Electromagnetic characteristic analysis and design of a linear motor used for ultra-high-speed EMS maglev train

The operating speed of the commercial electromagnetic suspension(EMS)maglev train has been over 430 km/h,making it the fastest means of land transportation.With the increasing demands of people traveling,it is necessary to further improve the operating speed of maglev trains.Aiming to examine whether the existing EMS system can meet the requirements of ultra-highspeed operation(more than 600 km/h),the electromagnetic characteristics of an EMS linear motor under the operating speed of 600–1000 km/h fed by a square-wave voltage supply is investigated in this article.First,an electromagnetic field model of the EMS system under the square-wave voltage supply is established to investigate its electromagnetic performance,e.g.,the characteristics of phase current,the magnetic flux density,and the electromagnetic force.Second,the relationship between the harmonic components of the air-gap magnetic flux density and electromagnetic force is investigated using the two-dimensional fast Fourier transform(2D-FFT)to reveal the mechanism of electromagnetic force ripple.Third,to address the issues of excessive armature current density and significant electromagnetic force ripple,the linear motor is re-designed by enlarging the stator slot area and reshaping the mover's main magnetic poles.Furthermore,the Taguchi method is used to further improve the electromagnetic characteristics of the linear electric motor.Finally,the effectiveness of the proposed optimal design is validated by the finite-element analysis(FEA)based co-simulation.

Aerodynamic Features of High-Speed Maglev Trains with Different Marshaling Lengths Running on a Viaduct under Crosswinds

The safety and stability of high-speed maglev trains traveling on viaducts in crosswinds critically depend on their aerodynamic characteristics.Therefore,this paper uses an improved delayed detached eddy simulation(IDDES)method to investigate the aerodynamic features of high-speed maglev trains with different marshaling lengths under crosswinds.The effects of marshaling lengths(varying from 3-car to 8-car groups)on the train’s aerodynamic performance,surface pressure,and the flow field surrounding the train were investigated using the three-dimensional unsteady compressible Navier-Stokes(N-S)equations.The results showed that the marshaling lengths had minimal influence on the aerodynamic performance of the head and middle cars.Conversely,the marshaling lengths are negatively correlated with the time-average side force coefficient(CS)and time-average lift force coefficient(Cl)of the tail car.Compared to the tail car of the 3-car groups,the CS and Cl fell by 27.77%and 18.29%,respectively,for the tail car of the 8-car groups.It is essential to pay more attention to the operational safety of the head car,as it exhibits the highest time average CS.Additionally,the mean pressure difference between the two sides of the tail car body increased with the marshaling lengths,and the side force direction on the tail car was opposite to that of the head and middle cars.Furthermore,the turbulent kinetic energy of the wake structure on the windward side quickly decreased as marshaling lengths increased.

Motion stability of high-speed maglev systems in consideration of aerodynamic effects: a study of a single magnetic suspension system

In this study, the intrinsic mechanism of aerodynamic effects on the motion stability of a high-speed maglev system was investigated. The concept of a critical speed for maglev vehicles considering the aerodynamic effect is proposed. The study was carried out based on a single magnetic suspension system, which is convenient for proposing relevant concepts and obtaining explicit expressions. This study shows that the motion stability of the suspension system is closely related to the vehicle speed when aerodynamic effects are considered. With increases of the vehicle speed, the stability behavior of the system changes. At a certain vehicle speed,the stability of the system reaches a critical state, followed by instability. The speed corresponding to the critical state is the critical speed. Analysis reveals that when the system reaches the critical state, it takes two forms, with two critical speeds, and thus two expressions for the critical speed are obtained. The conditions of the existence of the critical speed were determined, and the effects of the control parameters and the lift coefficient on the critical speed were analyzed by numerical analysis. The results show that the first critical speed appears when the aerodynamic force is upward,and the second critical speed appears when the aerodynamic force is downward. Moreover, both critical speeds decrease with the increase of the lift coefficient.

Current status and reflection on the development of high-speed maglev transportation

Purpose–High-speed maglev technology can address the issues of adhesion,friction,vibration and highspeed current collection in traditional wheel-rail systems,making it an important direction for the future development of high-speed rail technology.Design/methodology/approach–This paper elaborates on the demand and significance of developing high-speed maglev technology worldwide and examines the current status and technological maturity of several major high-speed maglev systems globally.Findings–This paper summarizes the challenges in the development of high-speed maglev railways in China.Based on this analysis,it puts forward considerations for future research on high-speed maglev railways.Originality/value–This paper describes the development status and technical maturity of several major high-speed maglev systems in the world for the first time,summarizes the existing problems in the development of China’s high-speed maglev railway and on this basis,puts forward the thinking of the next research of China’s high-speed maglev railway.

A study on aerodynamic noise characteristics of a high-speed maglev train with a speed of 600 km/h

Purpose–This study aims to explore the formation mechanism of aerodynamic noise of a high-speed maglev train and understand the characteristics of dipole and quadrupole sound sources of the maglev train at different speed levels.Design/methodology/approach–Based on large eddy simulation(LES)method and Kirchhoff–Ffowcs Williams and Hawkings(K-FWH)equations,the characteristics of dipole and quadrupole sound sources of maglev trains at different speed levels were simulated and analyzed by constructing reasonable penetrable integral surface.Findings–The spatial disturbance resulting from the separation of the boundary layer in the streamlined area of the tail car is the source of aerodynamic sound of the maglev train.The dipole sources of the train are mainly distributed around the radio terminals of the head and tail cars of the maglev train,the bottom of the arms of the streamlined parts of the head and tail cars and the nose tip area of the streamlined part of the tail car,and the quadrupole sources are mainly distributed in the wake area.When the train runs at three speed levels of 400,500 and 600 km$h1,respectively,the radiated energy of quadrupole source is 62.4%,63.3%and 71.7%,respectively,which exceeds that of dipole sources.Originality/value–This study can help understand the aerodynamic noise characteristics generated by the high-speed maglev train and provide a reference for the optimization design of its aerodynamic shape.

EMS型中低速磁浮列车悬浮架技术研究综述

悬浮架是承载EMS(electro-magnetic suspension)型中低速磁浮列车运行的关键子系统,影响列车的悬浮稳定性、舒适性和安全性,需要对其进行深入研究.围绕国内外EMS型中低速磁浮列车应用案例,介绍了(悬挂)端置式悬浮架、(悬挂)中置式悬浮架的技术方案和特征,总结了主要技术指标.结合悬浮架技术研究、发展现状,讨论了磁轨作用关系、运动解耦能力、动力学性能、结构强度以及悬浮冗余设计五大研究方向,通过对研究内容梳理和总结,归纳了现有前沿科学问题和工程技术挑战:一是轨距亟须统一;二是动态磁轨关系研究欠缺;三是悬浮架横向动力学有待研究;四是悬浮架疲劳强度分析及试验不足;五是悬浮架机械结构冗余设计方案较少.

EMS型磁浮列车悬浮静磁场电磁环境仿真研究

为量化评估常导电磁悬浮(EMS)型磁浮列车的电磁环境风险,在确定位于磁浮列车悬浮架两侧的直线电机转子励磁线圈为辐射源的基础上,采用有限元软件COMSOL Multiphysics,建立长定子轨道和EMS型磁浮列车三维结构模型,对直线电机的悬浮电磁特性以及它在周围空间和磁浮列车车厢内产生的静磁场进行仿真计算,并将车厢内的磁通密度计算结果与静磁场暴露限值标准进行对比。结果表明:长定子直线电机在励磁电流为25 A时,悬浮间隙中心线处磁通密度最大模值约为0.9 T,悬浮电磁力约为19.7 kN·m^(-1);磁浮列车夹层位置处磁通密度最大模值在9.39~53.6 uT范围内,车厢内磁通密度最大模值约为6.93 uT;悬浮励磁线圈在车厢内产生的磁通密度最大值远低于国际非电离辐射防护委员会(ICNIRP)对一般公众推荐的400 mT静磁暴露限值,且满足标准EN 45502-2-1—2003和GB 16174.2—2015中小于1 mT的静磁场暴露控制限值。

Electromagnetic Analysis and Optimization of High-speed Maglev Linear Synchronous Motor Based on Field-circuit Coupling

High speed maglev train has become a new non-contact transportation mode mainly studied in recent years because of its non-sticking and high speed characteristics.Firstly,the finite element model of the long stator linear synchronous motor(LSM)is established based on the structure of the test prototype.After calculation,it is compared with the experimental data and verified.On this basis,a field-circuit coupling model based on inverter circuit is established,and the influence of carrier wave ratio change on the output characteristics of LSM is calculated and analyzed.Finally,the filter circuit is introduced into the field-circuit coupling model,and the influence of the filter circuit on the output characteristics of the LSM is compared and analyzed.

Hierarchical model updating for high-speed maglev vehicle/guideway coupled system based on multiobjective optimization

The high-speed maglev vehicle/guideway coupled model is an essential simulation tool for investigating vehicle dynamics and mitigating coupled vibration.To improve its accuracy efficiently,this study investigated a hierarchical model updating method integrated with field measurements.First,a high-speed maglev vehicle/guideway coupled model,taking into account the real effect of guideway material properties and elastic restraint of bearings,was developed by integrating the finite element method,multi-body dynamics,and electromagnetic levitation control.Subsequently,simultaneous in-site measurements of the vehicle/guideway were conducted on a high-speed maglev test line to analyze the system response and structural modal parameters.During the hierarchical updating,an Elman neural network with the optimal Latin hypercube sampling method was used to substitute the FE guideway model,thus improving the computational efficiency.The multi-objective particle swarm optimization algorithm with the gray relational projection method was applied to hierarchically update the parameters of the guideway layer and magnetic force layer based on the measured modal parameters and the electromagnet vibration,respectively.Finally,the updated coupled model was compared with the field measurements,and the results demonstrated the model’s accuracy in simulating the actual dynamic response,validating the effectiveness of the updating method.

Dynamic performance analysis model of high-reliability EMS-Maglev system

In this paper, a modified transient finite element (FE) algorithm for the performance analysis of magnetically levitated vehicles of electromagnetic type is presented. The algorithm incorporates the external power system and vehicle’s movement equations into FE model of transient magnetic field computation directly. Sliding interface between stationary and moving region is used during the transient analysis. The periodic boundaries are implemented in an easy way to reduce the computation scale. It is proved that this method can be used for both electro-motional static and dynamic cases. The test of a transformer and an EMS-Maglev system reveals that the method generates reasonable results at very low computational costs comparing with the transient FE analysis.

EMS型磁悬浮列车电磁系统动态电磁场的有限元分析及其悬浮与牵引力特性的研究

该文基于有限元数值计算的场路耦合的动态数学模型,分析了 EMS 型磁悬浮列车电磁系统动态电磁场分布及其相应工程参数。为避免由于电机定、转子相对运动而引起的气隙场域剖分网格的畸变问题,在气隙中引入了运动边界。实例计算验证了该文构造方法的正确性和工程实用性。

混合EMS型磁浮列车的悬浮磁铁设计与分析

研究适用于EMS型磁浮列车的全尺寸电磁永磁混合悬浮磁铁的设计问题。通过比较永久磁铁的不同安装位置的影响,给出混合磁铁的结构方案。根据混合磁铁吸力公式,得出只有在永久磁铁矫顽力大于一定值时利用混合磁铁才能减小悬浮能耗。分析了混合磁铁的设计要求,研究满载起浮、稳态悬浮、空载吸死三种典型情况下对电磁线圈窗口高度的约束,得出混合磁铁的优化设计参数。最后利用Ansoft有限元磁场分析软件对钕铁硼永磁材料的拼装影响进行分析,给出校正后的悬浮磁铁设计结果。

EMS型磁浮列车悬浮控制系统对爬坡能力的约束分析

分析EMS型磁浮列车的悬浮控制系统对爬坡能力的约束。首先基于系统开环传递函数和通用的悬浮控制器模型,通过将其单实极点配置为闭环非主导极点,将爬坡能力与控制系统的频带和阻尼等参数对应起来;然后以圆曲线型缓和曲线为例,分析得出坡道段的最大跟踪误差与行车速度的关系;最后结合允许误差,给出最小竖曲线与最大爬坡速度半径的关系。研究结果对实际工程具有一定的指导意义。

真空管道磁悬浮列车混合EMS支承的设计与分析

真空管道磁悬浮列车具有超高速、远距离运输的特点,将混合EMS支承应用于真空管道磁悬浮列车中,能有效降低能耗及成本。利用等效磁路理论确定混合EMS支承结构参数,然后建立其三维有限元模型,针对满载稳定悬浮、满载起浮、空载锁死三种临界工况利用ANSYS Maxwell对混合EMS支承进行电磁仿真模拟,得到磁场分布及磁力随电流的变化关系。仿真结果表明:所设计的混合EMS支承结构能满足悬浮要求,尤其在平衡位置能以较小的电流实现悬浮,相比传统电磁支承具有能耗低、体积小的优点。

EMS型磁浮列车模块的基于逆系统的解耦控制

针对EMS型中低速磁浮列车的模块内部两个悬浮端点之间的耦合问题,本文采用基于逆系统的解耦方法,把悬浮模块系统解耦为两个独立的单输入单输出线性系统,并用线性系统理论的状态反馈方法为这两个线性系统配置极点,使它们按照预期的性能指标稳定。最后对整个控制系统进行了仿真研究和实验研究。仿真和实验结果表明,本文设计的解耦控制器能很好的抑制模块内部的耦合,能提高模块的悬浮控制性能。

横风荷载下电磁悬浮EMS型磁浮车辆动态响应特性分析

强烈的横风荷载会影响磁浮列车横向稳定性和安全。为全面了解横风荷载下电磁悬浮(EMS)型磁浮车辆的动态响应特性,建立了一个精细化的3D磁浮车辆多体动力学模型,并利用CFD(计算流体运动学)方法获得了磁浮车辆的气动载荷系数。基于"中国帽子风"阵风风速曲线计算生成横风荷载,进而通过时域动力学仿真,最终获得磁浮车辆车体与悬浮架的动态响应,并从车体位移、电磁悬浮系统和关键部件等方面细致全面地分析了横风荷载下EMS型磁浮车辆动态响应特性。

高温超导EMS悬浮系统研究

高温超导EMS悬浮系统，其悬浮能耗小，并可实现大气隙悬浮。本文介绍了该悬浮系统的数学模型，分析了它的一些性质，采用定气隙控制指标，设计了能使系统稳定的控制器，并对所设计的控制器进行了仿真。仿真结果表明，该悬浮系统可以通过控制实现大气隙、低能耗的稳定悬浮。

高温超导与常导混合EMS试验车悬浮磁轮设计

该文研究适用于超导与常导混合EMS型磁浮列车的悬浮磁铁的设计问题。根据设计模型，进行了理论分析，并依靠有限元软件对磁轮进行了电磁仿真，最后给出了混合小车磁轮设计结果。

A nonlinear control method for the electromagnetic suspension system of the maglev train

To deal with the inherent nonlinearity and open-loop instability of the electromagnetic suspension（EMS） system,a new nonlinear control method is proposed.The simulation results show that,for a PID controller,the over-shoot of the system response to an airgap step disturbance is about 3 mm,and the transient time is 6 s;however,for the proposed nonlinear controller,there is no overshoot and transient time within 2 s.The proposed method has a faster response and stronger robustness.With a designed bi-DSP suspension controller,this nonlinear control method was implemented on the Shanghai Urban Maglev Test Line（SUMTL） to validate its effectiveness and feasibility.

基于动力吸振器的EMS型磁浮车辆-轨道梁耦合振动抑制方法研究

为抑制EMS型磁浮车辆-轨道梁耦合振动,建立了车辆-悬浮控制系统-轨道梁-动力吸振器垂向耦合动力学模型。以考虑轨道梁1阶振动模态和2阶振动模态为算例,分别设计了单动力吸振器和多重动力吸振器,并基于扩展定点理论与频率传递函数分析了2种动力吸振器方案的最佳参数,进而对不同质量比的动力吸振器进行了动力学仿真对比。通过研究可以得出以下结论:当激扰力频率接近轨道梁固有频率时,轨道梁因共振而达到最大动态响应,此时动力吸振器的振动加速度抑制效果最好,接近60%;质量比过大时容易产生负控制,而过小的质量比会使得动力吸振器的制振效果不明显;多重动力吸振器质量分布均匀,制振效果优于单动力吸振器,并且负控制小于单动力吸振器。