Experimental investigation on de-icing by an array of impact rod-type plasma synthetic jets

Since flight accidents due to aircraft icing occur from time to time,this paper proposes an array of impact rod-type plasma synthetic jet de-icing methods for aircraft icing problems.The impact rod-type plasma synthetic jet actuator(PSJA)is based on the traditional PSJA with an additional impact rod structure for better de-icing in the flight environment.In this work,we first optimize the ice-breaking performance of a single-impact rod-type PSJA,and then conduct an array of impact rod-type plasma synthetic jet ice-breaking experiments to investigate the relationship between crack expansion and discharge energy,ice thickness and group spacing.The results show that the impact force and impulse of a single-impact rod-type PSJA are proportional to the discharge energy,and there exists a threshold energy Qmin for a single actuator to break the ice,which is proportional to the ice thickness.Only when the discharge energy reaches above Qmin can the ice layer produce cracks,and at the same time,the maximum radial crack length produced during the ice-breaking process is proportional to the discharge energy.When the ice is broken by an array of impact rod PSJAs,the discharge energy and group spacing together determine whether the crack can be extended to the middle region of the actuator.When the group spacing is certain,increasing the energy can increase the intersection of cracks in the middle region,and the ice-fragmentation degree is increased and the ice-breaking effect is better.At the same time,the energy estimation method of ice breaking by an array of impact rod-type PSJAs is proposed according to the law when a single actuator is breaking ice.

Modeling of workpiece temperature suppression in high-speed dry milling of UD-CF/PEEK considering heat partition and jet heat transfer

High-performance carbon fiber-reinforced polyether-ether-ketone(CF/PEEK)has been gradually applied in aerospace and automobile applications because of its high strength-to-weight ratio and impact resistance.The drymachining requirement tends to cause the cutting temperature to surpass the glass transition temperature(Tg),leading to poor surface quality,which is the bottleneck for dry milling of CF/PEEK.Temperature suppression has become an important breakthrough in the feasibility of high-speed dry(HSD)milling of CF/PEEK.However,heat partitioning and jet heat transfer mechanisms pose strong challenges for temperature suppression analytical modeling.To address this gap,an innovative temperature suppression analytical model based on heat partitioning and jet heat transfer mechanisms is first developed for suppressing workpiece temperature via the first-time implementation of an air jet cooling process in the HSD milling of UD-CF/PEEK.Then,verification experiments of the HSD milling of UD-CF/PEEK with four fiber orientations are performed for dry and air jet cooling conditions.The chip morphologies are characterized to reveal the formation mechanism and heat-carrying capacity of the chip.The milling force model can obtain the force coefficients and the total cutting heat.The workpiece temperature increase model is validated to elucidate the machined surface temperature evolution and heat partition characteristics.On this basis,an analytical model is verified to predict the workpiece temperature of air jet cooling HSD milled with UD-CF/PEEK with a prediction accuracy greater than 90%.Compared with those under dry conditions,the machined surface temperatures for the four fiber orientations decreased by 30%–50%and were suppressed within the Tg range under air jet cooling conditions,resulting in better surface quality.This work describes a feasible process for the HSD milling of CF/PEEK.

High Speed Observation of Periodic Cavity Behavior in a Convergent-Divergent Nozzle for Cavitating Water Jet

Cloud cavitation shows an unsteady periodic tendency under a certain flow condition. In a cavitating water jet flow with cavitation clouds, the cavities or the clouds produce high impact at their collapse. In order to make clear a mechanism of the periodic cavity behavior, we experimentally examine the behavior in a transparent cylindrical convergent-divergent nozzle using a high-speed video camera. An effect of upstream pressure fluctuation due to a plunger pump is investigated from a viewpoint of unsteady behavior in a cavitating water jet. As a result, it is found that the cavitating flow has two kinds of oscillation patterns in the cavity length (cavitation cloud region). One is due to the upstream pressure fluctuation caused by the plunger pump. The other is much shorter periodic motion related to the characteristic oscillation of cavitation clouds accompanied with the shrinking (reentrant), growing and shedding motion of the clouds.

EVALUATION OF THE CUMULATIVE FORMATION OF HIGH-SPEED LIQUID JETS

This paper describes the generation of pulsed, high-speed liquid jets usingthe cumulation method. This work mainly includes (1) the design of the nozzle assembly, (2) themeasurement of the jet velocity and (3) flow visualization of the injection sequences. Thecumulation method can be briefly described as the liquid being accelerated first by the impact of amoving projectile and then further after it enters a converging section. The experimental resultsshow that the cumulation method is useful in obtaining a liquid jet with high velocity. The flowvisulization shows the roles of the Rayleigh-Tay-lor and Kelvin-Helmholtz instabilities in thebreakup of the liquid depend on the jet diameter and the downstream distance. When the liquid jetfront is far downstream from the nozzle exit, the jet is decelerated by air drag. Meanwhile, largecoherent vortex structures are formed surrounding the jet. The liquid will break up totally by theaction of these vortices. Experimental results showing the effect of the liquid volume on the jetvelocity are also included in this paper. Finally, a method for measuring the jet velocity bycutting two carbon rods is examined.

高速起动射流过程中可压缩涡环的生长演化及其对瞬时力的影响规律

高速可压缩起动射流广泛存在于一些工程应用中,其射流过程伴随着复杂流动结构的演化,并对力和声有着显著的影响。为了研究高速起动射流过程中流场结构演化与瞬时力之间的关系,设计了一种开口激波管装置用于产生高速起动射流,并采用纹影和粒子成像测速技术(PIV)对高速起动射流产生的流场结构进行测量。与此同时,为了测量高速起动射流的瞬时力,将激波管悬挂并利用高动态微型力传感器直接测量高速起动射流产生的推力。PIV的实验结果表明,高速起动射流的流场主要包括三个阶段:入射激波离开喷口和后方流体迅速膨胀阶段;可压缩涡环卷起并快速生长阶段;可压缩涡环达到生长极限后的演化阶段。瞬时力测量结果显示,高速起动射流所产生的瞬时力呈现出先快速增长、随后缓慢下降的过程,并且瞬时力的峰值时刻与可压缩涡环发生夹止的时刻具有一致性。基于理论估算,进一步发现高速起动射流产生瞬时力峰值的机制主要是由于高速起动射流产生的大尺度可压缩涡环对周围的流体夹带进而带来的动量增益,也意味着可压缩涡环的生长演化产生了较强的非定常力的增益。进一步将喷口形状更换为锯齿型喷口,发现锯齿型喷口显著地减弱了可压缩涡环的环量,进而也降低了瞬时力的峰值,但是根据前人的研究,锯齿型喷口在降低噪声上具有明显的作用。

Determination of the shedding frequency of cavitation cloud in a submerged cavitation jet based on high-speed photography images

To accurately determine the shedding frequency of the cavitation cloud in a submerged cavitation jet,the spectral analysis and the proper orthogonal decomposition(POD)for high-speed photography images are performed.The spectrums of 6 different kinds of image signals(the area-averaged gray level,the line-averaged gray level,the point gray level,the cavitation length,width,and area)are calculated and compared.The line-averaged gray level is found to be optimal in determining the shedding frequency but an accurate frequency can only be obtained in the stable-frequency zone where the cavitation cloud sheds.In repeated experiments,the plateau-shape distribution of the main frequency is established with a deviation of 10.8%.A revised Reynolds number Re'is defined and the shedding frequency can be correlated to Re'by a power law when the cavitation number is less than 0.02.This relationship is validated by the experimental data in literature.The first mode of the POD characterizes the ensemble-average of the cavitation cloud while the second mode is the major part of the cavitation cloud transient components.The modes 2-5 are organized in pairs,which confirms the periodic feature of the cavitation cloud in the submerged cavitation jet.Near the nozzle exit,the modes 2-5 are symmetrically distributed in the jet shear layer.The shedding frequency of the cloud cavitation can also be precisely determined by performing the spectral analysis of the weighting coefficients of the mode 2.This paper shows that the two parameters,namely,the line-averaged gray level and the weighting coefficients of the mode 2,can be confidently used to calculate the shedding frequency of the cavitation cloud in a submerged cavitation jet.

High-speed measurement of thickness of a water film formed by a jet obliquely impinging onto a plate using an LED-induced fluorescence method

A transient thickness distribution measured with a high temporal resolution is elemental for exploring the flow characteristics and mechanism of a liquid film formed by an impinging jet.Therefore,this paper develops a high-speed Light-Emitting Diode-Induced Fluorescence(LEDIF)system based on the brightness measured directly above the liquid film.An Ultraviolet(UV)LED lamp is used to provide sufficient and continuous excitation light.Then,a system performance analysis proves that the system can continuously measure the global film thickness at a high acquisition frequency of 5000 Hz when the dye concentration is 200 mg/L.The influence of the irregularity of the excitation intensity,including the spatial non-uniformity,temporal instability,and long-term instability,on the measurement uncertainty is analyzed in detail.The analysis indicates that the system has an acceptable uncertainty of 10%.Compared with theoretical results,experimental results verify that the LEDIF system can accurately measure the global thickness of a liquid film formed by a water jet obliquely impinging onto a plate.An experimental investigation of the radial section of the raised zone demonstrates that the radial section changes from a sewing needle to an oval when the azimuth angle increases from 10°to 90°.Meanwhile,the dynamic contact angle exponentially decreases from 41.4°to 30.1°.A dynamic analysis of surface waves shows that the measured wave velocity decreases from 12 m/s to 1 m/s and the dominant frequency decreases from 1000 Hz to 10 Hz along the flow direction.

开启式高超声速进气道启动性能试验

设计了具有入口开启功能的高超声速进气道,并在Ma=6连续式自由射流风洞中进行了启动性能的试验研究.通过对进气道壁面静压变化和捕获流量的测量,验证了此种具有开启功能的变几何方案的可行性.试验结果表明,开启机构能够有效地提高进气道的启动性能.分析认为,进气道入口的逐渐打开过程辅助进气道建立起超声速流场.同时,开启机构避免了进气道自启动的迟滞效应,使进气道实现启动.

水下超声速喷嘴起动/关机过程射流的动态不稳定性研究

为了研究水下超声速喷嘴出口燃气泡的发展及射流的动态不稳定机制,应用高速摄像的流场可视化方法,开展了水下欠膨胀超声速喷嘴起动和关机过程的冷流试验研究。试验结果表明:喷嘴起动初期高压气体喷出后很快建立起射流形态,没有出现间歇性断裂泡流形态;喷嘴起动阶段的射流动态不稳定特征仅出现在较低压比下的过膨胀状态,而关机阶段的超声速射流在较高压比下的欠膨胀状态即开始出现高度不稳定振荡,射流在欠膨胀到过膨胀的过渡阶段回击频率高达10Hz;起动与关机阶段动态不稳定性的差异与气/水之间相互作用过程有关,入口压力的持续升高有助于抑制射流边界的颈缩,而入口压力的降低过程则进一步加剧了水环境对射流边界的作用,射流表现出更高的不稳定性。

超音速环形蒸汽引射器启动特性试验研究

为考察超音速环形蒸汽引射器启动特性,在地面试验台上,对采用不同蒸汽喷嘴的超音速环形蒸汽引射器模型启动关机过程中参数动态变化趋势进行了试验研究。试验结果表明:随着蒸汽喷嘴扩张角(0～20°)的增加,真空舱内极限真空压力增加,环引最小启动压力变化不明显,且关机段最小失稳压力低于启动段最小启动压力。

不同围压下自激吸气式脉冲射流装置性能试验研究

针对深水水库泥沙处理技术问题和需求的迫切性,运用自行研制的试验装置对不同围压(模拟不同水深)下的自激吸气式脉冲射流装置性能进行了试验,研究分析了工作压力、围压、靶距对脉冲射流冲击力的影响,并对装置吸气量的变化及启动吸气压力进行了初步分析.结果表明,脉冲射流冲击力随工作压力的增加而增大,随围压和靶距的增加而减小;装置吸气量随工作压力的增加而增大,增大的速度随围压的不同而不同,并逐渐趋于稳定;启动吸气压力随围压增加而增大,且表现出一定规律性.研究结果为进一步深入研究自激吸气式脉冲射流及其在水库清淤等工程应用方面提供依据.

织物表面导电线路喷射打印起始端凸起形成过程研究

为提高织物表面微滴喷射打印导电线路的成形质量,针对导电线路喷射打印过程中线路沉积形貌的起始端凸起现象,利用高速相机对线路成形过程进行采集,研究微滴间融合振荡过程中左右接触角的动态变化,微滴与线路融合以及液体向线路起始端的输送过程,提出线路起始端凸起的消除方案并进行实验。结果表明:在融合振荡过程中,微滴向起始端的振荡趋势始终大于向另一侧的振荡趋势,导致打印线路起始端的织物基板润湿区域不断扩大;微滴与线路接触后,其中一部分液体润湿织物基板拓展线路长度,一部分通过线路以恒定速度输送至起始端,在线路起始端形成凸起;利用抗坏血酸溶液润湿织物表面后,成形线路起始端凸起现象得到消除,整体线路路径均匀,沉积形貌良好。

板栗真空爆壳机的水蒸汽喷射式真空系统设计

根据板栗真空爆壳工艺试验的研究及爆壳机对真空系统的工作要求,设计了水蒸汽喷射真空泵附设启动喷射泵的真空系统,并将喷射器乏汽用于爆壳过程的加热,使真空爆壳机具有运行稳定可靠,高效低耗等特点。

板栗真空爆壳机水蒸汽喷射式真空系统的设计

根据板栗真空爆壳工艺试验的研究及爆壳机对真空系统的工作要求,设计了水蒸汽喷射真空泵附设启动喷射泵的真空系统,并将喷射器泛汽用于爆壳过程的加热,使真空爆壳机具有运行稳定可靠,高效低耗等特点。

淤泥质地层盾构始发洞门地层改良技术

钱塘江盾构始发洞门位于淤泥质黏土地层,洞门土体灵敏性高,受到扰动后易发生垮塌涌土与地面沉降,采用深层搅拌桩与高压旋喷桩相结合改良技术可防止该现象的发生。文章介绍了始发井洞门加固方法的选择、深层搅拌桩和高压旋喷桩工艺参数的确定、加固质量控制、洞口井壁混凝土的凿除、加固措施的实施效果等。

重磅喷水织机开车密档织疵的测试与分析

针对某重磅型喷水织机织造化纤隐曲格织物启动时出现开车密档织疵的问题,运用虚拟仪器技术所开发的织机送经量测试系统,对开车密档织疵的原因进行了测试和分析;并在此基础上对该机的启动特性进行了相应的技术改造,在改善和消除开车密档方面取得了良好的效果。

基于PLC及变频技术的高速喷水织机电子送经系统

分析了当前国内喷水织机送经系统的现状和存在的问题,通过应用可编程控制器及变频技术,开发了一种有效防止开车稀密档织○产生的高速喷水织机电子送经系统,详细介绍了系统的硬、软件开发方案,重点探讨了可编程控制器(PLC)及变频技术的应用。试织结果表明,这种新型电子送经系统操作、维修简便、性能优良,可极大地提高织物的质量和产量,具有很高的经济与社会价值。

喷气织机生产稀薄平纹织物开车档的解决措施

分析采用JAT710型喷气织机生产稀薄平纹织物时开车档的现象、形成原因及解决措施。通过控制纬纱的强力及强力不匀,调整运行开始角、停台时间补偿、单投纬开关、停止方式以及后梁高度、开口量、上机张力、织口高度等上机工艺参数,同时提高织布挡车工操作水平等措施,使开车档问题得到了有效控制,产品入库一等品率由95.5%上升到99.5%。

地铁区间射流风机起动方式的经济效益分析

结合地铁区间射流风机供配电的实际情况,依据相关规范对风机起动时母线电压降、电动机端子电压降、起动转矩等方面的要求,对射流风机在全压起动、软起动2种不同起动方式下的载流量、电压降等指标进行计算,并对2种起动方式的技术经济进行对比分析,进而得到30 kW、45 kW、55 kW等常用规格区间射流风机在不同供电距离下适宜采用的起动方案。

钢管生产线高压水射流除鳞自动控制系统

针对钢管生产线高压水除鳞的特点,系统采用PLC作为控制系统的核心部件。通过对除鳞系统的温度、压力、液位等信号的检测,PLC控制系统对高压水的压力进行自动调节,对水汽蓄能器的液位及压力、低压水箱的水位进行控制,并对高压泵进行软启动,同时对有关的电机和阀门进行顺序控制、对有关设备的故障和极限报警进行连锁控制,实现了高压水射流对钢管的自动除鳞。该PLC控制系统可针对不同规格品种的钢管,选择不同的工作方式和工作压力,并具有各种连锁和保护,安全、可靠、便于维护,产品质量稳定,能满足用户对管材表面质量高标准要求。