Hill slope instability of Nainital City,Kumaun Lesser Himalaya,Uttarakhand,India

Nainital City of Kumaun Lesser Himalaya is prone to mass wasting processes during monsoon season,which mischievously triggers the hill slope instability in this region. Slate, dolomitic limestone, silty sandstone and rhythmite of the Krol Formation are the main rock types. The present study focuses on the investigation of slope stability in the region in terms of potential seismicity and landslide. Geological and geotechnical mapping indicates that the major portion of the area is characterized by slope wash materials and buildings. The combination of 3-4 joint sets with one random joint is the main structure at outcrops.The major geological structures of this area are Nainital lake fault passing from the center of the lake, Main Boundary Thrust at SW, and Khuriya Fault passing from the SE direction of Nainital City. This work finds that different types of discontinuities(e.g. joints and faults), overburden due to unplanned civil structures,and neotectonic activity in the vicinity of this ara affect the stability of the city. The slate forms the base of the city, dipping slightly towards the lake side along the NW direction, thus accelerating the instability of this area. Rock mass rating(RMR), slope mass rating, factor of safety(FOS) and graphical analysis of the discontinuity for slope kinematics indicate that the study area is a landslide-prone zone. This study can facilitate reducing the risk of human life, and contribute to the ongoing construction works in the area.

Experimental Study of Runoff Coefficients for Different Hill Slope Soil Profiles

The estimation of peak discharge from a catchment due to intense rainfall is a difficult task that may occur in a return period. If cannot be estimated accurately, it may lead to serious problem in hydraulic structure design like bridge, culvert across a river and drainage system. The main parameter which affects the peak flow is runoff coefficient of the catchment which directly depends on the soil type, its slope and land use pattern with vegetation covers. For the purpose, this study was carried out to estimate maximum runoff coefficients for different land profiles and soil types in hill slope model developed in 10 degree with the horizontal to the rainfall simulator rig (Basic Hydrology system-S12) experimentally which can give more reliable value than the real field test method as it is easier than field test especially in hill slope. The soil slope preparation was made of sand, silt and clay separately and the experiments were carried out in a controlled system. The slope prepared represented a small catchment on a plot of 2.02 meter length, 1 meter wide and 0.15 m depth soil plots (at the slope of 10° to the horizontal plane). From the experiment in different soil plots, the rainfall runoff coefficients were observed as 0.428 - 0.53 for sand soil slope, 0.46 - 0.55 for silt soil slope and 0.42 - 0.51 for clay soil slope under uniform rainfall rate of 4 lpm to 13 lpm in each soil slope. Rainfall runoff correlation equation was found with the values of R above 90% in each soil slope. The value observed is within the range of rational value of 0.05 to 0.95 as standard which concluded that the performance of simulator was found good to deal with rational values. And the runoff coefficients for these soil types can be taken within the range obtained to estimate peak discharge in any small catchment area depending on the soil types.

Kinematic Storage Model (KSM) for Groundwater Development in Highly Permeable Hill Slope-Laboratory Study

Study of the groundwater table development and runoff generation is one of the most important parts of hydrology to develop a clear concept, especially in hill slope. The study is more complex in the real field rather than in the artificial system. The result in artificial systems developed and experimental observations may give good results. So, therefore, this study is aimed at modeling in the laboratory as artificial hill slope flows which include saturation excess surface runoff flows. The physical processes along with runoff generation depend on the factors—soil type, characteristic slope geometry, and initial soil conditions at the commencement of rainfall. The mechanisms involved in runoff formation process have been simulated successfully to compute hydrograph for hilly terrain and groundwater table development in highly permeable soil tested by kinematic storage model theory. The model represents the hill slope as a rectangular storage element of length 2.02 m, depth 0.15 m and width 1m With an impermeable bed making an angle of 10 degrees with the horizontal. The storage element is composed of two moisture zones: an unsaturated zone and a saturated zone. The result obtained is seemed good adjustment to the theory of hill slope model given by Nm Shakya, 1995. Aslo, the moisture profile variation in mixed sand profile was found immediately after the rainfall event. The result obtained shows that the timing and distribution of moisture over the depth where the maximum moisture content is 0.4 in mid of the depth which is more than in surface having a moisture level of 0.37.

A mathematical model of soil moisture spatial distribution on the hill slopes of the Loess Plateau

Based on important factors that affect soil moisture spatialdistribution, such as the slope gradients, land use, vegetation cover, and surface water diffusion characteristics together with field measurements of soil moisture data obtained from the surface soil under different land use struc-tures, a soil moisture spatial distribution model was established. The diffusion degree coefficient of surface water for different vegetations was estimated from soil moisture values obtained from field measurements. The model can be solved using the finite unit method. The soil moisture spatial distribution on the hill slopes in the Loess Plateau were simulated by the model. A comparison of the simulated values with measurement data shows that the model is a good fit.

Rock Slope Stability Analysis by Using Integrated Approach

Slope stability assessment is an essential aspect of mining and civil engineering. In this study, Songwe open-pit mine in Malawi was investigated to establish possible pit slope instability. In performing the analysis, an integrated approach entailing rock mass characterisation, kinematic and numerical methods were applied. Based on rock mass classification system, Songwe Hill carbonatite rock mass is characterised as a good rock but still it possesses numerous random discontinuities that present a complex challenge in geotechnical engineering. Dip 6.0 software was used in carrying out kinematic analysis based on the attributes of discontinuities. The results show that there is a 16% likelihood of planar failure in the divided slope sections of the planned pit. Thus, slope angle optimisation to 41° has been proposed as a counter-measure to minimise the potential risk of planar failure. At the optimised angle, the risk of planar failure could be reduced by 44%. On the other hand, wedge failure was found to be improbable since no joint intersections were found in the critical zone of potential failure. For numerical analysis, finite element code was applied using FLAC3D 5.0 application. The results demonstrate that overall slope angle of 41° would offer a favourable balance between safety and mining economics as mining operations progress to deeper horizons thereby avoiding a costly push back solution due to instability.

川东五百梯地区石炭系岩溶古地貌识别及储集意义

综合利用钻井、测井、岩心及地震资料,通过建立地震正演模型模拟、RGB分频融合技术及波形分类分析等手段,对川东五百梯地区石炭系岩溶古地貌进行了识别与刻画。研究结果表明:(1)川东五百梯地区石炭系遭受的岩溶作用强度自西向东逐渐变小,东南部石炭系原始沉积厚度更大,但残余厚度分布不均匀,主要为10~30 m;西北部地层厚度较小,为0~15 m。(2)研究区石炭系自西向东可识别出岩溶高地和岩溶斜坡2个二级地貌单元,岩溶斜坡可划分为残丘和浅洼2个三级地貌单元,再依据其差异溶蚀特征,可进一步划分为陡斜坡浅洼和缓斜坡浅洼,浅洼内发育残丘、暗河及落水洞。反射同相轴的上提和下拉特征、岩溶角砾岩的发育、地震层拉平剖面、RGB分频融合及波形变化特征等均可识别出岩溶古地貌的发育。(3)研究区石炭系各地貌单元的分布受构造控制,浅洼和残丘多以椭圆状或不规则长条状呈北西—南东向展布,暗河的展布与浅洼长轴方向一致;岩溶古地貌控制着地层厚度以及溶蚀孔洞的发育,残丘残余厚度较大,岩溶作用强,充填作用较弱,溶蚀孔洞较发育,储层平均孔隙度为4.34%;缓斜坡浅洼残余厚度较小,充填作用较强,溶蚀孔洞不发育,储层平均孔隙度为2.68%,而陡斜坡浅洼虽然残余厚度小,但因潜水位低、泄水能力强,溶蚀作用强而充填作用弱,储集空间发育,储层平均孔隙度为5.05%;缓斜坡和陡斜坡储层平均孔隙度分别为3.67%和3.31%,岩溶高地孔隙度最小,平均为2.51%。

我国煤矸石山综合治理现状及零碳治理探索

在煤炭资源的开采过程中产出大量煤矸石,粉煤灰等副产品,这些副产品大量堆积引发了一系列次生灾害与环境问题。为解决煤矸石山因堆积产生的一系列灾害,基于国内重要矿区矸石山分布情况,分析其主要灾害,研究其治理经验与成果,探索生态处治煤矸石山坡面稳定的方法,探讨了现存煤矸石山治理的不足之处。结合国内外煤矸石利用与绿色治理新技术,提出1种桩-草协同护坡的零碳治理方式,可为我国煤矸石山资源化利用和生态环境保护提供参考。

坡位对高寒草甸山体断面重建植被及土壤性状的影响

针对川西高寒草甸公路山体断面植被重建的实际技术需求,以G248国道建成3年的护坡草坪植被为样地,通过测定4个坡位(上坡、中坡、下坡和坡底)群落特征、优势种种类、功能群重要值及草坪草性状等植被指标,以及颗粒组成和理化性状等土壤指标,研究坡位对重建植被结构和土壤性状的影响。结果表明:1)低坡位可增加护坡植被的群落密度和投影盖度(P<0.05),但下坡植被基盖度和物种多样性、丰富度、均匀度均最大。2)坡位越低优势种占物种数比例越低,下坡群落高度和第一优势种高度显著低于其他坡位(P<0.05)。3)坡位越低草坪草存活密度、自然高度、分蘖数、生物量和重要值越大(P<0.05),草坪草重要值仅0.04%~16.52%,4个坡位均演替为以乡土植物为主的植被群落。4)坡位显著影响生活型功能群组成(P<0.05),4个坡位中多年生杂类草重要值均为最大,下坡6种生活型功能群组成较为均衡。5)坡位显著影响土壤颗粒组成和理化性状(P<0.05),坡位越高土壤粒级组成越失衡,有机质含量越低且保水供肥能力越差。综上,坡位影响再生植被的群落特征、功能群结构、优势种种类及土壤粒级组成和理化性状,构建“坡位-土壤-植被”关系是重建山体断面植被功能的有效途径。

渤海湾盆地沙垒田西北斜坡带碳酸盐岩潜山储层形成与油气成藏

下古生界碳酸盐岩潜山是渤海湾盆地重要的油气勘探领域,目前已发现的碳酸盐岩潜山油气藏主要集中在构造高部位,对构造低部位斜坡带碳酸盐岩潜山的储层发育程度以及成藏规模还缺乏深入认识。为了探索斜坡带碳酸盐岩潜山储层发育规律,明确油气成藏条件,本研究以沙垒田西北(沙西北)斜坡带为靶区,开展了潜山构造演化、储集空间形成机理、潜山油气成藏综合分析。结果表明:沙西北斜坡带下古生界潜山岩性由上组合(大套灰岩夹白云岩、泥灰岩)和下组合(鲕粒灰岩、灰岩和泥岩互层)组成,崮山组区域稳定泥岩是二者的分界线;斜坡带潜山经历印支期、燕山早期、燕山中期、燕山晚期和喜马拉雅期五期构造运动,具有跷跷板式构造演化特征,多期构造活动形成的大量裂缝为储层发育奠定基础,优势岩性组合-叠合应力成缝-多期岩溶改造三元耦合控制碳酸盐岩潜山储层发育,上组合形成似层状缝溶型优质储层,是优势的油气聚集层系;低斜坡碳酸盐岩潜山处于烃源岩超压中心与常压储层直接接触的常超过渡带,发育上组合表生岩溶成储-下组合致密层遮挡封盖的地层侧封油气成藏模式,形成斜坡带大中型油田群。

基于GIS的栅格化坡面径流路径模拟与LS值计算

该研究旨在研制建立适合我国黄土区以小流域为单元、基于GIS栅格化的坡面径流路径及土壤侵蚀强度空间分异分析模拟模型 .以ViewGIS为平台 ,将流域图经栅格化处理和建立基于栅格化处理的关系型数据库 ,利用D8方法和DEMON方法 ,分析模拟径流路径 ;开发出了适于分析模拟黄土区小流域土壤侵蚀强度空间分布的模块 ,以小流域为单元对坡面径流路径进行了模拟 ,并模拟计算了通用水土流失方程的地形因子LS值在该流域坡面的分布 ,最后将计算结果存放于关系型数据库中 .该研究深入ViewGIS内核 ,在开发DEM径流分析、土壤侵蚀等功能的基础上 ,实现了对整个流域径流路径及土壤侵蚀地形地貌分异规律的计算机分析模拟与成图 。

四川德昌茨达“8·24”群发性滑坡型泥石流之地形条件

2004-08-24,四川省德昌县茨达乡暴发了群发性滑坡型泥石流,给当地居民生活和生产造成了严重的损失。此次群发性泥石流范围较小,地质和水文条件比较接近,由此认为地形条件是控制泥石流发育的关键因素。在分析地形条件对滑坡型泥石流形成的影响基础上,从其形成机理出发,选取研究区各沟谷流域面积A,沟床比降J,沟谷两侧斜坡25°~45°坡度所占百分比S等3个重要地形因子进行研究,对比相互关系,建立起此次泥石流暴发的临界曲线和综合地形因子G,G=S×（A/A0）0.15×J0.8,得出在地质和降雨条件都相近似的情况下,地形因子G越大,地形条件越好,越容易暴发泥石流。因此可用G因子划分区域内沟谷泥石流的易发等级,并为滑坡型泥石流的危险性评价和预警预报提供了新的研究思路。

近40a黑土典型区坡沟侵蚀动态变化

研究黑土区坡面侵蚀与沟谷侵蚀的动态变化对于正确认识黑土侵蚀的发生发展过程、制定合理的侵蚀防治对策具有重要理论与实际意义。该文以克拜东部黑土区为例,从1965年美国侦查卫星Corona影像和2005年法国Spot-5高分辨率遥感影像上提取侵蚀沟、植被、土地利用等信息,结合地形、降雨及土壤资料,以通用土壤流失方程为基本框架建立坡面侵蚀定量估算模型,在此基础上,对近40a坡面侵蚀和沟谷侵蚀的动态变化进行深入分析。结果表明:研究区坡面侵蚀以轻度侵蚀为主,中度和强度侵蚀面积比例很小;40a来坡面侵蚀总面积变化不大,但侵蚀强度的变化存在一定的地区差异;研究区1965年有侵蚀沟1682条,2005年增加到2561条,侵蚀沟平均每年侵吞耕地5.23hm2;40a来研究区坡沟侵蚀产沙比约为3.5︰1,总体上以坡面土壤流失为主。研究结果可为黑土区水土流失综合治理提供科学依据。

山坡泥石流场地易损性评价

基于易损性系由受灾体自身内在性质所决定的认识,论述了山坡泥石流场地易损性的构成要素,即受灾体遭受山坡泥石流破坏机会的大小和造成损毁的难易程度。前者与受灾体和泥石流的相对空间位置等因素有关,后者主要受受灾体物质成分、结构和状态等的影响。在此基础上,提出了山坡泥石流场地易损性评价模型,并给出了评价实例。

黄土丘陵区坡面形态和植被组合的土壤侵蚀效应研究

以位于陕北黄土丘陵区的羊圈沟流域为重点研究区,针对不同坡面类型(坡长、坡形、坡度)和植被组合进行野外土壤采样,利用137Cs元素示踪方法评估坡面的土壤侵蚀效应。研究发现:1坡面形态对土壤侵蚀具有重要影响。自坡顶至坡脚,"直-凹"组合的坡型一般具有相对较低的土壤侵蚀模数,整体上起到"汇"的作用;但"凹-直/凸"组合的坡型具有相对较高的土壤侵蚀模数,在土壤侵蚀方面起到"源"的作用;其他坡型,如直坡、凸坡、"直-凸"和复杂性坡型的土壤侵蚀模数介于两者之间。2坡面不同植被空间配置对土壤侵蚀的影响具有明显差异。研究发现,坡面植被组合(自坡顶至坡脚)为荒草地-果园、有林地-其他植被类型组合和荒草地-其他植被类型的坡面具有相对较低的土壤侵蚀模数,起到了一定"汇"的功能,但人为干扰较为强烈的景观坡面(无水土保持措施)具有相对较高的土壤侵蚀模数,整体上表现为土壤侵蚀的"源"区。

山地风加速效应的计算模型

以往对山地风加速效应的研究及发达国家最新规范中关于山地风加速效应的计算模型往往采用指数律模型,并且只考虑了较缓的山坡,各模型中系数取值差异较大.针对这一问题,文中基于计算流体力学软件Fluent 6.2平台,利用数值模拟方法对不同坡度、高度和地貌情况下的山地风加速效应进行计算,分析了山体坡度、山体高度及地貌对山地风加速效应的影响,根据数值模拟结果提出了山地平均风加速效应的对数律计算模型,拟合了模型中各参数的取值,把适用范围扩大到了较陡的山坡,并将文中模型计算结果与现有模型及规范计算结果进行比较,结果表明,对数律计算模型比指数律计算模型能更精确地描述山地近地风的加速效应.

南图尔盖盆地Doshan地区底辟构造的发现及勘探意义

Doshan地区新发现的底辟构造具有典型的双重性,其浅层碳酸盐岩底辟在叠加于下伏深部底辟构造上的同时,还保持与下部底辟构造形态的一致性。底辟构造规模普遍较小,平面多呈NW-SE向展布。综合区域应力背景、塑性层形变、裂解气显示等相关要素分析,认为底辟构造属深源型底辟,其形成发育主要受控于晚白垩世。南图尔盖盆地大规模走滑、抬升变形过程中,基底深部古断裂再次活动导致深部物质沿断层小规模上拱。此类构造的发现在为构造研究提供全新模式的同时,也为南图尔盖盆地油气勘探提供了一个新的领域。在位于斜坡-潜山带的底辟构造,有着良好的油气成藏条件,是寻找相关构造、岩性油气藏的理想区域,应作为后期油气勘探的重点。

不同植被格局下凸型坡径流流速时空变化及产沙研究

以凸型坡为研究对象,利用室内径流冲刷试验,研究了不同植被配置下凸型坡水蚀动力的变化过程以及侵蚀产沙的差异。结果表明:裸坡条件下径流流速呈现出极强的空间波动状态,随水力断面与坡顶距离的逐渐增加表现出先减小后增大的空间变化态势,导致侵蚀最为严重的部位出现在上坡上部和下坡上部。将草带布设于与坡顶距离60%～80%位置处对径流流速影响较大,降幅为22%,蓄水效益和减沙效益分别为12%和69%,能够较好地发挥直接拦沙的水土保持功效。不同植被空间配置下的径流量和产沙量均表现出与径流流速相一致的空间变化特征,随着草带距坡顶距离的逐渐增加,径流量和产沙量呈现出先增加后减小的趋势,植被通过调控水蚀动力过程实现了对径流和侵蚀产沙的调控。在此过程中,植被的空间配置方式改变了径流流速时空变化特征,从而对水蚀动力过程起到了很大程度的调控。研究结果有助于加深对植被、冲刷与水蚀动力过程之间耦合关系的理解。

低丘陵山坡地逆温趋势分析

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