Microstructure,Properties and Crack Suppression Mechanism of High-speed Steel Fabricated by Selective Laser Melting at Different Process Parameters

To enrich material types applied to additive manufacturing and enlarge application scope of additive manufacturing in conformal cooling tools,M2 high-speed steel specimens were fabricated by selective laser melting(SLM).Effects of SLM parameters on the microstructure and mechanical properties of M2 high-speed steel were investigated.The results showed that substrate temperature and energy density had significant influence on the densification process of materials and defects control.Models to evaluate the effect of substrate temperature and energy density on hardness were studied.The optimized process parameters,laser power,scan speed,scan distance,and substrate temperature,for fabricated M2 are 220 W,960 mm/s,0.06 mm,and 200℃,respectively.Based on this,the hardness and tensile strength reached 60 HRC and 1000 MPa,respectively.Interlaminar crack formation and suppression mechanism and the relationship between temperature gradient and thermal stress were illustrated.The inhibition effect of substrate temperature on the cracks generated by residual stresses was also explained.AM showed great application potential in the field of special conformal cooling cutting tool preparation.

Influence of Rare Earth Elements on Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Cast High-Speed Steel Rolls

The influence of rare earth （RE） elements on the solidification process and eutectic transformation and mechanical properties of the high-V type cast, high-speed steel roll was studied. Test materials with different RE additions were prepared on a horizontal centrifugal casting machine. The solidification process, eutectic structure transformation, carbide morphology, and the elements present, were all investigated by means of differential scanning calorimetry （DSC） and scanning electron microscopy energy dispersive spectrometry （SEM-EDS）. The energy produced by crack initiation and crack extension was analyzed using a digital impact test machine. It was found that rare earth elements increased the tensile strength of the steel by inducing crystallization of earlier eutectic γ-Fe during the solidification process, which in turn increased the solidification temperature and thinned the dendritic grains. Rare earth elements with large atomic radius changed the lattice parameters of the MC carbide by forming rare earth carbides. This had the effect of dispersing longpole M C carbides to provide carbide grains, thereby, reducing the formation of the gross carbide and making more V available, to increase the secondary hardening process and improve the hardness level. The presence of rare earth elements in the steel raised the impact toughness by changing the mechanism of MC carbide formation, thereby increasing the crack initiation energy.

Precipitation and decomposition behaviors of carbides in AISI M2 high-speed steel with nitrogen and mischmetal

The behaviors of the precipitation and decomposition of carbides in AISI M2 high-speed steel modified by nitrogen and mischmetal were investigated using DSC, XRD, SEM and TEM. The as-cast microstructure of the experimental steel consists of dendrites of iron matrix, networks of eutectic carbides and secondary carbides. The average distance between networks is about 34 μm. The carbides mainly include M_2C, M(C,N) and M_6C, and their relative contents are 58.5%, 30.3% and 11.2%, respectively. The average spacing between the M_2C fibers is 1.5 μm. The decomposition of M_2C occurs from 897.2 to 1221.5 ℃(heating rate of 200 ℃/h). Some precipitated carbide particles occur in the M_2C matrix after holding for 15 min at 1100 ℃. With increasing holding time, the carbide fibers neck down more and more obviously until they are broken down. The spectral peaks of M_2C almost disappear after holding for 60 min. The spectral peaks of M_6C gradually strengthen with the holding time, and the relative content of M_6C increases to 79.8% after holding for 60 min. After holding for 180 min, the carbide fibers disappear, and the decomposition products consist of fine carbide particles(about 300 nm) and short rod-like carbides(about 3.5 μm).

Effect of melting rate on microsegregation and primary MC carbides in M2 high-speed steel during electroslag remelting

Large-size primary MC carbides can significantly reduce the performance of M2 high-speed steel.To better control the morphology and size of primary MC carbides,the effect of melting rate on microsegregation and primary MC carbides of M2 steel during electroslag remelting was investigated.When the melting rate is decreased from 2 kg·min^(-1) to 0.8 kg·min^(-1),the columnar dendrites are gradually coarsened,and the extent of segregation of Mo and V is alleviated,while the segregation of Cr becomes severe.At 2 kg·min^(-1),the number of primary MC carbides per unit area with the sizes in the range of 2 μm to 6 μm accounts for about 75% of all MC carbides,while the carbides are mainly concentrated on the size larger than 8 μm at 0.8 kg·min^(-1).Thermodynamic calculations based on the Clyne-Kurz (simplified to C-K) model shows that MC carbide can be precipitated in the final solidification stage and a smaller secondary dendrite arm spacing caused by higher melting rate (2 kg·min^(-1) in this experiment) facilitates the refinement of primary MC carbides.

PREDICTION OF FLOW STRESS OF HIGH-SPEED STEEL DURING HOT DEFORMATION BY USING BP ARTIFICIAL NEURAL NETWORK

The hot deformation behavior of TI (18W-4Cr-1V) high-speed steel was investigated by means of continuous compression tests performed on Gleeble 1500 thermomechan- ical simulator in a wide range of tempemtures (950℃-1150℃) with strain rotes of 0.001s-1-10s-1 and true strains of 0-0. 7. The flow stress at the above hot defor- mation conditions is predicted by using BP artificial neural network. The architecture of network includes there are three input parameters:strain rate,temperature T and true strain , and just one output parameter, the flow stress ,2 hidden layers are adopted, the first hidden layer includes 9 neurons and second 10 negroes. It has been verified that BP artificial neural network with 3-9-10-1 architecture can predict flow stress of high-speed steel during hot deformation very well. Compared with the prediction method of flow stress by using Zaped-Holloman parumeter and hyperbolic sine stress function, the prediction method by using BP artificial neurul network has higher efficiency and accuracy.

HYDRAULIC ACTIVE GUIDE ROLLER SYSTEM FOR HIGH-SPEED ELEVATOR BASED ON FUZZY CONTROLLER

Increase of elevator speed brings about amplified vibrations of high-speed elevator. In order to reduce the horizontal vibrations of high-speed elevator, a new type of hydraulic active guide roller system based on fuzzy logic controller is developed. First the working principle of the hydraulic guide system is introduced, then the dynamic model of the horizontal vibrations for elevator cage with active guide roller system and the mathematical model of the hydraulic system are given. A fuzzy logic controller for the hydraulic system is designed to control the hydraulic actuator. To improve the control performance, preview compensation for the controller is provided. Finally, simulation and experiments are executed to verify the hydraulic active guide roller system and the control strategy. Both the simulation and experimental results indicate that the hydraulic active guide roller system can reduce the horizontal vibrations of the elevator effectively and has better effects than the passive one, and the fuzzy logic controller with preview compensation can give superior control performance.

Microstructure simulation of rapidly solidified ASP30 high-speed steel particles by gas atomization

In this study, the microstructure evolution of rapidly solidified ASP30 high-speed steel particles was predicted using a simulation method based on the cellular automaton-finite element （CAFE） model. The dendritic growth kinetics, in view of the characteristics of ASP30 steel, were calculated and combined with macro heat transfer calculations by user-defined functions （UDFs） to simulate the microstructure of gas-atomized particles. The relationship among particle diameter, undercooling, and the convection heat transfer coefficient was also inves- tigated to provide cooling conditions for simulations. The simulated results indicated that a columnar grain microstructure was observed in small particles, whereas an equiaxed microstructure was observed in large particles. In addition, the morphologies and microstructures of gas-atomized ASP30 steel particles were also investigated experimentally using scanning electron microscopy （SEM）. The experimental re- suits showed that four major types ofmicrostructures were formed： dendritic, equiaxed, mixed, and multi-droplet microstructures. The simu- lated results and the available experimental data are in good agreement.

Installation position determination of wind speed sensors on steel pole along a high-speed railway

In order to consider the influence of steel pole on the measurement of wind speed sensors and determinate the installation position of wind speed sensors, the flow field around wind speed sensors was investigated. Based on the three-dimensional steady Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes equations and k-ε double equations turbulent model, the field flow around the wind speed sensor and the steel pole along a high-speed railway was simulated on an unstructured grid. The grid-independent validation was conducted and the accuracy of the present numerical simulation method was validated by experiments and simulations carried out by previous researchers. Results show that the steel pole has a significant influence on the measurement results of wind speed sensors. As the distance between two wind speed sensors is varied from 0.3 to 1.0 m, the impact angles are less than ±20°, it is proposed that the distance between two wind speed sensors is 0.8 m at least, and the interval between wind speed sensors and the steel pole is more than 1.0 m with the sensors located on the upstream side.

Microstructure and cutting performance of CrTiAlN coating for high-speed dry milling

Using a closed field unbalanced magnetron sputtering system,the cemented carbide end mills were coated with a CrTiAlN hard coating,which consisted of a Cr adhesive layer,a CrN interlayer and a CrTiAlN top layer.The microstructure and mechanical properties of the coating were investigated by X-ray diffraction（XRD）,scanning electron microscopy（SEM）,transmission electron microscopy（TEM）,micro indentation and scratch test.The cutting performance of the coated end mills were conducted by high-speed dry milling hardened steel（P20,HRC 45）.The results indicates that the coating is composed of（Cr,Ti,Al）N columnar grains with nanolayers.The coating exhibits good adhesion to cemented carbide substrate and high microhardness of around 30 GPa.The coated end mills show significant improvement on tool life and much lower cutting force as compared to the uncoated ones.And the related mechanisms were discussed.

Computer simulation on the controlled cooling of 82B high-speed rod

A modified temperature-phase transformation field coupled nonlinear mathematical model was made and used in computer simulation on the controlled cooling of 82B high-speed rods. The surface temperature history and volume fraction of pearlite as well as the phase transformation history were simulated by using the finite element software Marc/Mentat. The simulated results were compared with the actual measurement and the agreement is good which can validate the presented computational models.

Development and Application of a Heat-resistant Low Ni Steel Modified by Rare Earth for Furnace Roller

The low Ni steel modified hy rare earth(3Cr24NiTSiN with an addition of 0.3% Ce)for furnace roller has been developed.Due to the RE(rare earth)addition,a dense oxide film is formed on the steel surface at high temperature,and the oxidation rate is decreased.This film has so good adhesion to the matrix that it will not be peeled off easily.The RE modified steel has excellent oxidation resistance and thermal strength even if being used continuously for a long period at high temperature.This steel roller has a service life of about 4 years com- parable to high Ni steel ones,so the low Ni steel can replace high Ni steel to make furnace roller.The Ni content of this material can be reduced by 65% in comparison with Cr25Ni20Si2 steel,The low Ni steel has better pro- eessing properties including melting,casting and working properties than that of high Ni ones.

Cause analysis of and solution to furnace roller pick-up in the high strength automotive steel sheet processing line

Cold-rolled high strength steel sheets for automobiles contain more Mn and Si based alloy elements, which, under the reducing atmosphere in the annealing furnace, will get enriched on the strip surface. Since the furnace rollers and the strips contact frequently, alloy elements on the roller surface will form hard protuberance. We call this protuberance ＂pick-up＂. In addition, with the increase of the amount of dust in the furnace atmosphere, the occurrence of furnace roller pick-up will also increase. Through chemical reaction and physical accumulation analysis combined with practical experience, the causes of pick-up in different furnace sections were analyzed. Methods of preventing furnace roller pick-up in the high strength steel sheet processing line were discussed and solutions to improving the strip surface quality in the continous annealing furnace were provided.

Phase and CCT Diagram of an N-Containing 8%Cr Roller Steel

The pseudo-equilibrium phase diagram and continuous cooling transformation diagram of an N-containing 8％ Cr roller steel were investigated by using thermodynamic calculation,differential scanning calorimetry,Ⅹ-ray diffraction,expansion method,and so on.Under equilibrium conditions,the main carbonitrides are MX,M7C3,and M23C6 types.The measured Ac1,Ac3,start temperature of martensitic transformation,and M7C3 transformation temperatures are 811,855,324,and 1100 ℃,respectively.Bainite appears at cooling rates ranging from 0.5 to 5 ℃/s and ferrite forms at grain boundaries at a cooling rate lower than 0.5 ℃/s.Finally,the effects of adding N and lowering the C content on workability and mechanical properties of common 8％Cr steel were discussed.

基于神经网络预测方法的智能化高精度大型钢管高速托辊机构研究

大型钢管高速托辊机构在工作过程中受管节点偏心、滑动摩擦等不确定因素的影响,会使得主管转动距离与胶轮转动距离存在一定偏差。这种偏差给实际工程施工带来一定困难。对此,采用商用软件ANSYS中的Transient Structural模块建立基于某大型钢管高速托辊机构的有限元模型,通过仿真计算研究转动过程中主管和胶轮的运动特性,获得对应的旋转角度、旋转距离以及距离偏差,采用径向基神经网络方法对主管和胶轮旋转的偏差进行预测对比分析。研究结果表明,所建立的径向基神经网络方法能够很好地预测主管和胶轮旋转的转动距离偏差,能够为大型钢管高速托辊机构上主管与胶轮距离偏差的计算提供一定的参考。

辊模在高碳钢丝连续拉拔中的应用

采用2种拉拔应变对高碳钢丝进行辊模拉拔,并与传统拉拔对比。结果表明:在拉拔应变1.12时,辊模拉拔钢丝的抗拉强度、扭转性能、弯曲性能、金相组织、捻制断丝率与传统拉拔相近;在拉拔应变2.21时,辊模拉拔和传统拉拔相比,钢丝抗拉强度更高,扭转性能、弯曲性能较差,金相组织不均匀程度更大,捻制断丝率明显升高。在钢丝材质、机床功率、拉拔速度、道次压缩率等因素相同的情况下,辊模拉拔的能耗和传统拉拔相近。

硅钢退火炉高温钢丝炉辊的研究及实践

介绍了一种用于无取向硅钢退火炉的高温钢丝炉辊,新型钢丝炉辊表面无结瘤,无异常磨损,上线使用后能够替代传统炉底碳套辊,减少开炉检修次数,有效提升生产线作业效率。

热镀锌铁合金双相钢表面白条缺陷分析

分析了热镀锌铁合金双相钢两种白条缺陷的微观形貌及其特征,并对相关工艺进行了讨论。结果表明:两种白条缺陷都源自于镀锌前的基板表面缺陷,一种源自热轧辊系铁皮,其微观以Mo、V、Cr、Ni等热轧辊系元素为特征;另一种推测源自铸坯微裂纹,其微观特征主要为二次氧化物。

稀土精炼与电渣重熔3%Cr轧辊钢对比分析

以稀土精炼和电渣重熔两种工艺制备的3%Cr轧辊钢为研究对象,采用SEM、ASPEX等表征手段和电解萃取、拉伸、冲击等实验方法,对比分析了两种轧辊钢的成分差异、显微组织、夹杂物特征,以及力学性能。结果表明,稀土精炼轧辊钢中w[Ce]≤0.01%,w[Al]=0.022%,电渣重熔轧辊钢中w[Al]=0.018%,两种工艺对钢中杂质元素的控制水平相近。经相同工艺热处理后,稀土精炼和电渣重熔轧辊钢的显微组织均为回火索氏体,二者辊身的组织均匀性基本一致。稀土精炼轧辊钢中夹杂物主要为椭球状的CeAlO_(3)和Ce_(2)O_(2)S,平均尺寸约为4.17μm,面积百分比约为0.0066%;电渣重熔轧辊钢中夹杂物主要为不规则的Al_(2)O_(3),平均尺寸约为3.88μm,面积百分比约为0.0081%。而且,稀土精炼轧辊钢的屈服强度和抗拉强度与电渣重熔的相差不大;但是,稀土精炼轧辊钢的伸长率、断面收缩率及冲击功与电渣重熔的相比,均具有较大提升。

高速钢复合轧辊制造新工艺研究

高速钢复合轧辊制造新工艺作为金属加工领域的一项重要技术创新,为钢铁行业带来了巨大的变革和发展机遇。传统轧辊由于材料和结构的限制,难以满足高速、高温、高强度等复杂工况的需求,制约了生产效率和产品质量的提升。高速钢复合轧辊凭借高强度、高耐磨性以及良好的热稳定性,在轧制过程中具有良好的表现。基于此,简要探讨高速钢复合轧辊制造新工艺的价值,并深入分析工艺要点,以供相关人员参考。

Cr12Mo1V1钢滚丝轮断裂原因分析

某公司Cr12Mo1V1钢滚丝轮在使用中断裂.为弄清滚丝轮断裂的原因,采用直读光谱仪、洛氏硬度计、金相显微镜和扫描电子显微镜等对其进行了化学成分分析、硬度测定、断口分析和金相检验.结果表明:滚丝轮存在较多非金属夹杂物和带状及网状碳化物,增大了脆性,导致其使用中在交变载荷的作用下断裂.