Following the High-Resolution Model Intercomparison Project(HighResMIP)Tier 2 protocol under the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 6(CMIP6),three numerical experiments are conducted with the Chinese Academy ...Following the High-Resolution Model Intercomparison Project(HighResMIP)Tier 2 protocol under the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 6(CMIP6),three numerical experiments are conducted with the Chinese Academy of Sciences Flexible Global Ocean-Atmosphere-Land System Model,version f3-H(CAS FGOALS-f3-H),and a 101-year(1950–2050)global high-resolution simulation dataset is presented in this study.The basic configuration of the FGOALSf3-H model and numerical experiments design are briefly described,and then the historical simulation is validated.Forced by observed radiative agents from 1950 to 2014,the coupled model essentially reproduces the observed long-term trends of temperature,precipitation,and sea ice extent,as well as the large-scale pattern of temperature and precipitation.With an approximate 0.25°horizontal resolution in the atmosphere and 0.1°in the ocean,the coupled models also simulate energetic western boundary currents and the Antarctic Circulation Current(ACC),reasonable characteristics of extreme precipitation,and realistic frontal scale air-sea interaction.The dataset and supporting detailed information have been published in the Earth System Grid Federation.展开更多
The High Resolutio n Model Intercomparison Project(HighResMIP)experiment within the Coupled Model In tercomparison Project Phase 6(CMIP6),for the first time,has provided an opportunity to evaluate the performance of c...The High Resolutio n Model Intercomparison Project(HighResMIP)experiment within the Coupled Model In tercomparison Project Phase 6(CMIP6),for the first time,has provided an opportunity to evaluate the performance of climate models over complex topographies.Based on the HighResMIP's historical simulations of atmospheric general circulation models,the performances of global high-resolution models,with a horizontal resolution finer than 50 km,in representing precipitation over Central Asia were evaluated using rain gauge observation datasets.All the models successfully reproduce the large precipitation regions that are located over the mountainous areas and Northern Central Asia.However,nearly all the models overestimate precipitation frequency over Central Asia and large overestimations of precipitation amount and frequency are located over the mountainous areas.Although the HighResMIP multi-model ensemble mean performs better than all individual models at simulating the spatial pattern of precipitation frequency,it is inferior to HadGEM3-GC31-HM and ECMWF-IFS-HR at simulating that of precipitation amount.The simulation performance exhibits remarkable regional differences.Over the Qilian Mountains,the relationship between precipitation and elevation is totally captured by climate models.In contrast,over the Tianshan Mountains,the models fail to simulate the decrease in precipitation frequency after elevation higher than the maximum precipitation elevation.Most models successfully reproduce the annual cycle shape of precipitation amount over the Southern Central Asia,Qilian Mountains and Tianshan Mountains,but fail to reproduce it over the Northern Central Asia.More than half of the high-resolution GCMs have a reduced bias relative to the corresponding low-resolution GCMs.The performances of most high-resolution GCMs in simulating precipitation pattern are well over the Tianshan Mountains.展开更多
This study compares the atmosphere-only HighResMIP simulations from FGOALS-f3-H(FGOALS)and MRIAGCM3-2-S(MRI)with respect to tropical cyclone(TC)characteristics over the Western North Pacific(WNP)for the July-October m...This study compares the atmosphere-only HighResMIP simulations from FGOALS-f3-H(FGOALS)and MRIAGCM3-2-S(MRI)with respect to tropical cyclone(TC)characteristics over the Western North Pacific(WNP)for the July-October months of 1985-2014.The focus is on investigating the role of the tropical easterly jet over the Western Pacific(WP_TEJ)in modulating the simulation biases in terms of their climatological distribution and interannual variability of WNP TC genesis frequency(TCGF)based on the analysis of the genesis potential index(GPI).Results show that the two models reasonably capture the main TC genesis location,the maximum center of frequency,and track density;however,their biases mainly lie in simulating the intense TCs and TCGF distributions.The MRI better simulates the windpressure relationship(WPR)but overestimates the proportion of super typhoons(SSTYs).At the same time,FGOALS underestimates the WPR and the proportion of SSTYs but better simulates the total WNP TC precipitation.In particular,FGOALS overestimates the TCGF in the northeastern WNP,which is strongly tied to an overestimated WP_TEJ and the enhanced vertical circulation to the north of its entrance region.In contrast,the MRI simulates a weaker WP_TEJ and vertical circulation,leading to a negative TCGF bias in most of the WNP.Both models exhibit comparable capability in simulating the interannual variability of WP_TEJ intensity,but the composite difference of large-scale atmospheric factors between strong and weak WP_TEJ years is overestimated,resulting in larger interannual anomalies of WNP TCGF,especially for FGOALS.Therefore,accurate simulations of the WP_TEJ and the associated oceanic and atmospheric factors are crucial to further improving WNP TC simulations for both models.展开更多
The variation in near-surface wind speed is a key dynamic parameter in the orographic effect of precipitation over eastern China.In this study,we used the latest high-resolution outputs from six GCMs in CMIP6-HighResM...The variation in near-surface wind speed is a key dynamic parameter in the orographic effect of precipitation over eastern China.In this study,we used the latest high-resolution outputs from six GCMs in CMIP6-HighResMIP to evaluate the performance of high-resolution models in simulating the orographic precipitation characteristics of typical mountainous areas in summer over eastern China.The orographic precipitation under warming scenarios was projected and constrained according to observational data.The results indicated that during the contemporary climate reference period(1979-2009),although the relationship between model-simulated near-surface wind speed and orographic light rain frequency was consistently stable,the sensitivity of the orographic light rain frequency to surface wind variability was generally underestimated,with a deviation approximately 24.1% lower than the observational values.The estimated orographic light rain frequency corrected based on the observed near-surface wind speed under a 1.5℃ warming scenario,was 36.1% lower than that of the contemporary period;this reduction was 8.6 times that without the wind speed constraint(4.2%).The MRI-AGCM3-2-S model,with a longer dataset,demonstrated relatively stable reductions in orographic light rain frequency under different warming scenarios(1.5℃,2℃,3℃,and 4℃)after the application of wind speed constraints.In all cases,the reductions exceeded those for the predictions made without the wind speed constraint.展开更多
基金jointly supported by the Strategic Priority Research Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences(Grant Nos.XDA19060102 and XDB42000000)National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.91958201 and 42130608)+1 种基金the National Key Research and Development Program of China(Grant No.2020YFA0608800)supported by the National Key Scientific and Technological Infrastructure project“Earth System Numerical Simulation Facility”(EarthLab)。
文摘Following the High-Resolution Model Intercomparison Project(HighResMIP)Tier 2 protocol under the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 6(CMIP6),three numerical experiments are conducted with the Chinese Academy of Sciences Flexible Global Ocean-Atmosphere-Land System Model,version f3-H(CAS FGOALS-f3-H),and a 101-year(1950–2050)global high-resolution simulation dataset is presented in this study.The basic configuration of the FGOALSf3-H model and numerical experiments design are briefly described,and then the historical simulation is validated.Forced by observed radiative agents from 1950 to 2014,the coupled model essentially reproduces the observed long-term trends of temperature,precipitation,and sea ice extent,as well as the large-scale pattern of temperature and precipitation.With an approximate 0.25°horizontal resolution in the atmosphere and 0.1°in the ocean,the coupled models also simulate energetic western boundary currents and the Antarctic Circulation Current(ACC),reasonable characteristics of extreme precipitation,and realistic frontal scale air-sea interaction.The dataset and supporting detailed information have been published in the Earth System Grid Federation.
基金jointly funded by the Strategic Priority Research Program of Chinese Academy of Sciences grant number XDB40030205the National Natural Science Foundation of China grant numbers 91737306,41675100,and U1811464。
基金This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(41675075,91637210,and 91737306).
文摘The High Resolutio n Model Intercomparison Project(HighResMIP)experiment within the Coupled Model In tercomparison Project Phase 6(CMIP6),for the first time,has provided an opportunity to evaluate the performance of climate models over complex topographies.Based on the HighResMIP's historical simulations of atmospheric general circulation models,the performances of global high-resolution models,with a horizontal resolution finer than 50 km,in representing precipitation over Central Asia were evaluated using rain gauge observation datasets.All the models successfully reproduce the large precipitation regions that are located over the mountainous areas and Northern Central Asia.However,nearly all the models overestimate precipitation frequency over Central Asia and large overestimations of precipitation amount and frequency are located over the mountainous areas.Although the HighResMIP multi-model ensemble mean performs better than all individual models at simulating the spatial pattern of precipitation frequency,it is inferior to HadGEM3-GC31-HM and ECMWF-IFS-HR at simulating that of precipitation amount.The simulation performance exhibits remarkable regional differences.Over the Qilian Mountains,the relationship between precipitation and elevation is totally captured by climate models.In contrast,over the Tianshan Mountains,the models fail to simulate the decrease in precipitation frequency after elevation higher than the maximum precipitation elevation.Most models successfully reproduce the annual cycle shape of precipitation amount over the Southern Central Asia,Qilian Mountains and Tianshan Mountains,but fail to reproduce it over the Northern Central Asia.More than half of the high-resolution GCMs have a reduced bias relative to the corresponding low-resolution GCMs.The performances of most high-resolution GCMs in simulating precipitation pattern are well over the Tianshan Mountains.
基金supported by the Strategic Priority Research Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences(Grant No.XDA19060102)Shanghai 2021“Scientific and technological innovation action plan”Natural Science Foundation(Grant No.21ZR1420400)+2 种基金National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.91958201)International Partnership Program of Chinese Academy of Sciences Grant 183311KYSB20200015the National Natural Science Foundation for Young Scientist of China(Grant No.41605079)。
文摘This study compares the atmosphere-only HighResMIP simulations from FGOALS-f3-H(FGOALS)and MRIAGCM3-2-S(MRI)with respect to tropical cyclone(TC)characteristics over the Western North Pacific(WNP)for the July-October months of 1985-2014.The focus is on investigating the role of the tropical easterly jet over the Western Pacific(WP_TEJ)in modulating the simulation biases in terms of their climatological distribution and interannual variability of WNP TC genesis frequency(TCGF)based on the analysis of the genesis potential index(GPI).Results show that the two models reasonably capture the main TC genesis location,the maximum center of frequency,and track density;however,their biases mainly lie in simulating the intense TCs and TCGF distributions.The MRI better simulates the windpressure relationship(WPR)but overestimates the proportion of super typhoons(SSTYs).At the same time,FGOALS underestimates the WPR and the proportion of SSTYs but better simulates the total WNP TC precipitation.In particular,FGOALS overestimates the TCGF in the northeastern WNP,which is strongly tied to an overestimated WP_TEJ and the enhanced vertical circulation to the north of its entrance region.In contrast,the MRI simulates a weaker WP_TEJ and vertical circulation,leading to a negative TCGF bias in most of the WNP.Both models exhibit comparable capability in simulating the interannual variability of WP_TEJ intensity,but the composite difference of large-scale atmospheric factors between strong and weak WP_TEJ years is overestimated,resulting in larger interannual anomalies of WNP TCGF,especially for FGOALS.Therefore,accurate simulations of the WP_TEJ and the associated oceanic and atmospheric factors are crucial to further improving WNP TC simulations for both models.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(Grant No.2020YFA0608201)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.42275180)。
文摘The variation in near-surface wind speed is a key dynamic parameter in the orographic effect of precipitation over eastern China.In this study,we used the latest high-resolution outputs from six GCMs in CMIP6-HighResMIP to evaluate the performance of high-resolution models in simulating the orographic precipitation characteristics of typical mountainous areas in summer over eastern China.The orographic precipitation under warming scenarios was projected and constrained according to observational data.The results indicated that during the contemporary climate reference period(1979-2009),although the relationship between model-simulated near-surface wind speed and orographic light rain frequency was consistently stable,the sensitivity of the orographic light rain frequency to surface wind variability was generally underestimated,with a deviation approximately 24.1% lower than the observational values.The estimated orographic light rain frequency corrected based on the observed near-surface wind speed under a 1.5℃ warming scenario,was 36.1% lower than that of the contemporary period;this reduction was 8.6 times that without the wind speed constraint(4.2%).The MRI-AGCM3-2-S model,with a longer dataset,demonstrated relatively stable reductions in orographic light rain frequency under different warming scenarios(1.5℃,2℃,3℃,and 4℃)after the application of wind speed constraints.In all cases,the reductions exceeded those for the predictions made without the wind speed constraint.
