates slowly to get high-quality pictures when it works,while it rotates rapidly to reduce the energy consumption and save the storage during which period the camera is turned off to minimize the overlap.All these working modes are illustrated in detail,and numerical simulation tests are conducted to validate their effectiveness.

水利工程卫星遥感监测技术应用与展望

卫星遥感监测在弥补地面测点不足、全面感知水利工程态势变化及风险源识别方面具有优势。总结分析了光学遥感、雷达遥感监测技术特点及在水利工程中的应用现状,指出遥感影像分类识别、合成孔径雷达干涉形变测量技术在工程应用中尚存在准确度和精度不高、未与工程风险评估深度融合等问题;面向水利工程建设与运行管理的应用需求,从在建工程施工进度监督、在运工程形变精准监测及风险源识别预警等3个典型应用场景,探讨了水利工程卫星遥感监测技术的业务化应用路径,剖析了尚存在遥感监测定量化及时空分辨率不足、“天-空-地”多尺度协同监测不够的技术瓶颈,展望了水利工程遥感监测技术应用的发展方向。

北京三号B卫星相机设计及技术特点

北京三号B卫星搭载的高分辨率相机是我国成像原始分辨率最高的商业光学遥感相机。文章介绍了相机采用的星地一体化总体设计、高稳定光机系统设计、相机与卫星一体化设计、相机支撑及减振、杂光抑制、电路、精密热控制等技术的特点,在轨验证表明:北京三号B卫星相机成像质量优良,设计有效可行,可为后续高分辨率大口径相机的研制提供参考。

“天基红外系统”高轨卫星构型分析与启示

“天基红外系统”(SBIRS)是美国空军为取代“国防支援计划”(DSP)预警卫星而设计部署的后续新型导弹预警卫星系统,用于支持导弹预警、导弹防御和作战空间感知等领域,是美国战略战术作战与防御系统的重要组成部分,对国防军事领域具有关键支撑作用。文章根据公开资料,在对SBIRS GEO-3卫星的任务、技术指标和总体能力进行分析的基础上,对其构型设计与特点以及应用的新技术等进行分析和总结,以期为我国的高轨遥感卫星构型设计提供启示。

陆地生态系统碳监测卫星多角度偏振成像仪细粒子气溶胶反演

细粒子气溶胶光学厚度是大气环境监测、气候变化评估所需的关键参数。对2022年8月发射的陆地生态系统碳监测卫星(CM-1)上搭载的多角度偏振成像仪(DPC)进行了较为系统的介绍。DPC/CM-1的主要改进是星下点空间分辨率从3.3 km提升到2.4 km。针对DPC/CM-1载荷及数据特点,发展了基于偏振与光谱特征和空间纹理特征的云检测方法,同时耦合了多角度信息实现较严格的云像元判识。该方法对于沙漠、植被、丘陵,以及海表耀光及非耀光区域等不同下垫面,均有较好的检测效果。发展了基于改进气溶胶模型的细粒子气溶胶光学厚度(FAOD)反演算法,利用全球地基气溶胶观测网(AERONET)数据对FAOD反演结果进行了验证,拟合直线斜率达到0.95以上,且有接近73%的数据分布于期望误差以内,说明了反演算法的可靠性。FAOD反演结果清晰显示出全球FAOD空间分布特征,其中,印度、非洲中部等地区受人口分布、工/农业排放、生物质燃烧等影响,FAOD高值达到0.7~0.9。DPC/CM-1在轨测试期间的初步反演结果表明其在大气环境监测、污染传输分析等方面的潜力,能够提供更精细尺度的大气参数反演结果。

主被动光学卫星遥感数据融合浅海水深测量

针对双介质立体摄影测量中水面高程不确定性带来的测深误差,本文提出了主被动光学卫星遥感数据融合浅海水深测量的技术路线,探讨了主动ICESat-2激光测高数据与被动WorldView-3立体像对数据融合的测深模型。首先通过ICESat-2激光测高数据提取海面高程作为WorldView-3立体像对数据水面高程纠正的起算位置,然后利用区域网平差的二次多项式加入适当的水深改正量。在我国南海岛礁开展了主被动光学卫星遥感数据融合进行浅海水深测量试验。结果表明,主被动融合测深模型的均方根误差(RMSE)小于0.70 m,实现了高精度、无实测控制点的浅海水深测量。

新体制光学遥感卫星变转速环扫控制方法

针对基于圆锥扫描的新体制超宽覆盖光学遥感卫星在变转速环扫成像过程中,多条带在固定时间内有效拼接的问题,为了确保其在一个环扫周期内,卫星在相机开机期间绕对地轴慢速稳定自旋、相机关机期间变转速快速自旋,并且在下一次相机开机时刻自旋到指定的相位,提出一种bang-bang控制与固定时间控制相结合的复合控制方法。首先给出变转速姿态控制问题的数学模型,并采用两次坐标旋转,分别描述垂直于自旋轴和绕自旋轴的运动,建立光学环扫成像卫星的姿态模型。针对变转速环扫控制问题,将bang-bang控制与固定时间控制相结合,设计控制策略,并推导固定时间控制律。仿真校验结果表明,所提出的控制方法对于解决光学环扫成像卫星变转速环扫控制问题具备有效性,并具有良好的控制精度。

星载光学遥感图像特征误匹配剔除方法研究

误匹配剔除是提高特征匹配精度的重要手段,星载光学遥感图像由于数据量大、纹理重复、光照强度变化等特点,导致现有误匹配剔除方法的性能下降。针对此问题,提出一种基于局部和全局几何约束的误匹配剔除方法。在初始匹配集的基础上,首先利用特征局部一致性对误匹配进行初步过滤;然后根据图像间的变换关系构建特征拓扑结构,并提取其几何属性描述结构相似度,基于此建立特征全局结构一致性约束模型,通过推导模型的最优解剔除残留误匹配;采用引导式匹配策略,选取局部一致性高的匹配点组成高内点率匹配集,以此作为特征全局邻域,提高全局约束的鲁棒性和效率。实验结果表明,与现有方法相比,所提方法对星载光学遥感图像的匹配性能更优,平均精确率、召回率分别为0.9和0.89;在不同内点率的初始匹配集上表现鲁棒,平均F分数为0.86。