Hilbert’s First Problem and the New Progress of Infinity Theory

In the 19th century, Cantor created the infinite cardinal number theory based on the “1-1 correspondence” principle. The continuum hypothesis is proposed under this theoretical framework. In 1900, Hilbert made it the first problem in his famous speech on mathematical problems, which shows the importance of this question. We know that the infinitesimal problem triggered the second mathematical crisis in the 17-18th centuries. The Infinity problem is no less important than the infinitesimal problem. In the 21st century, Sergeyev introduced the Grossone method from the principle of “whole is greater than part”, and created another ruler for measuring infinite sets. The discussion in this paper shows that, compared with the cardinal number method, the Grossone method enables infinity calculation to achieve a leap from qualitative calculation to quantitative calculation. According to Grossone theory, there is neither the largest infinity and infinitesimal, nor the smallest infinity and infinitesimal. Hilbert’s first problem was caused by the immaturity of the infinity theory.

The Criteria for Reducing Centrally Restricted Three-Body Problem to Two-Body Problem

Our Solar System contains eight planets and their respective natural satellites excepting the inner two planets Mercury and Venus. A satellite hosted by a given Planet is well protected by the gravitational pertubation of much heavier planets such as Jupiter and Saturn if the natural satellite lies deep inside the respective host Planet Hill sphere. Each planet has a Hill radius aH and planet mean radius RP and the ratio R1=RP/aH. Under very low R1 (less than 0.006) the approximation of CRTBP (centrally restricted three-body problem) to two-body problem is valid and planet has spacious Hill lobe to capture a satellite and retain it. This ensures a high probability of capture of natural satellite by the given planet and Sun’s perturbation on Planet-Satellite binary can be neglected. This is the case with Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Neptune and Uranus. But Mercury and Venus has R1=RP/aH =0.01 and 5.9862 × 10-3 respectively hence they have no satellites. There is a limit to the dimension of the captured body. It must be a much smaller body both dimensionally as well masswise. The qantitative limit is a subject of an independent study.

ON HILBERT BOUNDARY VALUE PROBLEMS WITH RADICAL

The Hilbert boundary value problem Re{λ（t） p√ψ＋（t）} = c（t）, t∈L of normal type with Holder continuous coefficients is discussed, where L is the unit circle ｜t｜ = 1,p ≥2 is any definite integer,ψ^＋（t） is the boundary value of the unknown function ψ（z） holomorphic in ｜z｜ 〈 1 with single-valued continuous p√ψ＋（t） on L.

THE HILBERT BOUNDARY VALUE PROBLEM FOR GENERALIZED ANALYTIC FUNCTIONS IN CLIFFORD ANALYSIS

Let R0,n be the real Clifford algebra generated by e1, e2,... , en satisfying eiej＋ejei=-2δij,i,j=1,2…,ne0 is the unit element.Let Ω be an open set. A function f is called left generalized analytic in ft if f satisfies the equation Lf=0,where ……qi 〉0, i =-, 1, - ……, n. In this article, we first give the kernel function for the generalized analytic function. Further, the Hilbert boundary value problem for generalized analytic functions in Rn＋1 will be investigated.

A Class of Quasi-Linear Riemann-Hilbert Problems for General Holomorphic Functions in the Unit Disk

In this paper, a class of quasi linear Riemann Hilbert problems for general holomorphic functions in the unit disk was studied. Under suitable hypotheses, the existence of solutions of the Hardy class H 2 to this problem was proved by means of Tikhonov's fixed point theorem and corresponding theories for general holomorphic functions.

Hyperbolic Fibonacci and Lucas Functions, “Golden” Fibonacci Goniometry, Bodnar’s Geometry, and Hilbert’s Fourth Problem—Part III. An Original Solution of Hilbert’s Fourth Problem

This article refers to the “Mathematics of Harmony” by Alexey Stakhov [1], a new interdisciplinary direction of modern science. The main goal of the article is to describe two modern scientific discoveries—New Geometric Theory of Phyl-lotaxis (Bodnar’s Geometry) and Hilbert’s Fourth Problem based on the Hyperbolic Fibonacci and Lucas Functions and “Golden” Fibonacci -Goniometry ( is a given positive real number). Although these discoveries refer to different areas of science (mathematics and theoretical botany), however they are based on one and the same scien-tific ideas—The “golden mean,” which had been introduced by Euclid in his Elements, and its generalization—The “metallic means,” which have been studied recently by Argentinian mathematician Vera Spinadel. The article is a confirmation of interdisciplinary character of the “Mathematics of Harmony”, which originates from Euclid’s Elements.

GENERAL SPLIT FEASIBILITY PROBLEMS FOR TWO FAMILIES OF NONEXPANSIVE MAPPINGS IN HILBERT SPACES

The purpose of this article is to introduce a general split feasibility problems for two families of nonexpansive mappings in Hilbert spaces. We prove that the sequence generated by the proposed new algorithm converges strongly to a solution of the general split feasibility problem. Our results extend and improve some recent known results.

Hyperbolic Fibonacci and Lucas Functions, “Golden” Fibonacci Goniometry, Bodnar’s Geometry, and Hilbert’s Fourth Problem—Part II. A New Geometric Theory of Phyllotaxis (Bodnar’s Geometry)

This article refers to the “Mathematics of Harmony” by Alexey Stakhov in 2009, a new interdisciplinary direction of modern science. The main goal of the article is to describe two modern scientific discoveries–New Geometric Theory of Phyllotaxis (Bodnar’s Geometry) and Hilbert’s Fourth Problem based on the Hyperbolic Fibonacci and Lucas Functions and “Golden” Fibonacci λ-Goniometry (λ > 0 is a given positive real number). Although these discoveries refer to different areas of science (mathematics and theoretical botany), however they are based on one and the same scientific ideas-the “golden mean,” which had been introduced by Euclid in his Elements, and its generalization—the “metallic means,” which have been studied recently by Argentinian mathematician Vera Spinadel. The article is a confirmation of interdisciplinary character of the “Mathematics of Harmony”, which originates from Euclid’s Elements.

HILBERT PROBLEM 15 AND NONSTANDARD ANALYSIS(Ⅰ)

Hilbert problem 15 required understanding Schubert's book.In this book,reducing to degenerate cases was one of the main methods for enumeration.We found that nonstandard analysis is a suitable tool for making rigorous of Schubert's proofs of some results,which used degeneration method,but are obviously not rigorous.In this paper,we give a rigorous proof for Example 4 in Schubert's book,Chapter 1.§4 according to his idea.This shows that Schubert's intuitive idea is correct,but to make it rigorous a lot of work should be done.

The Gleason's problem on normal weight general function spaces in the unit ball of C^(n)

In this paper,we first discuss the boundedness of certain integral operator T_(t) on the normal weight general function space F(p,μ,s)in the unit ball Bnof C^(n).As an application of this operator,we prove that the Gleason’s problem is solvable on F(p,μ,s).

THE RIEMANN-HILBERT BOUNDARY VALUE PROBLEM FOR THE MOISIL-THEODORSCO SYSTEM

This article studies the inhomogeneous Moisil-Theodorsco system in the space R3, gives the integral expression of its solution, proves the Holder continuity of the solution. Moreover the author studies the Riemann-Hilbert boundary value problem for the Moisil-Theodorsco system in a cylindrical domain of R3, and gives the solvability conditions and the integral expressions of solutions. The Holder continuity of the solutions is proved.

A RIEMANN-HILBERT APPROACH TO THE INITIAL-BOUNDARY PROBLEM FOR DERIVATIVE NONLINEAR SCHRDINGER EQUATION

We use the Fokas method to analyze the derivative nonlinear Schrodinger （DNLS） equation iqt （x, t） = -qxx （x, t）＋（rq^2）x on the interval [0, L]. Assuming that the solution q（x, t） exists, we show that it can be represented in terms of the solution of a matrix Riemann- Hilbert problem formulated in the plane of the complex spectral parameter ξ. This problem has explicit （x, t） dependence, and it has jumps across {ξ∈C｜Imξ^4 = 0}. The relevant jump matrices are explicitely given in terms of the spectral functions {a（ξ）, b（ξ）}, {A（ξ）, B（ξ）}, and {A（ξ）, B（ξ）}, which in turn are defined in terms of the initial data q0（x） = q（x, 0）, the bound- ary data g0（t）= q（0, t）, g1（t） = qx（0, t）, and another boundary values f0（t） = q（L, t）, f1（t） = qx（L, t）. The spectral functions are not independent, but related by a compatibility condition, the so-called global relation.

A Sparse Kernel Approximate Method for Fractional Boundary Value Problems

In this paper,the weak pre-orthogonal adaptive Fourier decomposition(W-POAFD)method is applied to solve fractional boundary value problems(FBVPs)in the reproducing kernel Hilbert spaces(RKHSs)W_(0)^(4)[0,1] and W^(1)[0,1].The process of the W-POAFD is as follows:(i)choose a dictionary and implement the pre-orthogonalization to all the dictionary elements;(ii)select points in[0,1]by the weak maximal selection principle to determine the corresponding orthonormalized dictionary elements iteratively;(iii)express the analytical solution as a linear combination of these determined dictionary elements.Convergence properties of numerical solutions are also discussed.The numerical experiments are carried out to illustrate the accuracy and efficiency of W-POAFD for solving FBVPs.

RIEMANN-HILBERT PROBLEMS OF A SIX-COMPONENT MKDV SYSTEM AND ITS SOLITON SOLUTIONS

Based on a 4 x 4 matrix spectral problem, an AKNS soliton hierarchy with six potentials is generated. Associated with this spectral problem, a kind of Riemann-Hilbert problems is formulated for a six-component system of mKdV equations in the resulting AKNS hierarchy. Soliton solutions to the considered system of coupled mKdV equations are computed, through a reduced Riemann-Hilbert problem where an identity jump matrix is taken.

Riemann Boundary Value Problems on the Curve of Parabola

In this paper, we study Riemann boundary value problems on the Curve of Parabola. We characterized the functions which are intergrable on the Curve of Parabola. We also study the asymptotic behaviors of Cauchy-type integral and Cauchy principal value integral on the Curve of Parabola at infinity. At the end, we discuss the Riemann boundary value problems for sectionally holomorphic functions with the Curve of Parabola as their jump curve and obtain the explicit form.

A Key to Solving the Angle Trisection Problem

This paper describes the methodology (or approach) that was key to the solution of the angle trisection problem published earlier in article entitled, “A Procedure For Trisecting An Acute Angle.” It was an approach that required first, designing a working model of a trisector mechanism, second, studying the motion of key elements of the mechanism and third, applying the fundamental principles of kinematics to arrive at the desired results. In presenting these results, since there was no requirement to provide a detailed analysis of the final construction, this information was not included. However, now that the publication is out, it is considered appropriate as well as instructive to explain more fully the mechanism analysis of the trisector in graphical detail, as covered in Section 3 of this paper, that formed the basis of the long sought solution to the age-old Angle Trisection Problem.

On Solving a System of Generalized Mixed Equilibrium-like Problems in Hilbert Spaces

A system of generalized mixed equilibrium-like problems is introduced and the existence of its solutions is shown by using the auxiliary principle technique in Hilbert spaces.

THE HILBERT BOUNDARY VALUE PROBLEM FOR ANALYTIC FUNCTION OF SEVERAL COMPLEXVARIABLES WITH DISCONTINUOUS COEFFICIENTS

This paper deals with the Hilbert boundary value problem for analytic function of several complex variables with discoutiuuous codsdents on polycylinder ring. The author gives the corresponding metamorphous problem and gets the condition of solvability and an intergral representation of the solution.

Hilbert Boundary Value Problem with an Unknown Function on Arbitrary Infinite Straight Line

We consider a Hilbert boundary value problem with an unknown parametric function on arbitrary infinite straight line passing through the origin. We propose to transform the Hilbert boundary value problem to Riemann boundary value problem, and address it by defining symmetric extension for holomorphic functions about an arbitrary straight line passing through the origin. Finally, we develop the general solution and the solvable conditions for the Hilbert boundary value problem.

On the Generalization of Hilbert’s 17th Problem and Pythagorean Fields

The notion of preordering, which is a generalization of the notion of ordering, has been introduced by Serre. On the other hand, the notion of round quadratic forms has been introduced by Witt. Based on these ideas, it is here shown that 1) a field F is formally real n-pythagorean iff the nth radical, RnF is a preordering (Theorem 2), and 2) a field F is n-pythagorean iff for any n-fold Pfister form ρ. There exists an odd integer l(>1) such that l×ρ is a round quadratic form (Theorem 8). By considering upper bounds for the number of squares on Pfister’s interpretation, these results finally lead to the main result (Theorem 10) such that the generalization of pythagorean fields coincides with the generalization of Hilbert’s 17th Problem.