The Hina gene is one of the two known Hin genes for hardness, and its RNA expression is correlated with grain hardness and dry matter digestibility variation. In this study, only one clone ofHina gene was obtained fro...The Hina gene is one of the two known Hin genes for hardness, and its RNA expression is correlated with grain hardness and dry matter digestibility variation. In this study, only one clone ofHina gene was obtained from one barley accession. A total of 121 Hina gene sequences were isolated from 121 wild barley （Hordeum spontaneum） accessions in Israel, Iran, and Turkey, and then their molecular characteristics were compared with 97 Hina gene sequences from 74 cultivated barley （H. vulgare） lines in Europe and 23 landrace （H. vulgare） with global distribution and other 26 Hina gene sequences from cultivated barleys （H. vulgare） with unknown global distribution. Cis-acting regulatory element （CARE） searching revealed that there were different types of regulatory element for the Hina gene in wild and landrace/cultivated barleys. There were six consistent cis-acting binding sites in wild and landrace/cultivated barleys, whereas 8 to 16 inconsistent TATA-boxes were observed. In addition, three special elements （E2Fb, Spl, and boxS） were only observed in wild barley, while one （AT1-motif） was only found in landrace/cultivated barley. Forty-four deduced amino acid sequences of HINA from wild and landrace/cultivated barleys were obtained by deleting repetitive amino acid sequences, and they were clustered into two groups on the basis of Neighbor-Joining analysis. However, there was no obvious difference in the amino acid sequences of HINA between wild and landrace/cultivated barleys. Comparing to protein secondary structure of wheat PINA, it was indicated that HINA also existed a signal peptide. In addition, HINA was a hydrophilic protein on the basis of the protein properties and composition.展开更多
Estimation of the zero-height geopotential value W_0^（LVD） for the CVD（China Vertical Datum） plays a fundamental role in the connection of traditional height reference systems into a global height system.Estimatio...Estimation of the zero-height geopotential value W_0^（LVD） for the CVD（China Vertical Datum） plays a fundamental role in the connection of traditional height reference systems into a global height system.Estimation the W_0^（LVD） of China is based on the computation of the mean geopotential offset between the value W_0= 62636856.0 m^2 s^（-2）, selected as reference in this study, and the unknown geopotential value W_0^（LVD）. This estimation is based on the combination of ellipsoidal heights, levelled heights（referring to the CVD）, and some physical parameters, such as geopotential values, gravity values, and geoid undulations.The geoid undulations derived from the GGM（Global Geopotential Models）. This combination is performed through three approaches： The first one is based on the theory of Molodensky, and the second one compares levelled heights and geopotential values derived from the GGMs, while the third one analyses the differences between GPS/Levelling and GGMs geoid undulations. The approaches are evaluated at 65 benchmarks（BMs） covered around Qingdao where the tide gauge is used to observe the local mean sea level of China. The results from three approaches are very similar. Furthermore, the W_0^（LVD）determined for the China local vertical datum was 62636852.9462 m^2 s^（-2）, indicates a bias of about3.0538 m^2/s^（-2） compared to the conventional value of 62636856.0 m^2 s^（-2）.展开更多
The hina gene encodes a HINA protein in seeds of barley （Hordeum vulgare）, which was known to affect the grain hardness. 171 hina gene sequences from Tibetan wild barley accessions and worldwide were characterized. ...The hina gene encodes a HINA protein in seeds of barley （Hordeum vulgare）, which was known to affect the grain hardness. 171 hina gene sequences from Tibetan wild barley accessions and worldwide were characterized. Across 1 452 nucleotides of 171 hina genes, 152 SNPs were detected, giving an average frequency of one SNP per 9.5 bases. There were 93 singleton variable sites （the nucleotide polymorphism only observed in a single accession）, 59 polymorphic sites （the polymorphisms found in two or more accessions） and 8 indels. A total of 18 haplotypes were defined, and most of the barley accessions shared one gene haplotype. H. spontaneum had a wider haplotype distribution. Through the analysis of median-joining network of the 18 haplotypes, 4 haplotype groups were found, which were testified by neighbor-joining tree based on the complete sequence alignment. Extremely low level of hina gene diversity was observed in Tibetan wild barley accessions, indicating that Tibet is unlikely a center of origin for cultivated barley.展开更多
Economic and trade relations, as the cornerstone of China-Europe relations, are under- going structural changes. For most European countries, the promotion of China-Europe relations has gone beyond the divergence betw...Economic and trade relations, as the cornerstone of China-Europe relations, are under- going structural changes. For most European countries, the promotion of China-Europe relations has gone beyond the divergence between the parties and become the po]itJcal consensus of all countries.展开更多
This paper analyses the trend in economic growth and population transition in China and India during 1990-2018 through a comparative perspective.The analysis fol-lows a decomposition framework which argues that econom...This paper analyses the trend in economic growth and population transition in China and India during 1990-2018 through a comparative perspective.The analysis fol-lows a decomposition framework which argues that economic growth has a pure demographic component and a pure economic component and it is the latter which actually contributes to improving the standard of living.The analysis reveals that most of the economic growth in China during 1990-2018 has contributed to improv-ing the standard of living but a substantial proportion of economic growth in India has been the result of the demographic factors that contributed little to improve the quality of life of the people.China needs to explore possibilities of productive uti-lisation of the old people to sustain economic growth whereas India requires rein-vigorating the economic system and accelerating population transition to improve the quality of life of its people.The paper concludes that in the context of human well-being,economic growth in India has been less spectacular than that in China.展开更多
基金supported by the National Basic Research Program of China (2010CB134400)
文摘The Hina gene is one of the two known Hin genes for hardness, and its RNA expression is correlated with grain hardness and dry matter digestibility variation. In this study, only one clone ofHina gene was obtained from one barley accession. A total of 121 Hina gene sequences were isolated from 121 wild barley （Hordeum spontaneum） accessions in Israel, Iran, and Turkey, and then their molecular characteristics were compared with 97 Hina gene sequences from 74 cultivated barley （H. vulgare） lines in Europe and 23 landrace （H. vulgare） with global distribution and other 26 Hina gene sequences from cultivated barleys （H. vulgare） with unknown global distribution. Cis-acting regulatory element （CARE） searching revealed that there were different types of regulatory element for the Hina gene in wild and landrace/cultivated barleys. There were six consistent cis-acting binding sites in wild and landrace/cultivated barleys, whereas 8 to 16 inconsistent TATA-boxes were observed. In addition, three special elements （E2Fb, Spl, and boxS） were only observed in wild barley, while one （AT1-motif） was only found in landrace/cultivated barley. Forty-four deduced amino acid sequences of HINA from wild and landrace/cultivated barleys were obtained by deleting repetitive amino acid sequences, and they were clustered into two groups on the basis of Neighbor-Joining analysis. However, there was no obvious difference in the amino acid sequences of HINA between wild and landrace/cultivated barleys. Comparing to protein secondary structure of wheat PINA, it was indicated that HINA also existed a signal peptide. In addition, HINA was a hydrophilic protein on the basis of the protein properties and composition.
文摘Estimation of the zero-height geopotential value W_0^（LVD） for the CVD（China Vertical Datum） plays a fundamental role in the connection of traditional height reference systems into a global height system.Estimation the W_0^（LVD） of China is based on the computation of the mean geopotential offset between the value W_0= 62636856.0 m^2 s^（-2）, selected as reference in this study, and the unknown geopotential value W_0^（LVD）. This estimation is based on the combination of ellipsoidal heights, levelled heights（referring to the CVD）, and some physical parameters, such as geopotential values, gravity values, and geoid undulations.The geoid undulations derived from the GGM（Global Geopotential Models）. This combination is performed through three approaches： The first one is based on the theory of Molodensky, and the second one compares levelled heights and geopotential values derived from the GGMs, while the third one analyses the differences between GPS/Levelling and GGMs geoid undulations. The approaches are evaluated at 65 benchmarks（BMs） covered around Qingdao where the tide gauge is used to observe the local mean sea level of China. The results from three approaches are very similar. Furthermore, the W_0^（LVD）determined for the China local vertical datum was 62636852.9462 m^2 s^（-2）, indicates a bias of about3.0538 m^2/s^（-2） compared to the conventional value of 62636856.0 m^2 s^（-2）.
文摘The hina gene encodes a HINA protein in seeds of barley （Hordeum vulgare）, which was known to affect the grain hardness. 171 hina gene sequences from Tibetan wild barley accessions and worldwide were characterized. Across 1 452 nucleotides of 171 hina genes, 152 SNPs were detected, giving an average frequency of one SNP per 9.5 bases. There were 93 singleton variable sites （the nucleotide polymorphism only observed in a single accession）, 59 polymorphic sites （the polymorphisms found in two or more accessions） and 8 indels. A total of 18 haplotypes were defined, and most of the barley accessions shared one gene haplotype. H. spontaneum had a wider haplotype distribution. Through the analysis of median-joining network of the 18 haplotypes, 4 haplotype groups were found, which were testified by neighbor-joining tree based on the complete sequence alignment. Extremely low level of hina gene diversity was observed in Tibetan wild barley accessions, indicating that Tibet is unlikely a center of origin for cultivated barley.
文摘Economic and trade relations, as the cornerstone of China-Europe relations, are under- going structural changes. For most European countries, the promotion of China-Europe relations has gone beyond the divergence between the parties and become the po]itJcal consensus of all countries.
文摘This paper analyses the trend in economic growth and population transition in China and India during 1990-2018 through a comparative perspective.The analysis fol-lows a decomposition framework which argues that economic growth has a pure demographic component and a pure economic component and it is the latter which actually contributes to improving the standard of living.The analysis reveals that most of the economic growth in China during 1990-2018 has contributed to improv-ing the standard of living but a substantial proportion of economic growth in India has been the result of the demographic factors that contributed little to improve the quality of life of the people.China needs to explore possibilities of productive uti-lisation of the old people to sustain economic growth whereas India requires rein-vigorating the economic system and accelerating population transition to improve the quality of life of its people.The paper concludes that in the context of human well-being,economic growth in India has been less spectacular than that in China.
