KL-SG High-Speed Rail-a catalyst for national economic development Sri Viknesh Permalu and Karthigesu Nagarajoo

Purpose-In an increasingly interconnected world,transportation infrastructure has emerged as a critical determinant of economic growth and global competitiveness.High-speed rail(HSR),characterized by its exceptional speed and efficiency,has garnered widespread attention as a transformative mode of transportation that transcends borders and fosters economic development.The Kuala Lumpur-Singapore(KL-SG)HSR project stands as a prominent exemplar of this paradigm,symbolizing the potential of HSR to serve as a catalyst for national economic advancement.Design/methodologylapproach-This paper is prepared to provide an insight into the benefits and advantages of HSR based on proven case studies and references from global HSRs,including China,Spain,France and Japan.Findings-The findings that have been obtained focus on enhanced connectivity and accessibility,attracting foreign direct investment,revitalizing regional economies,urban development and city regeneration,boosting tourism and cultural exchange,human capital development,regionai integration and environmental and sustainability benefits.Originality/value-The KL-SG HSR,linking Kuala Lumpur and Singapore,epitomizes the potential for HSR to be a transformative agent in the realm of economic development.This project encapsulates the aspirations of two dynamic Southeast Asian economies,united in their pursuit of sustainable growth,enhanced connectivity and global competitiveness.By scrutinizing the KLSG High-Speed Rail through the lens of economic benchmarking,a deeper understanding emerges of how such projects can drive progress in areas such as cross-border trade,tourism,urban development and technological innovation.

Human intrusion detection for high-speed railway perimeter under all-weather condition

Purpose – The paper aims to solve the problem of personnel intrusion identification within the limits of highspeed railways. It adopts the fusion method of millimeter wave radar and camera to improve the accuracy ofobject recognition in dark and harsh weather conditions.Design/methodology/approach – This paper adopts the fusion strategy of radar and camera linkage toachieve focus amplification of long-distance targets and solves the problem of low illumination by laser lightfilling of the focus point. In order to improve the recognition effect, this paper adopts the YOLOv8 algorithm formulti-scale target recognition. In addition, for the image distortion caused by bad weather, this paper proposesa linkage and tracking fusion strategy to output the correct alarm results.Findings – Simulated intrusion tests show that the proposed method can effectively detect human intrusionwithin 0–200 m during the day and night in sunny weather and can achieve more than 80% recognitionaccuracy for extreme severe weather conditions.Originality/value – (1) The authors propose a personnel intrusion monitoring scheme based on the fusion ofmillimeter wave radar and camera, achieving all-weather intrusion monitoring;(2) The authors propose a newmulti-level fusion algorithm based on linkage and tracking to achieve intrusion target monitoring underadverse weather conditions;(3) The authors have conducted a large number of innovative simulationexperiments to verify the effectiveness of the method proposed in this article.

Research on the strain gauge mounting scheme of track wheel force measurement system based on high-speed wheel/rail relationship test rig

Purpose-This paper aims to analyze the stress and strain distribution on the track wheel web surface and study the optimal strain gauge location for force measurement system of the track wheel.Design/methodology/approach-Finite element method was employed to analyze the stress and strain distribution on the track wheel web surface under varying wheel-rail forces.Locations with minimal coupling interference between vertical and lateral forces were identified as suitable for strain gauge installation.Findings-The results show that due to the track wheel web’s unique curved shape and wheel-rail force loading mechanism,both tensile and compressive states exit on the surface of the web.When vertical force is applied,Mises stress and strain are relatively high near the inner radius of 710 mm and the outer radius of 1110mmof the web.Under lateral force,high Mises stress and strain are observed near the radius of 670mmon the inner and outer sides of the web.As the wheel-rail force application point shifts laterally toward the outer side,the Mises stress and strain near the inner radius of 710 mm of the web gradually decrease under vertical force while gradually increasing near the outer radius of 1110 mm of the web.Under lateral force,the Mises stress and strain on the surface of the web remain relatively unchanged regardless of the wheel-rail force application point.Based on the analysis of stress and strain on the surface of the web under different wheel-rail forces,the inner radius of 870 mm is recommended as the optimal mounting location of strain gauges for measuring vertical force,while the inner radius of 1143 mm is suitable for measuring lateral force.Originality/value-The research findings provide valuable insights for determining optimal strain gauge locations and designing an effective track wheel force measurement system.

System architecture and basic platform for intelligent high-speed railway

Purpose-This paper aims to provide top-level design and basic platform for intelligent application in China high-speed railway.Design/methodology/approach-Based on the analysis for the future development trends of world railway,combined with the actual development needs in China high-speed railway,The definition and scientific connotation of intelligent high-speed railway(IHSR)are given at first,and then the system architecture of IHSR are outlined,including 1 basic platform,3 business sectors,10 business fields,and 18 innovative applications.At last,a basic platform with cloud edge integration for IHSR is designed.Findings-The rationality,feasibility and implementability of the system architecture of IHSR have been verified on and applied to the Beijing-Zhangjiakou high-speed railway,providing important support for the construction and operation of the world’s first IHSR.Originality/value-This paper systematically gives the definition and connotation of the IHSR and put forward the system architecture of IHSR for first time.It will play the most important role in the design,construction and operation of IHSR.

Wireless channel estimation for high-speed rail communications:Challenges,solutions and future directions

With the development of High-Speed Rail(HSR),countries and individual passengers alike have enjoyed far ranging benefits as a result-economic,social,environment and in added convenience.One of the important parts of HSR construction is the signaling system,where wireless communications play a key role in the transmission of train control data.Channel estimation has a significant impact on the quality of the wireless communication,however,whose performance is degraded due to the fast mobility of HSR.This paper focuses on the channel estimation technology in HSR.We first summarize the key challenges for HSR channel estimation,especially the Inter-Carrier Interference(ICI)faced by Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing(OFDM)systems.Then we provide a comprehensive review of existing pilot-aided channel estimation schemes from three points:channel model,estimation algorithm,joint channel estimation and ICI mitigation schemes.Lastly,we present the challenges of channel estimation for the Orthogonal Time Frequency Space(OTFS)system and Reconfigurable Intelligent Surface(RIS),which are promising techniques for HSR systems in the future sixth Generation(6G)wireless communication.

A review of high performance computing applications in high-speed rail systems

Further improving the railway innovation capacity and technological strength is the important goal of the 14th Five-Year Plan for railway scientific and technological innovation.It includes promoting the deep integration of cutting-edge technologies with the railway systems,strengthening the research and application of intelligent railway technologies,applying green computing technologies and advancing the collaborative sharing of transportation big data.The high-speed rail system tasks need to process huge amounts of data and heavy workload with the requirement of ultra-fast response.Therefore,it is of great necessity to promote computation efficiency by applying High Performance Computing(HPC)to high-speed rail systems.The HPC technique is a great solution for improving the performance,efficiency,and safety of high-speed rail systems.In this review,we introduce and analyze the application research of high performance computing technology in the field of highspeed railways.These HPC applications are cataloged into four broad categories,namely:fault diagnosis,network and communication,management system,and simulations.Moreover,challenges and issues to be addressed are discussed and further directions are suggested.

Study on wear characteristics and authorized limits of switch rails of high-speed turnout

Purpose-It is quite universal for high-speed turnouts to be exposed to the wear of the stock rail of the switch rail during the service process.The wear will cause the change of railhead profile and the relative positions of the switch rail and the stock rail,which will directly affect the wheel-rail contact state and wheel load transition when a train passes the turnout and will further impose serious impacts on the safety and stability of train operation.The purpose of this paper is to provide suggestions for wear management of high-speed turnout.Design/methodology/approach-The actual wear characteristics of switch rails of high-speed turnouts in different guiding directions were studied based on the monitoring results on site;the authorized wear limits for the switch rails of high-speed turnout were studied through derailment risk analysis and switch rail strength analysis.Findings-The results show that:the major factor for the service life of a curved switch rail is the lateral wear.The wear characteristics of the curved switch rail of a facing turnout are significantly different from those of a trailing turnout.To be specific,the lateral wear of the curved switch rail mainly occurs in the narrower section at its front end for a trailing turnout,but in the wider section at its rear end when for a facing turnout.The maximum lateral wear of a dismounted switch rail from a trailing turnout is found on the 15-mm wide section and is 3.9 mm,which does not reach the specified limit of 6 mm.For comparison,the lateral wear of a dismounted switch rail from a facing turnout is found from the 35-mm wide section to the full-width section and is greater than 7.5 mm,which exceeds the specified limit.Based on this,in addition to meeting the requirements of maintenance rules,the allowed wear of switch rails of high-speed turnout shall be so that the dangerous area with a tangent angle of wheel profile smaller than 43.68 will not contact the switch rail when the wheel is lifted by 2 mm.Accordingly,the lateral wear limit at the 5-mm wide section of the curved switch rail shall be reduced from 6 mm(as specified)to 3.5 mm.Originality/value-The work in this paper is of reference significance to the research on the development law of rail wear in high-speed turnout area and the formulation of relevant standards.

Analysis of high-speed rail and airline transport cooperation in presence of non-purchase option

We study cooperation between the airline and high-speed rail(HSR) sectors by formulating their joint profit as a maximization problem using a multinomial logit choice model in a three-node setting. We allow the nonpurchase option as an outside option available to consumers. The demand for each choice is not only a function of the price but also the service quality, such as the total trip time, frequency of service, and ease of connecting from the hub to a nearby HSR station. As a result, the following findings are presented. First, regardless of the service quality of either sector and the non-purchase option,cooperation decreases the total volume of the domestic market of a country. Second, when the attractiveness of the outside option is high, the HSR and air sectors can prevent a large reduction in the total volume by cooperation in the connecting market. However, this is not the case in the domestic market. Third, if the non-purchase quality in the domestic market is high, then cooperation increases the social welfare of the whole market. If the non-purchase quality is low, then cooperation increases the welfare of the whole market only in cases where the number of potential customers in the connecting market is relatively large. We also show the effect of improving air–rail service quality on each market share and on the total profit.

Upgrade of Transportation Infrastructure and Siting of Polluting Enterprises:The Case of High-Speed Railway Launch in China

With the quasi-natural experiment of the launching of high-speed railways in Chinese cities,this paper empirically investigated the effects of the upgrade of the transportation infrastructure on the site selection of polluting enterprises.We found that although the launching of a high-speed railway generally has a negative impact on the siting of polluting enterprises:(i)While there was a significant decrease in polluting enterprises of a private and other nature,the reduction in overseas-funded and state-owned enterprises was insignificant;(ii)while the launching of a high-speed railway greatly restrained the entry of polluting enterprises in the eastern region,large cities and more developed cities,this was followed by the movement of more polluting enterprises to the central and western regions,small and medium-sized cities and less developed cities;(iii)there was a significant decrease in polluting enterprises in environmentally conscious cities after the launching of a high-speed railway.This paper also found that infrastructure upgrade may influence the siting of polluting enterprises through the following:Environmental cleanness,factor concentration and spatial integration.Government authorities and market entities should be fully aware of and attach great importance to how the transportation infrastructure influences the site selection of businesses,as this is of great significance for China’s regional development planning,local business climate and investment planning,environmental protection,and other related policymaking initiatives.

Analyze China High-Speed Railway Ticket for Spring Transportation from the Perspective of Microeconomics

In recent ten years, the rapid development of China high-speed railway is called "China miracle", and it not only provides great convenience for people's daily life trip, but also greatly promotes the economic development. However, the annual spring transportation in the special period is still a great challenge to high-speed railway transportation, and this paper analyzes the high-speed railway ticket for spring transportation from the perspective of microeconomics, and then thinks for the solution. This paper specifically analyzes the problem that demand exceeds supply for high-speed railway ticket by using the theories of the demand elasticity of supply and demand and the influence of price on supply and demand, monopoly markets. In addition, opportunity cost, incomplete information and other economic principles are used to think about the theoretical reasons for the difficulty of buying tickets during the spring transportation. I have given my understanding for the two problems owned by China spring transportation, and the corresponding countermeasures and suggestions. For example, speed up the development of substitutes and carry out the mechanism of price fluctuation;In the ticket refunding mechanism, this paper boldly conceives the method to relieve the pressure through a reasonable and scientific ticket refunding mechanism. Finally, this paper starts from the source and find the key point to solve the problem of spring transportation in China by breaking the urban-rural dual structure. Hereafter the final conclusion was drawn: Although there are some problems to cope with the spring transport for the current China high-speed railway, it is believed that in the near future, the difficulty of buying a ticket in spring transportation will no longer hinder the homecoming of wanderers.

Dispatch coordination between high-speed and conventional rail systems

Cross-line trains, as a link between high-speed and conventional rail networks, will increase the complexity of transport organization and lead to significant challenges in dispatch coordination between the two systems. Based on the characteristics of high-speed transport organization, this paper deals with the necessity of dispatch coordination between high-speed and conventional lines from the following two perspectives： the operation of cross-line trains and work coordination in connection stations. An adjustment model for the operation of high-speed trains, taking cross-line trains into account, is established. Finally, the dispatch system is described in terms of construction and process. Methods for organizing dispatch are proposed, and the processes of coordination adjustment under normal and unexpected situations are analyzed. The discussion in this paper may serve as a theoretical basis for the development of high-speed rail dispatch systems.

Dynamic responses of bridge-approach embankment transition section of high-speed rail

Based on the vehicle track coupling dynamics theory, a new spatial dynamic numerical model of vehicle track subgrade coupling system was established considering the interaction among different structural layers in the subgrade system. The dynamic responses of the coupled system were analyzed when the speed of train was 350 km/h and the transition was filled with graded broken stones mixed with 5% cement. The results indicate that the setting form of bridge-approach embankment section has little effect on the dynamic responses, thus designers can choose it on account of the practical circumstances. Because the location about 5 m from the bridge abutment has the greatest deformation, the stiffness within 0 5 m zone behind the abutment should be specially designed. The results of the study from vehicle track dynamics show that the maximum allowable track deflection angle should be 0.09% and the coefficient of subgrade reaction(K30) is greater than 190 MPa within the 0 5 m zone behind the abutment and greater than 150 MPa in other zones.

Parameters studies for rail wear in high-speed railway turnouts by unreplicated saturated factorial design

Rail wear is one of the main reasons for reducing the service life of high-speed railway turnouts in China. The rail wear characteristics of high-speed railway turnouts are influenced by a large number of input parameters of the complex train-turnout system. To reproduce the actual operation conditions of railway turnouts, random distributions of these inputs need to be considered in rail wear simulation. For a given nominal layout of the high-speed railway turnout, 19 input parameters for rail wear simulation in high-speed railway turnouts are investigated based on orthogonal design of experiment. Three dynamic responses(wheel-rail friction work, normal contact force and size of contact patch) are defined as observed values and the significant factors(direction of passage, axle load, running speed, friction coefficient, and wheel and rail profiles) are determined by two unreplicated saturated factorial design methods, including the half-normal probability plot method and Dong 93 method. As part of the associated rail wear simulation, the influence of the wear models and the local elastic deformation on the rail wear was separately investigated. The calculation results for the wear models are quite different, especially for large creep mode. The local elastic deformation has a large effect on the sliding speed and rail wear and needs to be considered in the rail wear simulation.

Prediction of high-speed train delay propagation based on causal text information

The delay-causing text data contain valuable information such as the specific reasons for the delay,location and time of the disturbance,which can provide an efficient support for the prediction of train delays and improve the guidance of train control efficiency.Based on the train operation data and delay-causing data of the Wuhan-Guangzhou high-speed railway,the relevant algorithms in the natural language processing field are used to process the delay-causing text data.It also integrates the train operatingenvironment information and delay-causing text information so as to develop a cause-based train delay propagation prediction model.The Word2vec model is first used to vectorize the delay-causing text description after word segmentation.The mean model or the term frequency-inverse document frequency-weighted model is then used to generate the delay-causing sentence vector based on the original word vector.Afterward,the train operating-environment features and delay-causing sentence vector are input into the extreme gradient boosting(XGBoost)regression algorithm to develop a delay propagation prediction model.In this work,4 text feature processing methods and 8 regression algorithms are considered.The results demonstrate that the XGBoost regression algorithm has the highest prediction accuracy using the test features processed by the continuous bag of words and the mean models.Compared with the prediction model that only considers the train-operating-environment features,the results show that the prediction accuracy of the model is significantly improved with multi-ple regression algorithms after integrating the delay-causing feature.

Network analysis and spatial agglomeration of China’s high-speed rail: A dual network approach

China has the largest high-speed railway(HSR) system in the world, and it has gradually reshaped the urban network.The HSR system can be represented as different types of networks in terms of the nodes and various relationships(i.e.,linkages) between them. In this paper, we first introduce a general dual network model, including a physical network(PN)and a logical network(LN) to provide a comparative analysis for China’s high-speed rail network via complex network theory. The PN represents a layout of stations and rail tracks, and forms the basis for operating all trains. The LN is a network composed of the origin and destination stations of each high-speed train and the train flows between them. China’s high-speed railway(CHSR) has different topological structures and link strengths for PN in comparison with the LN. In the study, the community detection is used to analyze China’s high-speed rail networks and several communities are found to be similar to the layout of planned urban agglomerations in China. Furthermore, the hierarchies of urban agglomerations are different from each other according to the strength of inter-regional interaction and intra-regional interaction, which are respectively related to location and spatial development strategies. Moreover, a case study of the Yangtze River Delta shows that the hub stations have different resource divisions and are major contributors to the gap between train departure and arrival flows.

Electromagnetic Tomography System for Defect Detection of High-Speed Rail Wheel

A novel electromagnetic tomography(EMT)system for defect detection of high-speed rail wheel is proposed,which differs from traditional electromagnetic tomography systems in its spatial arrangements of coils.A U-shaped sensor array was designed,and then a simulation model was built with the low frequency electromagnetic simulation software.Three different algorithms were applied to perform image reconstruction,therefore the defects can be detected from the reconstructed images.Based on the simulation results,an experimental system was built and image reconstruction were performed with the measured data.The reconstructed images obtained both from numerical simulation and experimental system indicated the locations of the defects of the wheel,which verified the feasibility of the EMT system and revealed its good application prospect in the future.

Investigation into rail corrugation in high-speed railway tracks from the viewpoint of the frictional self-excited vibration of a wheel–rail system

A finite element vibration model of a multiple wheel-rail system which consists of four wheels, one rail, and a series of sleepers is established to address the problem of rail corrugation in high-speed tracks. In the model, the creep forces between the wheels and rail are considered to be saturated and equal to the normal contact forces times the friction coefficient. The oscillation of the rail is coupled with that of wheels in the action of the saturated creep forces. When the coupling is strong, self- excited oscillation of the wheel-rail system occurs. The self-excited vibration propensity of the model is analyzed using the complex eigenvalue method. Results show that there are strong propensities of unstable self-excited vibrations whose frequencies are less than 1,200 Hz under some conditions. Preventing wheels from slipping on rails is an effective method for suppressing rail corrugation in high-speed tracks.

Some Critical Issues in the Development of Chinese High-Speed Rail: Challenges and Coping Strategies

In this paper, several critical issues related to Chinese high-speed rails (CHSR) are analyzed, investigated and discussed, including development background, reasons for high ticket fare, some typical factors that influence the environmental life-cycle assessment, time and cost comparison of typical door-to-door travel routes between different transport modes and complementary strategies among different transport modes. First, the results show that the expanding high-speed rail network increased the pressure on the country's roads in the 2010 spring festival rush period due to the high ticket fare of CHSR. Second, due to lower than expected ridership because of the high ticket price and limited demand in less developed areas, some Chinese CHSR projects have become economically unsustainable. Third, without sufficient ridership and service life, the utilization of HSR was unable to show any advantages in the environmental impact compared with the other transport modes. In addition, the impact of shock from CHSR on Chinese domestic civil airlines is evident when the travel distance is below 1050 km. The key objective of the investigation is to enhance our understanding of the development and operation of Chinese high-speed rail. One of the key contributions of the current paper is the presented suggestions for complementary strategies between different transport modes to make full use of Chinese transportation resources to promote low carbon economy.

Evaluation and optimization analysis of high-speed rail network structure in Northeast China under the background of northeast revitalization

The construction of high-speed rail(HSR)network has promoted the social-economic ties of cities,accelerated the compression of time and space,and changed the pattern of regional development.In this paper,with the adoption of the operation frequency data of HSR from 12306 website,and based on the HSR connection strength model and social network analysis model,as well as according to the HSR connection strength,HSR network density,centrality,agglomeration subgroup,and other indicators,we analyzed the characteristics of HSR network structure in Northeast China.Results show that the number of HSR cities in Northeast China is small,cities in HSR network generally exhibit weak connectivity,and the existence of HSR network marginalizes cities such as Ulanhot,Baicheng,and Songyuan,which significantly reduce the overall network connectivity of Northeast China.The overall centrality of HSR network in Northeast China is characterized by“one axis,four edges”;specifically,the one axis is located in Harbin-Dalian transportation line and the four edges are located on both sides of the main axis of Harbin-Dalian transportation line.Eight agglomeration subgroups(four double city subgroups and four multi city subgroups)have formed in Northeast China.The core status of Shenyang in HSR network is improved significantly,and“one axis and two wings”HSR network in Liaoning Province is improved significantly.With the gradual expansion of Chaoyang-Fuxin,Dandong-Benxi,and Jilin-Yanji branch networks,the“point axis”HSR network mode in Northeast China has gradually developed and matured.In the future,it is recommended to rely on eight agglomerating subgroups to encrypt HSR network structure,create secondary node central cities,and gradually build a new pattern of opening up in Northeast China.

Simulation Analysis Module of High-speed Rail Bearings Based on Secondary Development in ADAMS

This paper develops a strong secondary development based on ADAMS feature which creates high-speed rail bearings for simulation analysis module. This thesis is in the case of non-circular pattern instructions of how to achieve rapid roller modeling, with analysis of functions and parameters required for the design of the simulation module of the high-speed rail bearing, as well as the design of dialog boxes, the environment and file structure. The specific modules is based on the secondary development language provided by ADAMS ! View. Through the menus, dialog boxes which input parameters, it can achieve high iron bearing automatic modeling, dynamic analysis and post-processing to simplify the analysis of high-speed rail bearing operations, as well as improving the high-speed rail bearing development efficiency.