This paper reviews the major progress on development of the science and prediction of heavy rainfall over China since the beginning of the reform and opening-up of new China(roughly between 1980 and 2019).The progress...This paper reviews the major progress on development of the science and prediction of heavy rainfall over China since the beginning of the reform and opening-up of new China(roughly between 1980 and 2019).The progress of research on the physical mechanisms of heavy rainfall over China is summarized from three perspectives:1)the relevant synoptic weather systems,2)heavy rainfall in major sub-regions of China,and 3)heavy rainfall induced by typhoons.The development and application of forecasting techniques for heavy rainfall are summarized in terms of numerical weather prediction techniques and objective forecasting methods.Greatly aided by the rapid progress in meteorological observing technology and substantial improvement in electronic computing,studies of heavy rainfall in China have advanced to investigating the evolution of heavy-rain-producing storms and observational analysis of the cloud microphysical features.A deeper and more systematic understanding of the synoptic systems of importance to the production of heavy rainfall has also been developed.Operational forecast of heavy rainfall in China has changed from subjective weather event forecasts to a combination of both subjective and objective quantitative precipitation forecasts,and is now advancing toward probabilistic quantitative precipitation forecasts with the provision of forecast uncertainty information.展开更多
The report to the 20th National Congress of the Communist Party of China put forward a scientific and systematic theory of the Chinese path to modernization,in which the modernization of the rule of law is both an int...The report to the 20th National Congress of the Communist Party of China put forward a scientific and systematic theory of the Chinese path to modernization,in which the modernization of the rule of law is both an integral part and a strong guarantee.Building a modern socialist country in all respects under the rule of law requires attention to the settlement of civil and commercial disputes.The separation of civil society and the political state,along with their mutual influence,has led to the development of diverse dispute-resolution mechanisms.Globalization has further accelerated their development and transformation.In face of the adjustments to the dispute resolution system amid the unprecedented changes of the century,China should complete the top-level design of the diversified settlement of civil and commercial disputes by deploying legislative and judicial resources to enhance the leading role of litigation in resolving these disputes.At the same time,China should continue to prioritize alternative dispute resolution mechanisms,improve the credibility of arbitration,and leverage the aggregating power of mediation,so as to serve the construction of the Chinese path to modernization.展开更多
基金Supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2018YFC1507400)National Natural Science Foundation of China(41775050).
文摘This paper reviews the major progress on development of the science and prediction of heavy rainfall over China since the beginning of the reform and opening-up of new China(roughly between 1980 and 2019).The progress of research on the physical mechanisms of heavy rainfall over China is summarized from three perspectives:1)the relevant synoptic weather systems,2)heavy rainfall in major sub-regions of China,and 3)heavy rainfall induced by typhoons.The development and application of forecasting techniques for heavy rainfall are summarized in terms of numerical weather prediction techniques and objective forecasting methods.Greatly aided by the rapid progress in meteorological observing technology and substantial improvement in electronic computing,studies of heavy rainfall in China have advanced to investigating the evolution of heavy-rain-producing storms and observational analysis of the cloud microphysical features.A deeper and more systematic understanding of the synoptic systems of importance to the production of heavy rainfall has also been developed.Operational forecast of heavy rainfall in China has changed from subjective weather event forecasts to a combination of both subjective and objective quantitative precipitation forecasts,and is now advancing toward probabilistic quantitative precipitation forecasts with the provision of forecast uncertainty information.
基金This article is a phasic achievement made in the Key Program of the National Social Science Foundation of China,titled"Research on the Legal Guarantee for Building a Closer Shanghai Cooperation Organization Community of Shared Future"(No.22ZDA129).
文摘The report to the 20th National Congress of the Communist Party of China put forward a scientific and systematic theory of the Chinese path to modernization,in which the modernization of the rule of law is both an integral part and a strong guarantee.Building a modern socialist country in all respects under the rule of law requires attention to the settlement of civil and commercial disputes.The separation of civil society and the political state,along with their mutual influence,has led to the development of diverse dispute-resolution mechanisms.Globalization has further accelerated their development and transformation.In face of the adjustments to the dispute resolution system amid the unprecedented changes of the century,China should complete the top-level design of the diversified settlement of civil and commercial disputes by deploying legislative and judicial resources to enhance the leading role of litigation in resolving these disputes.At the same time,China should continue to prioritize alternative dispute resolution mechanisms,improve the credibility of arbitration,and leverage the aggregating power of mediation,so as to serve the construction of the Chinese path to modernization.
