Effect of N Fertilization on Yield, N Absorption and Utilization of Two Species of Super High-Yielding Summer Maize

[Objective] The aim was to study on effects of N fertilizer on yield, N absorption and utilization of different cultivars of super high-yielding summer maize, in order to provide reference for reasonable N fertilization in accordance with different cultivars. [Method] Field experiment was conducted to study on effects of different N fertilizers on yield, N absorption and use efficiency of Zhengdan 958 and Xundan 20, in order to learn the effect differences at different N fertilizer levels. [Result] After N was applied, yields of the two summer maize increased significantly. Zhengdan 958 achieved the highest in yield and proceeds at 12 051.18 kg/hm2 and 1 722.40 yuan/hm2, respectively in low N level. In contrast, Xundan 20 achieved the highest at 13 166.00 kg/hm2 and 1 343.92 yuan/hm2 in the above two aspects in high N level. Compared with Zhengdan 958, Xundan 20 increased by 9.90%, 5.20% and 12.00% in N levels of 0, 240, and 450 kg/hm2, respectively. When N fertilizers were applied, protein yield of Xundan 20 was significantly higher than that of Zhengdan 958, so that higher N fertilizers contributed higher protein yield for Xundan 20. In high N level, N efficiency, N-fertilizer utilization and partial productivity of Xundan 20 were significantly higher than that of Zhengdan 958. [Conclusion] Lower N-fertilizer was suitable for Zhengdan 958 and Xundan 20 would get a good harvest if more N-fertilizers were applied. The results provided references for reasonable N fertilization.

Effects of Ratio of Row Spacing to Intrarow Spacing on Yield and Top Three Leaves of Super High-yielding Early and Late Rice

Using a split plot design, super high-yielding early rice ＆quot;Zhongjiazao 17＆quot;and ＆quot;Ganxin 203＆quot; and super high-yielding late rice ＆quot;Ganxin 688＆quot; and ＆quot;Wufengy-ouT025＆quot; were taken as materials with planting density the same at 312 000 hil s/hm2, to explore the effects of RS/IS （Ratio of row spacing to intrarow row spacing） on yield, top three leaves morphological features and its relationship of them in 2011 and 2012. The results showed that, whether early or late rice, biomass, accumula-tion and apparent utilizing rate of nitrogen were lower in RS/IS5.0 （40.0 cm ＆#215;8.0 cm） treatment, but yield of rice was higher in RS/IS2.0 （25.0 cm ＆#215;12.8 cm） treatment;grain numbers per spike of rice was more in RS/IS2.8 （30.0 cm＆#215;10.7 cm） treatment, and thousand-grain weight of rice was higher in RS/IS1.3 （20.0 cm＆#215;16.0 cm） treat-ment. For 4 varieties of early or late rice aforementioned, basal angle, opening an-gle and leaf area of 2nd leaf from top were larger in RS/IS5.0 treatment, and basal angle and opening angle were smal er in RS/IS2.0 treatment and leaf area smal er in RS/IS1.3 treatment.

Simplified High-yielding Cultivation Technology of Rice

[Objective] The aim was to select simplified high-yielding cultivation technology of rice. [Method] The research explored three methods of farmland prepara- tion, transplanting, and fertilization including shallow rotary tillage and deep ploughing, mechanical transplanting and hand transplanting, controlled-release fertilizer and quantitative fertilization in order to investigate effects of different treatment groups on rice characteristics, economic characteristics, as well as labor saving, yield increasing and profit improving. [Result] Rice increased by 596.4-809.55 kg/hm2, labor saving reached 120-135 per hm2, and profit improved in the range from 5 521.39 to 8 727.48 yuan/hm2 in the treatment groups by combinations of shallow rotary tillage, mechanical transplanting, and controlled-release fertilizer, of shallow rotary tillage, mechanical transplanting, and quantitative fertilization, and of deep ploughing, mechanical transplanting, and controlled release fertilizer. [Conclusion] The three models are of promising prospects in production.

Study on High-yielding Seed Production Technologies of Japonica Hybrid Rice

[Objective] This study aimed to investigate the high-yielding seed production technologies of japonica hybrid rice. [Method] Key technologies affecting the seed production of japonica hybrid rice were investigated based on manual transplanting experiment, mechanical transplanting experiment, paclobutrazol chemical control experiment, leaf-clipping experiment, gibberellic acid treatment experiment and experiment of different row ratios of male and female parents. [Result] The duration from seeding to heading was significantly shortened with sowing date postponing. The sowing date of mechanical-transplanting parents should be 3 -4 d earlier than that of manual-transplanting parents. Spraying paclobutrazol had significantly control effect on plant height of rice seedlings, and the spraying dose should be determined based on the sensitivities of different parents to paclobutrazol, with an appropriate range of 600-900 g/hm2 . Leaf clipping had certain improving effect on the seed-setting rate. The appropriate spraying dose of gibberellin for japonica hybrid rice was 75-90 g/hm2 . The yield would be relatively high when row ratio of male and female parent was 6∶2. [Conclusion] This study laid the foundation for improving the yield of produced japonica hybrid rice seeds.

Determination of Rotenone Residues in Foodstuffs by Solid-Phase Extraction (SPE) and Liquid Chromatography/Tandem Mass Spectrometry (LC-MS/MS)

We developed a novel approach to determine rotenone residues in foodstuffs, by integrating solid-phase extraction （SPE） and liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry （LC-MS/MS） technologies, to achieve high sensitivity and selectivity. In our method, the solvent extraction with n-hexane-dichloromethane （50：50, v/v） and cleanup with florisil SPE cartridges using ethyl acetate-ethyl ether （25：75, v/v） as eluents provided adequate recovery of rotenone. The detection of rotenone was then carried out by LC-MS/MS using acetonitrile-water with the 0.1% formic acid （w/v） as the mobile phase. The multiple reaction monitoring （MRM） scheme employed in the approach involved the transitions of the precursor ion to three selected product ions, in which one pair for quantification was m/z 395.3 〉 213.2 and the other two pairs for identification were m/z 395.3 〉 192.2 and 395.3 〉 367.0. The limits of quantification （LOQs） of the method ranged from 0.001 to 0.005 mg kg-1 depending on the matrix. Intra- and inter-day precisions （relative standard deviations, RSDs） for rotenone were less than 7.1 and 14.8%, respectively. Results from repetitive analysis suggested good reproducibility of the method for rotenone residue detection. The recoveries at three concentrations （LOQ, 10LOQ and 100LOQ） ranged from 79.3-118.3% in cabbage, potato, onion, carrot, apple, orange, banana, lichee, tea, and Shiitake mushroom. The proposed procedure was then applied to the analysis of 129 real samples collected from Xiamen, Fujian Province, China. The existence of rotenone was found in two tea products with concentrations of 0.012 and 0.016 mg kg-1, respectively. The method has great potential for routine analysis of monitoring rotenone residue in foodstuffs.

Determination of Indoxacarb Residue in Foodstuffs of Plant and Animal Origin by GC-ECD and LC-MS/MS

An effective method for the trace analysis of indoxacarb residue in foodstuffs of plant and animal origin [grapefruit, ginger, fresh soybean, bamboo shoot, qing-gen-cai （cruciferous vegetable）, chicken, fish, and pork] was developed using gas chromatography （GC-ECD） and liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry （LC-MS/MS）. Samples were extracted using acetone and n-hexane mixed solvent （1：2, v/v） and then purified using solid-phase extraction （SPE） columns. The extracts were analyzed using GC-ECD and LC-MS/MS. The multiple reaction monitoring （MRM） scheme used involved transitions of the precursor ions to selected two product ions in which one pair for identification was m/z 529 → 293 and another pair for quantification was m/z 529 → 249. The detection limits （LODs） of the method were 0.0015 and 0.0006 mg kg^-1, and the quantification limits （LOQs） were 0.005 and 0.002 mg kg^-1 for GC-ECD and LC-MS/MS, respectively. The relative standard deviations （RSDs） of recovery for indoxacarb were lower than 15% in 10 types of agro-products. Ten repetitive determinations of recovery achieved good reproducibility for indoxacarb and the recovery ranged from 72.08 to 113.74%. The proposed procedure was applied to the analysis of several real samples of different origin from Fujian Province, China, and 299 samples were screened for indoxacarb residue, of which 5 positive samples were found.

Effects of culm carbohydrate partitioning on basal stem strength in a high-yielding rice population

Rice culm carbohydrate transport can simultaneously affect grain filling and stem lodging resistance by regulating non-structural carbohydrate(NSC) and structural carbohydrate(SC) contents. However, the relationship between carbohydrate transposition and culm strength is not well documented. Accordingly, a high-yielding hybrid rice cultivar(Y Liangyou 2) was tested under different N fertilization regimes at two locations, Taoyuan(a special high-yield eco-site), Yunnan province and Danyang(a representative eco-site of the middle and lower Yangtze), Jiangsu province, China. Significantly higher grain yield and basal stem strength were found at Taoyuan than Danyang under all N rates throughout the two-year experiment. At heading stage, soluble sugars, starch, cellulose and lignin contents of the basal culm at Taoyuan were significantly 132.0%, 73.7%, 1.2%, and 62.7% higher than those at Danyang, respectively. At 20 days after heading, soluble sugars and starch content at Taoyuan decreased significantly compared to Danyang, but lignin content remained higher. Culm carbohydrate transport to kernels at Taoyuan was significantly greater than that at Danyang, and the proportion of soluble sugars and starch was correspondingly 62.9%lower. However, the proportion of lignin and cellulose was 22.7% higher at Taoyuan than that at Danyang. Soluble sugars and starch partitioning were significantly reduced under an increased nitrogen application rate, but SC partitioning was little affected. There were significant positive correlations between basal culm bending stress and dry weight and cellulose and lignin proportions at both locations under all N rates, suggesting that the higher SC proportion at 20 days after heading was primarily responsible for culm strength.These results suggest that high-yielding rice populations with greater culm strength require both moderate NSC transport and greater SC accumulation.

Model of Combined Transport of Perishable Foodstuffs and Safety Inspection Based on Data Mining

There is still no effective means to analyze in depth and utilize domestic mass data about agricultural product quality safety tests in china now. The neural network algorithm, the classification regression tree algorithm, the Bayesian network algorithm were selected according to the principle of selecting combination model and were used to build models respectively and then combined, innovatively establishing a combination model which has relatively high precision, strong robustness and better explanatory to predict the results of perishable food transportation meta-morphism monitoring. The relative optimal prediction model of the perishable food transportation metamorphism monitoring system could be got. The relative perfect prediction model can guide the actual sampling work about food quality and safety by prognosticating the occurrence of unqualified food to select the typical and effective samples for test, thus improving the efficiency and effectiveness of sampling work effectively, so as to avoid deteriorated perishable food’s approaching the market to ensure the quality and safety of perishable food transportation. A solid protective wall was built in the protection of general perishable food consumers’ health.

Contamination of Fungi and Mycotoxins in Foodstuffs in High Risk Area of Esophageal Cancer

Fungal and mycotoxin contamination has been found in fordstuffs from Cixian County, an area with a high incidence of esophageal carcinoma (Eca). To set a scientific foundation for the prevention of Eca at the etiological level, fungal and mycotoxin contaminations of local foodstuffs in Cixian County were analyzed using classical fungal culture methods and HPLC. From 1990 to 1994, 220 corn/wheat samples and 34 corn samples were studied. As a control, 26 corn samples collected from a relatively low incidence area of Eca in Zanhuang County were analyzed for mycotoxins in 1990. The results showed that fungal contamination in corn and wheat was severe and that several of the predominant contaminating fungi such as Furasium moniliforme, etc. were carcinogenic. HPLC results showed that the detection rate and mean content of the mycotoxin sterigmatocystin (ST) in the mountainous area (5/8; 9. 14 μg/kg) were significantly higher than those in the hilly (0; 0) and plain areas (1/18; 1. 29 μg/kg) as well as in low risk area control samples (3/26; 0. 76 μg/kg). Detection rates of deoxynivalenol (DON) in mountainous and hilly areas (5/8, 4/8 respectively) were slightly higher than that in plain area (8/18), while the mean content of DON in the plain area was significantly higher (90. 45-170. 22 vs 50. 56 and 46. 45 μg/kg).Among the different aflatoxins, AFB1 was detected in samples from the two villages in the plain area for the subsequent two years. The mean content of AFB1 was 0. 0183μg/kg, and the highest level was 0. 0497 μg/kg. No AFB1 was detected in the samples from mountainous and hilly areas. AFG1 was detected in more than half of all the samples, and its concentration ranged from 8. 77 to 46. 51 ng/kg. No AFG2 was found in the samples. Thus, the results suggest that at present, fungal and mycotoxin contamination of foodstuffs in Cixian County are quite common.

Plant Ideotype at Heading for Super High-Yielding Rice in Double-Cropping System in South China

The newly released super high-yielding hybrid rice combinations, Yueza 122, Fengyou 428, Peiza 67, and the super high-yielding conventional cultivars, Guangchao 3 and Shengtai 1, were grown in both early and late seasons. The morphological characters of each population were investigated at the heading stage, and the data were analyzed by using ANOVY and other statistic methods. The plant ideal morphological characters at the heading stage were established as follows： 1 ） for the early-season cropping, 90-105 cm plant height; 11-12 tillers per plant; 35-40 em length and 2.1-2.2 cm width of flag leaf; 46-50 cm length and 1.8-2.1 cm width of the second leaf from the top （L2）; 59-64 cm length and 1.4-1.9 cm width of the third leaf from the top （L3）; 7°-14°, 18° and 200-33° for the ideal leaf angles of the flag leaf, L2 and L3, respectively; 2） for the late-season cropping, 90-100 cm plant height; 9-15 tillers per plant; 30-41 cm length and 1.8-2.0 cm width of flag leaf; 53-61 cm length and 1.3-1.8 cm width of L2; 52-58 cm length and 1.2-1.5 cm width of L3; 9°-19°, 15°-37° and 16°-49° for the ideal leaf angles of the flag leaf, L2 and L3, respectively. The main physiological characteristics of these varieties were also analyzed.

Study on Plant Morphological Traits and Production Characteristics of Super High-Yielding Soybean

Super high-yielding soybean cultivar Liaodou 14, soybean cultivars from Ohio in the United States, and the common soybean cultivars from Liaoning Province, China, with similar geographic latitudes and identical pod-bearing habits were used as the study materials for a comparison of morphological traits and production characteristics to provide a theoretical basis for the breeding of improved super high-yielding soybean cultivars. Using a randomized block design, different soybean cultivars from the same latitude were compared under conventional and unconventional treatments for their production characteristics, including morphological traits, leaf area index （LAI）, net photosynthesis rate, and dry matter accumulation. The specific characteristics of the super high-yielding soybean cultivar Liaodou 14 were analyzed. The results showed that the plant height of Liaodou 14 was significantly lower than that of the common cultivars from Liaoning, whereas the number of its main-stem nodes was higher than that of the cultivars from Ohio or Liaoning. A high pod density was observed in Liaodou 14 under conventional treatments. Under both conventional and unconventional treatments, the branch number of Liaodou 14 was markedly higher than that of the common cultivars from Liaoning, and its branch length and leaf inclination angle were significantly higher than those of common cultivars from Liaoning or Ohio. Only small changes in the leaf inclination angle were observed in Liaodou 14 treated with conventional or unconventional methods. Under each treatment, Liaodou 14 exhibited the lowest amplitude of reduction in SPAD values and net photosynthesis rates from the grain-filling to ripening stages; the cultivars from Ohio and the common cultivars from Liaoning exhibited more significant reductions. Liaodou 14 reached its peak LAI later than the other cultivars but maintained its LAI at a higher level for a longer duration. Under both conventional and unconventional treatments, Liaodou 14 produced a higher yield than the other two cultivars, with significant differences from the Ohio cultivars. In summary, super high-yielding soybean cultivars have several main features： suitable plant height, high pod density, good leaf structure with strong functionality, and slow leaf senescence at the late reproductive stage, which is conducive to the accumulation of dry matter and improved yield.

Survey on Early-bearing High-yielding Model Plantation of Camellia oleifera

[Objective] This study was conducted to screen the best variety and optimum planting density for constructing early-bearing high-yielding model plantation of Camellia oleifera. [Methed] This survey was carried out in two demonstration bases, one for investigating the relationship between different cultivated varieties with growth and production, the other for investigating the relationship between different planting densities with growth and production. [Result] For different cultivated varieties, Cenruan 2 showed tree height, ground diameter and crown product significantly higher than other two varieties, besides, the per unit area fruit yield of Cenruan 2 was also significantly higher than other two varieties. From flower bud differentiation,the best variety was Changlin 4, which showed number of differentiated flower buds significantly higher than Changlin 27, but there were no significant differences between Cenruan 2 with Changlin 4 and Changlin 27. For different planting densities, plant height and crown product at planting density of 1.5 m×2 m were significantly higher than those of other two planting densities, but from ground diam- eter, the best planting density was 1.5 m×1.0 m, with a ground diameter significantly higher than other two planting densities. From per unit area fruit yield, the best planting density was 1.5 m×2.0 m, under which early plant growth and fruit production were better. Therefore, the best planting density is 2.0 m ×3.0 m when constructing early-bearing high-yielding model plantations. For variety Cenruan 3, it＇s fruit production is high in the early pedod, and the best planting density is 1.5 m× 2.0 m or 1.0 m×1.5 m when constructing early-bearing high-yielding model plantations, and after 4-6 years when it put into production, the plants could be transplanted.

Investigation of Tree Structure Parameters of High-quality and High-yielding Y-shaped Pear Orchards

In order to study reasonable tree structure parameters of Y-shaped pear orchards in natural conditions and at management technical level of Tai'an area, the tree structure and population structure of high-quality and high-yielding Y-shaped pear orchards were investigated. The results showed that when the yield of Y-shaped 'Oshu' was 2 550 kg/667 m^2 in the early fully fruiting period, the quantity of the branches per 667 m^2 was about 54 000, and the number of short branches was the largest, accounting for 80.1% of total number of branches, followed by middle branches, long branches and developmental branches. As the yield of Y-shaped 'Qiuyue' was 2 875 kg/667 m^2 in the early fully fruiting period, the quantity of the branches per 667 m^2 was 51 000, and the number of short branches was the largest, accounting for 75.6% of total number of branches, followed by middle branches, long branches and developmental branches. When the yield of Y-shaped 'Niitaka' was 3 000 kg/667 m^2 in the early fully fruiting period, the quantity of the branches per 667 m^2 was 43 000, and the number of short branches was the largest, accounting for 82.0% of total number of branches, followed by long branches, middle branches and developmental branches.

Changes in Some Physiological Characteristics After Full Heading Stage in Flag Leaves of Super High-Yielding Inbred Rice

In a field experiment, rice cultivar Shanyou 63 was used as a check cultivar to investigate the changes in activity of peroxidase and contents of malondialdehyde and soluble protein after full heading stage in flag leaves of two super high-yielding inbred rice, including Shengtai 1 and Yuxiangyouzhan. The results showed that the peroxidase activities and soluble protein contents in the leaves of the three cultivars tended to increase gradually to peak values and thereafter descended during stage after full heading. Moreover, both the peroxidase activities and soluble protein contents of Shengtai 1 and Yuxiangyouzhan peaked at 8 days after full heading, which was compared with that of Shanyou 63 at 4 days later. Meanwhile, the malondialdehyde contents in the leaves of the three cultivars increased gradually after full heading stage. In addition, activities of peroxidase and contents of malondialdehyde and soluble protein in different cultivars were various at the same time. In general, for Shengtai 1 and Yuxiangyouzhan, the peroxidase activities and soluble protein contents were higher than those of Shanyou 63, whereas the malondialdehyde contents were lower compared with that of Shanyou 63. And these features could make the senescence of leaf become later and slower and photosynthetic product was more in Shengtai 1 and Yuxiangyouzhan than that in Shanyou 63.

Approach to the Ways for High-yielding Technique of Zhongzheyou No.8

[Objective] The paper was focused on the way how to increase the yield of hybrid rice Zhongzheyou No.8. [Method] The relationship among yield-related traits and their contribution to yield were investigated through correlation analysis, regression analysis and path analysis. [Result] The performance of ear, grain and weight in Zhongzheyou No.8 showed significant difference among yield levels. The enhancement of effective ears would restrain the number of total grains per ear. It was found that the direct contributions of main economic traits to yield were： number of fil ed grains per ear 〉 number of effective ears 〉1 000-grain weight 〉number of total grains per ear. [Conclusion] The promotion of high-yielding techniques was suggested as fol ows： on the basis of certain number of effective ears, number of fil ed grains per ear should be mainly focused with a consideration to grain weight.

Level of natural radionuclides in foodstuffs and resultant annual ingestion radiation dose

The natural radioactivities in three major groups of foodstuff widely consumed in Upper Egypt were de- termined. The specific activities of 226Ra, 232Th, and 40K in cereals, leguminosae, and flour were measured using γ-ray spectroscopy. Another group of hay, water, and soil samples from the same location were also analyzed. Hay samples were found to contain the highest radioactivity concentration among all the samples that were investigated. This in- crement could be due to the high water content in the shoots which tends to accumulate soluble radionuclides. The average calculated concentrations of soil samples in the present study exhibits the lowest values with respect to those from different countries. In the case of water samples, the average activities of both 232Th and 40K were similar to those for soil while 226Ra was twice that of water sample. The annual ingestion dose from each radionuclide was cal- culated. The computed annual dose owing to daily intake of radium, thorium, and potassium via wheat flour, lentils, and bean in the present study (214.8 μSv) is ten times lower than the global average annual radiation dose (2400 μSv) from the natural radiation sources as proposed by UNSCEAR. The obtained results show that the dose values are quite low and carry insignificant radiation dose to the public.

The Determination of Geographical Origin of Foodstuffs by Using Innovative Biological Bar-Code

Abstract： One of the great concerns of the customers is the traceability of the products. The authors proposed to link microbial ecology to geographical origin of foodstuffs by a molecular technique joined to an image analysis. Molecular techniques employing 16S and 28S rDNA profiles generated by PCR-DGGE were used to detect the variation in microbial community （bacteria, fungi） of Pangasius fish from Viet Nam harvested in different aquaculture farms and during different seasons and Shea tree fruits from five different districts in Mali. The bacterial DNA profiles from Pangasius fish and the fungal DNA profile from Shea tree fruits were specific to each place of production and could be used as a biological bar code certifying the origin of fish and fruit. To follow the product during processing, the authors proposed to identify and validate some pertinent biological markers which come from the environment of the food to assure their traceability during international trade. It is new analytical method which permits to determine the origin of food or to follow them during international trade.

Zhejiang Provincial Cereals,Oils and Foodstuffs I/E Co.Ltd.

Zhejiang, situated in the Yangtze delta and neighbouring Shanghai, is widely known for fish and rice production. The Zhejiang Provincial Cereals, Oils and Foodstuffs I/E Co. Ltd. formerly Zhejiang provincial Cereals, Oils and Foodstuffs I/E Company, is one of the largest foreign trade shareholding enterprises in Zhejiang Province. It

Assessment of Radioactivity Levels of Foodstuffs Entering Mombasa Port, Kenya

Evaluation of radionuclide concentrations in foodstuffs is of great concern owing to the potential radiological hazards to human health. This study was carried out to assess the radionuclide concentrations of ^40K, ^134Cs, ^137Cs, ^131I, ^90Sr, ^239pu, in selected foodstuffs, in order to assess the effects of the elevated levels of radionuclides concentration in environmental media after the FDNPS （Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Station） accident on imported food. HPGe （high purity germanium） detector based spectrometry system coupled with multi-channel analyzer was used for the assessment. The mean concentrations of ^40K, ^134Cs, ^137Cs, ^131I, ^90Sr, ^239pu, were found to be 50.1 ± 2.44 Bq/Kg, 109.6 ± 0.141 Bq/Kg, 134.2 ± 0.027 Bq/Kg, 2.57 ± 0.019 Bq/Kg, 0.59 ± 0.03 Bq/Kg, 0.160 ± 0.033 Bq/Kg, and 0.227 ± 0.021 Bq/Kg respectively. The analysis showed that the radioactivity levels of ^241Am, ^134Cs and ^137Cs were found to be relatively low and within the acceptable levels.