KCNQ1 rs2237895 gene polymorphism increases susceptibility to type 2 diabetes mellitus in Asian populations

BACKGROUND The association of single nucleotide polymorphism of KCNQ1 gene rs2237895 with type 2 diabetes mellitus(T2DM)is currently controversial.It is unknown whether this association can be gene realized across different populations.AIM To determine the association of KCNQ1 rs2237895 with T2DM and provide reliable evidence for genetic susceptibility to T2DM.METHODS We searched PubMed,Embase,Web of Science,Cochrane Library,Medline,Baidu Academic,China National Knowledge Infrastructure,China Biomedical Literature Database,and Wanfang to investigate the association between KCNQ1 gene rs2237895 and the risk of T2DM up to January 12,2022.Review Manager 5.4 was used to analyze the association of the KCNQ1 gene rs2237895 polymorphism with T2DM and to evaluate the publication bias of the selected literature.RESULTS Twelve case–control studies(including 11273 cases and 11654 controls)met our inclusion criteria.In the full population,allelic model[odds ratio(OR):1.19;95%confidence interval(95%CI):1.09–1.29;P<0.0001],recessive model(OR:1.20;95%CI:1.11–1.29;P<0.0001),dominant model(OR:1.27.95%CI:1.14–1.42;P<0.0001),and codominant model(OR:1.36;95%CI:1.15–1.60;P=0.0003)(OR:1.22;95%CI:1.10–1.36;P=0.0002)indicated that the KCNQ1 gene rs2237895 polymorphism was significantly correlated with susceptibility to T2DM.In stratified analysis,this association was confirmed in Asian populations:allelic model(OR:1.25;95%CI:1.13–1.37;P<0.0001),recessive model(OR:1.29;95%CI:1.11–1.49;P=0.0007),dominant model(OR:1.35;95%CI:1.20–1.52;P<0.0001),codominant model(OR:1.49;95%CI:1.22–1.81;P<0.0001)(OR:1.26;95%CI:1.16–1.36;P<0.0001).In non-Asian populations,this association was not significant:Allelic model(OR:1.06,95%CI:0.98–1.14;P=0.12),recessive model(OR:1.04;95%CI:0.75–1.42;P=0.83),dominant model(OR:1.06;95%CI:0.98–1.15;P=0.15),codominant model(OR:1.08;95%CI:0.82–1.42;P=0.60.OR:1.15;95%CI:0.95–1.39;P=0.14).CONCLUSION KCNQ1 gene rs2237895 was significantly associated with susceptibility to T2DM in an Asian population.Carriers of the C allele had a higher risk of T2DM.This association was not significant in non-Asian populations.

Comparative study of type 2 diabetes mellitus-associated gut microbiota between the Dai and Han populations

BACKGROUND The global prevalence of type 2 diabetes mellitus(T2DM)is increasing.T2DM is associated with alterations of the gut microbiota,which can be affected by age,illness,and genetics.Previous studies revealed that there are discriminating microbiota compositions between the Dai and the Han populations.However,the specific gut microbiota differences between the two populations have not been elucidated.AIM To compare the gut microbiota differences in subjects with and without T2DM in the Dai and Han populations.METHODS A total of 35 subjects of the Han population(including 15 healthy children,8 adult healthy controls,and 12 adult T2DM patients)and 32 subjects of the Dai population(including 10 healthy children,10 adult healthy controls,and 12 adult T2DM patients)were enrolled in this study.Fasting venous blood samples were collected from all the subjects for biochemical analysis.Fecal samples were collected from all the subjects for DNA extraction and 16S rRNA sequencing,which was followed by analyses of the gut microbiota composition.RESULTS No significant difference in alpha diversity was observed between healthy children and adults.The diversity of gut microbiota was decreased in T2DM patients compared to the healthy adults in both the Dai and Han populations. There was a significant difference in gut microbiota between healthy children and healthy adults in the Hanpopulation with an increased abundance of Bacteroidetes and decreased Firmicutes in children. However, thisdifference was less in the Dai population. Significant increases in Bacteroidetes in the Han population and Proteobacteriain the Dai population and decreases in Firmicutes in both the Han and Dai population were observed inT2DM patients compared to healthy adults. Linear discriminant analysis Effect Size analysis also showed that thegut microbiota was different between the Han and Dai populations in heathy children, adults, and T2DM patients.Four bacteria were consistently increased and two consistently decreased in the Han population compared to theDai population.CONCLUSION Differences in gut microbiota were found between the Han and Dai populations. A significant increase inBacteroidetes was related to the occurrence of T2DM in the Han population, while a significant increase in Proteobacteriawas related to the occurrence of T2DM in the Dai population.

Intravitreal conbercept injection with panretinal photocoagulation for high-risk proliferative diabetic retinopathy with vitreous hemorrhage

AIM:To assess the clinical efficacy and safety of combining panretinal photocoagulation(PRP)with intravitreal conbercept(IVC)injections for patients with high-risk proliferative diabetic retinopathy(HR-PDR)complicated by mild or moderate vitreous hemorrhage(VH),with or without diabetic macular edema(DME).METHODS:Patients diagnosed with VH with/without DME secondary to HR-PDR and received PRP combined with IVC injections were recruited in this retrospective study.Upon establishing the patient’s diagnosis,an initial IVC was performed,followed by prompt administration of PRP.In cases who significant bleeding persisted and impeded the laser operation,IVC was sustained before supplementing with PRP.Following the completion of PRP,patients were meticulously monitored for a minimum of six months.Laser therapy and IVC injections were judiciously adjusted based on fundus fluorescein angiography(FFA)results.Therapeutic effect and the incidence of adverse events were observed.RESULTS:Out of 42 patients(74 eyes),29 were male and 13 were female,with a mean age of 59.17±12.74y(33-84y).The diabetic history was between 1wk and 26y,and the interval between the onset of visual symptoms and diagnosis of HR-PDR was 1wk-1y.The affected eye received 2.59±1.87(1-10)IVC injections and underwent 5.5±1.02(4-8)sessions of PRP.Of these,68 eyes received PRP following 1 IVC injection,5 eyes after 2 IVC injections,and 1 eye after 3 IVC injections.Complete absorption of VH was observed in all 74 eyes 5-50wk after initial treatment,with resolution of DME in 51 eyes 3-48wk after initial treatment.A newly developed epiretinal membrane was noted in one eye.Visual acuity significantly improved in 25 eyes.No complications such as glaucoma,retinal detachment,or endophthalmitis were reported.CONCLUSION:The study suggests that the combination of PRP with IVC injections is an effective and safe modality for treating diabetic VH in patients with HR-PDR.

Association between High Fat-low Carbohydrate Diet Score and Newly Diagnosed Type 2 Diabetes in Chinese Population

Objective To study the association between high fat-low carbohydrate diet score and newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes in Chinese population. Methods Data about 20 717 subjects aged 45-59 years from the cross-sectional 2002 China National Nutrition and Health Survey were analyzed. High fat-low carbohydrate diet was scored according to the energy of carbohydrate, fat, and protein. Results Of the 20 717 subjects, 1 332 were diagnosed with hyperglycemia and 662 were newly diagnosed with type 2 diabetes. Multivariate adjusted analysis showed that the highest score of type 2 diabetes patients was 2.75 （95% CI： 2.09-3.61）. The score of type 2 diabetes patients was 1.87 （95% CI： 1.35-2.58） after further adjustment for their socioeconomic status and physical activity. No significant difference was found in the odds ratio after further adjustment for BMI, blood pressure, lipid level, and energy intake. No evidence was observed for the relation between high fat-low carbohydrate-diet score in type 2 diabetes patients due to high family income, less education, physical activity, overweight, hypertension, high TG, or low HDL level. Conclusion High fat-low carbohydrate diets, far different from traditional Chinese diets, are associated with the high incidence of type 2 diabetes in Chinese population.

Analysis of the relationship between 24-hour sodium and blood pressure and the dietary status based on mobile phone APP in the high-risk population of hypertension in Haikou

Objective:To understand the dietary intake of high-risk population with hypertension in Haikou,and to analyze the relationship between dietary intake and blood pressure,especially the relationship between sodium intake and blood pressure,so as to provide a scientific basis for salt reduction.Methods:A multi-stage cluster sampling 2021 was used from July to December to collect 3-4 cscs from each of the four districts in Haikou.A total of 15 cscs were collected,295 permanent residents aged 55-74 were recruited from 15 community service centers,with 20 eligible subjects from each community.The subjects underwent general physical examination,laboratory tests,and a dietary survey using the self-developed Android phone APP“Nutrition Assistant”(registration number:2021SR1547832).SPSS 21.0 was used 2 for t test,x^(2) test and multiple Regression analysis.Result:In Haikou,69.4%of the subjects had energy intake above energy requirement,and 44.8%had fat intake above the acceptable range of macronutrients.There were only differences in energy,carbohydrate,vitamin B 6 and sodium intake(t=-2.174,-1.990,2.333,-5.442,P=0.031,0.048,0.021,<0.001,respectively).There were significant differences in BMI,family history of chronic diseases,systolic blood 2 pressure and diastolic blood pressure(f value or x^(2) value were 4.260,19.045,139.916,36.864,P value were 0.015,<0.001,<0.001,<0.001,respectively).Multiple Regression analysis analysis showed that 24h sodium excretion was significantly correlated with systolic and diastolic blood pressure(t=12.964,P<0.001),systolic and diastolic blood pressure increased by 0.135 mmhg and 0.068 mmhg,respectively.Conclusion:The dietary intake of the middle-aged and elderly people at high risk of hypertension in the Haikou community was unbalanced,and the intake of sodium salt was strongly correlated with blood pressure,it is necessary to continue to promote salt reduction as one of the key ways to prevent and control hypertension.

Cost-benefit analysis of screening for diabetic retinopathy among Chinese type 2 diabetes: decision from different perspectives of a population-based study

The purpose of this study is to explore whether it is worthwhile to launch a routine diabetic retinopathy (DR) screening for blindness pre-vention among Chinese type 2 diabetes from different perspective based on the popula-tion-based study in Kinmen, Taiwan. A total of 971 community dwelling adults previously di-agnosed with type 2 diabetes in 1991-1993 un-derwent DR screening in 1999-2002 by a panel of ophthalmologists using on-site indirect oph-thalmoscopy and 45-degree color fundus retinal photographs. The cost-benefit analysis is used to evaluate the DR screening. In terms of bene-fit-cost ratio, the different screening programs for DR could save New Taiwan Dollars (NTD) from 14.38 to 36.83 in discounted costs for each dollar incurred in different screening years from the societal viewpoint for Taiwan and save NTD from 0.81 to 1.80 in different screening years from health care payer’s perspective. The av-erage estimate of willingness-to-pay to translate into benefit yields NTD from 937.8 to 4,689 be- nefits per case due to DR screening in different screening years during 10-year follow-up. The net present value of the DR screening were NTD from -167,318 to -307,251.2 in different screening years. In conclusion, it is worthwhile to initial a routine DR screening of Chinese type 2 diabetes for blindness prevention from the societal per-spective but not from consumer decision based on the willingness-to-pay perspective.

Living with liver disease in the era of COVID-19-the impact of the epidemic and the threat to high-risk populations

The cardinal symptoms of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 infection as the pandemic began in 2020 were cough,fever,and dyspnea,thus characterizing the virus as a predominantly pulmonary disease.While it is apparent that many patients presenting acutely to the hospital with coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19)infection have complaints of respiratory symptoms,other vital organs and systems are also being affected.In fact,almost half of COVID-19 hospitalized patients were found to have evidence of some degree of liver injury.Incidence and severity of liver injury in patients with underlying liver disease were even greater.According to the Centers of Disease Control and Prevention,from August 1,2020 to May 31,2022 there have been a total of 4745738 COVID-19 hospital admissions.Considering the gravity of the COVID-19 pandemic and the incidence of liver injury in COVID-19 patients,it is imperative that we as clinicians understand the effects of the virus on the liver and conversely,the effect of underlying hepatobiliary conditions on the severity of the viral course itself.In this article,we review the spectrum of novel studies regarding COVID-19 induced liver injury,compiling data on the effects of the virus in various age and high-risk groups,especially those with preexisting liver disease,in order to obtain a comprehensive understanding of this disease process.We also provide an update of the impact of the new Omicron variant and the changing nature of COVID-19 pathogenesis.

Impact of Hypertension on Type 2 Diabetes in Mysore Population of South India

Objective: The study aims to explore the prevalence of hypertension and its impact on Type 2 diabetes in a Mysore population of the Indian subcontinent. Methods: 636 participants volunteered for the study. Anthropometric measurements and blood pressure were recorded while plasma was analyzed for biochemical markers. The IDF and JNC 7 diagnostic criteria were followed to define diabetes and hypertension. Statistical Analyses: One-way analysis of variance, χ2-test and Logistic regression analysis were performed to assess differences of the mean, proportion and the independent effect of hypertension on the development of type 2 diabetes. Results: Hypertension was observed to be prevalent in 37.1% of the studied population with an insignificant gender difference. Rate of occurrence of hypertensives was found to be significantly higher in type 2 diabetes (51.9%), obese subjects (45.2%), long-term smokers (49%) and alcohol addicts (48%) than control groups. The risk of development of diabetes was significantly higher in hypertensives than normotensive. However, when creatinine and blood urea nitrogen were included in the model, the significance was nullified. Conclusions: The prevalence of type 2 diabetes and hypertension is increasing at an alarming rate. This study reveals that the significance of hypertension as a parameter in predicting the risk of type 2 diabetes was influenced by the renal function and lipid profile.

A nomogram of 5-year risk of type 2 diabetes in Chinese population

Objective:The aim of this study was to analyze the risk factors of type 2 diabetes in 5 years in Chinese population,and to construct the prediction model of nomogram and verify its validity.Methods:The physical examination and follow-up data of the participants who received physical examination at 32 sites in 11 cities in China from 2010 to 2016 were collected from the Dryad digital repository database.Randomly divided into modeling group(n=22936)and validation group(n=9830).In the modeling group,the independent risk factors were determined by single factor and multi factor analysis based on Cox regression model,and the nomogram prediction model was constructed by R software.The accuracy and performance of the model were evaluated by AUC value,C-index and calibration curve.Results:The multivariate regression model suggested that fasting blood glucose,triglyceride,smoking history and drinking history were independent risk predictors of 5-year risk of type 2 diabetes in Chinese population.In the modeling group,AUC was 0.776(95%CI:0.699-0.849),and C-index was 0.783(95%CI:0.706-0.856).Similarly,in the validation group,the AUC value was 0.743(95%CI:0.665-0.824),and the C-index was 0.764(95%CI:0.667-0.846),suggesting that the model had a good discrimination ability.The 5-year adjusted risk curve of type 2 diabetes in Chinese population suggests a good consistency between the predicted value and the actual value.Conclusion:The nomogram model can predict the 5-year risk of type 2 diabetes in Chinese population intuitively and accurately.

Combined Influence of Insulin Resistance and Inflammatory Biomarkers on Type 2 Diabetes:A Population-based Prospective Cohort Study of Inner Mongolians in China

This prospective study was designed to examine the combined influence of insulin resistance（IR）and inflammatory biomarker levels on type 2 diabetes mellitus（T2DM）among 1,903Inner Mongolians.

Psychosocial Factors and the Risk of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in Women Population based Epidemiological Study

Our aim was to study the effect of depression and social support on the risk of type 2 diabetes in female population aged 25-64 in Russia/Siberia.Under the screening surveys random representative samples of women aged 25-64 years were examined in 1994 and 2005.Depression assessment was performed using the MONICA-MOPSY test.Social support was measured using the Berkman-Sim test.From 1994 to 2018 in a cohort of women new-onset cases of diabetes mellitus were detected.The risk of T2DM in persons with depression was 1.844(p<0.01).After adjusting for sociodemographic variables,the risk decreased by 6%but remained significantly significant(p<0.05).The impact of a low level of social relations showed a significant effect on the risk of diabetes mellitus,including the multivariate model adjusted for the social gradient(HR=1.833,p<0.05).The presence of psychosocial factors decreases the protective effect of education in diabetes incidence.The incidence of T2D was higher in the group of manual labor and in executives.Depression and low social support increase the risk of T2DM by 80%.The frequencies of T2DM are determined by the social gradient and are associated with the role conflict“family-work”.

Impact of Diabetes Mellitus on the Treatment Outcomes of Chemotherapy in Women with Breast Cancer——A Population-Based Prospective Cohort Study

There are few population-based data in investigating the impact of diabetes on chemotherapy adverse effects and treatment outcomes of non-metastatic breast cancer. The purpose of this study is to evaluate whether diabetes affects the patterns of use in chemotherapy, toxic effects of chemotherapy, and treatment outcomes for non-metastatic breast cancer in Taiwan. The study results can provide physicians for making a decision whether or not to use chemotherapy based on the individual patients＇ condition.

Panretinal photocoagulation versus panretinal photocoagulation plus intravitreal bevacizumab for high-risk proliferative diabetic retinopathy

AIM： To evaluate the effects of panretinal photocoagulation （PRP） compared with PRP plus intravitreal bevacizumab （IVB） in patients with high-risk proliferative diabetic retinopathy （PDR） according to the Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study criteria.METHODS： The data were collected retrospectively from the eyes of high-risk PDR patients, which were divided into two groups. After treated with standard PRP, the eyes were randomly assigned to receive only PRP （PRP group） or PRP plus intravitreal injection of 1.25 mg of bevacizumab （PRP-Plus group）. Patients underwent complete ophthalmic evaluation, including best corrected visual acuity （BCVA）, intraocular pressure （IOP）, and new vessel size in fluorescein angiography （FA） and optical coherence tomography for the assessment of central subfield macular thickness （CSMT） at baseline and at weeks 12 （±2）, 16 （±2）, 24 （±2） and 48 （±2）. Main outcome measures also included vitreous clear-up time and neovascularization on the disc （NVD） regression time. Adverse events associated with intravitreal injection were investigated.RESULTS： Thirty consecutive patients （n=36 eyes） completed the 48-week follow-up. There was no significant difference between the PRP and PRP-Plus groups with respect to age, gender, type or duration of diabetes, area of fluorescein leakage from active neovascularizations （NVs）, BCVA or CSMT at baseline. The mean vitreous clear-up time was 12.1±3.4wk after PRP and 8.4±3.5wk after PRP combined with IVB. The mean time interval from treatment to complete NVD regression on FA examination was 15.2±3.5wk in PRP group and 12.5±3.1wk in PRP-Plus group. No significant difference in CSMT was observed between the groups throughout the study period. However, the total area of actively leaking NVs was significantly reduced in the PRP-Plus group compared with the PRP group （P〈0.05）. Patients received an average of 1.3 injections （range： 1-2）. Ten eyes （27.8%） underwent 2 injections. Two eyes had ocular complication of PDR progression to dense vitreous hemorrhage （VH）. No major adverse events were identified.CONCLUSION： The adjunctive use of IVB with PRP is associated with a greater reduction in the area of active leaking NVs than PRP alone in patients with high-risk PDR. Short-term results suggest combined IVB and PRP achieved rapid clearance of VH and regression of retinal NV in the treatment of high-risk PDR. Further studies are needed to determine the effect of repeated intravitreal bevacizumab injections and the proper number of bevacizumab injections as an adjuvant.

The association analysis polymorphism of CDKAL1 and diabetic retinopathy in Chinese Han population

AIM： To identify the contribution of CDKAL1 to the development of diabetic retinopathy（DR） in Chinese population.·METHODS： A case-control study was performed to investigate the genetic association between DR and polymorphic variants of CDKAL1 in Chinese Han population with type 2 diabetes mellitus（T2DM）. A welldefined population with T2 DM, consisting of 475 controls and 105 DR patients, was recruited. All subjects were genotyped for the genetic variant（rs10946398） of CDKAL1. Genotyping was performed by i PLEX technology. The association between rs10946398 and T2 DM was assessed by univariate and multivariate logistic regression（MLR） analysis.· RESULTS： There were significant differences in C allele frequencies of rs10946398（CDKAL1） between control and DR groups（45.06% versus 55.00%, P 〈0.05）.The rs10946398 of CDKAL1 was found to be associated with the increased risk of DR among patients with diabetes.·CONCLUSION： Our findings suggest that rs10946398 of CDKAL1 is independently associated with DR in a Chinese Han population.

HFE Gene Mutation Associated with the Severity of Gestational Diabetes Mellitus in Belarusian Women

To determine whether the H63D and C282Y mutations in HFE (hemochromatosis) gene are associated with the risk of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM), we conducted the study of 65 incident cases. The class of gestational diabetes (A1, A2, B) in pregnant women was defined based on the results of glycemic profile and 75-g oral glucose tolerance test. Two single nucleotide polymorphisms (H63D and C282Y) in HFE gene were genotyped by PCR and RFLP (Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism). The frequencies of mutations in patients cohort were: 0.14 for H63D and 0.02 for C282Y, which are similar to the data reported for Belarusian population (0.16 and 0.04 respectively). The detailed analysis of case subjects indicated association of H63D mutation with the severity of gestational diabetes mellitus. In the frequencies of H63D mutation and genotypes between the case subjects with A1 and B gestational diabetes were detected significant differences. Our data indicated that the presence of H63D mutation in pregnant women with GDM aggravates the disease—odds ratio 7.4 (95% CI 1.8 - 30.5). Women with gestational diabetes have severe increased risk for illness progressing to class B if they are H63D mutation carriers.

A population-based follow-up study on gallstone disease among type 2 diabetics in Kinmen,Taiwan

瞄准：估计发生并且在 Kinmen 在类型 2 糖尿病患者之中为胆石疾病(GSD ) 冒因素的风险，台湾。方法：为 GSD 的一个屏蔽节目被采用了即时腹的超声在病人们有 fasted 至少八个小时以后，检验腹的区域的二位专家执行。屏蔽，它在 2001 被进行，包含了与类型 2 糖尿病诊断的 848 个病人。在有流行 GSD 的 63 个题目的排除以后，没有 GSD 的 377 个参加者为秒轮屏蔽在 2002 被邀请。281 的一个总数(74.5%) 使遭到是 re-examined。结果：在 281 类型之中没在首先屏蔽有 GSD 的 2 名糖尿病患者， 10 在 2002 开发了 GSD。发生每年是 3.56%(95% CI：1.78% 每 year-6.24% 每年) 。用一个考克斯回归模型，变老(RR = 1.07， 95% CI：1.00-1.14 ) ，腰圆周(RR = 1.12， 95% CI：1.01-1.29 ) ，并且中高音(RR = 1.13， 95%CI：1.01-1.26 ) 看起来显著地与 GSD 的开发被相关。结论：老年是为 GSD 的发展的一个已知的风险因素。我们那更大的腰圆周和提高的中高音铺平的学习表演也在 Kinmen 在类型 2 糖尿病患者之中与 GSD 的发展被联系。

Correlation between diabetic retinopathy and Helicobacter pylori infection: a cross-sectional retrospective study

AIM:To explore the correlation between diabetic retinopathy(DR)and Helicobacter pylori(Hp)infection,based on data from a physical examination population.METHODS:This cross-sectional retrospective analysis included data of 73824 health examination participants from December 2018 to December 2019.Participants were divided into the diabetic group and non-diabetic group,nondiabetic retinopathy(NDR)group,non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy(NPDR)group,proliferative diabetic retinopathy(PDR)group,and Hp infection group.Gender,age,body mass index(BMI),systolic blood pressure(SBP),diastolic blood pressure(DBP),fasting plasma glucose(FPG),glycated hemoglobin A1c(HbA1c),triglycerides(TG),total cholesterol(TC),low-density lipoprotein cholesterol(LDL-C),high-density lipoprotein cholesterol(HDL-C),and Hp data were recorded to compare the degree of DR lesions and Hp infection.Logistic regression analysis was used to evaluate the correlation between DR and Hp infection.RESULTS:There was a statistically significant difference between the diabetic and non-diabetic group(χ2=94.17,P<0.0001).Logistic regression analysis showed that male sex,age,BMI,SBP,TG,LDL-C,and Hp infection were independent risk factors for DR.There was no correlation between the degree of DR lesions and Hp infection(ρ=-0.00339,P=0.7753).Age[odds ratio(OR)=1.035,95%CI:1.024,1.046,P<0.0001]and SBP(OR=1.009,95%CI:1.004,1.015,P=0.0013)were independent risk factors for the degree of DR.CONCLUSION:There is a significant correlation between DR and Hp infection in the physical examination population.Hp infection is a risk factor for DR,and there is no significant difference between Hp infection and DR of different pathological degrees.Actively eradicating Hp may be of help to prevent DR.

Obesity in people with diabetes in COVID-19 times: Important considerations and precautions to be taken

At the end of 2019,a new disease with pandemic potential appeared in China.It was a novel coronavirus called coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19).Later,in the first quarter of 2020,the World Health Organization declared the outbreak of this disease a pandemic.Elderly people,people with comorbidities,and health care professionals are more vulnerable to COVID-19.Obesity has been growing exponentially worldwide,affecting several age groups.It is a morbidity that is associated with genetic,epigenetic,environment factors and/or interaction between them.Obesity is associated with the development of several diseases including diabetes mellitus,mainly type 2.Diabetes affects a significant portion of the global population.Obesity and diabetes are among the main risk factors for the development of severe symptoms of COVID-19,and individuals with these conditions constitute a risk group.Based on a literature review on obesity in people with diabetes in the framework of the COVID-19 pandemic,this study presents updated important considerations and care to be taken with this population.

Gait speed may predict development of Type 2 diabetes: A pilot study among elderly Japanese

Aims: Epidemiologic evidence suggests that physical activity is associated with reduced risk of Type 2 diabetes. Walking is simple, effective, and by far the most prevalent physical activity among older adults. However, it is difficult to recognize and evaluate performance-based parameters of physical activity. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the importance of performance-based gait speed among several physical measurements in the development of Type 2 diabetes using long-term community-based data on elderly Japanese persons. Methods: 10 baseline physical measurements, including habitual (HGS) and fast (FGS) gait speed, were examined in 102 elderly Japanese persons living independently in the community (mean age: 71.1 years old) who were not previously diagnosed with diabetes. The subjects then participated in a daily exercise program consisting of walking, stretching, muscle strengthening, and balance exercises and were followed for an average of 4.16 years. Using Cox proportional hazards models with adjustment for age, sex, and category of fasting glucose status, we investigated whether gait speed and/or other physical measurements are associated with development of Type 2 diabetes. Results: 9 subjects developed Type 2 diabetes. Among the 10 physical parameters examined, prolongation of HGS and FGS per second was the only statistically significant factors, with hazard ratios 1.83 (1.15 - 2.89, P = 0.010) and 2.93 (1.43 - 6.03, P = 0.003), respectively. Conclusions: We found a negative association between the development of Type 2 diabetes and gait speed among elderly Japanese people. We conclude that encouraging physical activity and preserving walking capacity may be beneficial for preventing Type 2 diabetes.

Comparison of factor loadings for anthropometric and physiometric measures among type 2 diabetic males, pre and postmenopausal females in North Indian Punjabi population

Background: The objective of the present study was to compare the relationship of anthropometric and physiometric characteristics using principal component factor analysis among three groups of type 2 diabetic subjects such as males, pre and postmenopausal females in North Indian Punjabi population. Method: A total of 349 type 2 diabetic subjects (males 157;females 192;88 pre and 104 postmenopausal) were ascertained for the present study. Different anthropometric and physiometric measurements were taken. Principal component factor analysis (PCFA) was applied to identify the components which are more close to type 2 diabetes among the three groups. Results: PCFA revealed five uncorrelated components which explained 79% of the total variance among diabetic males and six unrelated components which explained 78% of the total variance among pre and postmenopausal females. The important two factors could be identified as central obesity (factor 1) and blood pressure (factor 2) among these three groups. Conclusion: Higher clustering of obesity and blood pressures were found in diabetic males as com pared to pre and postmenopausal diabetic females in North Indian Punjabi population whereas, waist to hip ratio (WHR) has maximum loading in postmenopausal females as compared to others.