槐定碱调节Hippo-YAP信号通路对急性呼吸窘迫综合征大鼠的改善作用

目的:探究槐定碱(SRI)对急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)大鼠的改善作用,并探究其作用机制。方法:随机取10只SD大鼠为空白组。50只SD大鼠采用脂多糖(LPS)气管滴注法构建ARDS大鼠模型。将造模成功大鼠随机分为模型组、SRI低剂量组、SRI中剂量组、SRI高剂量组、维替泊芬(Verteporfin)+SRI高剂量组,每组10只。造模2 h后SRI低、中、高剂量组分别予低(2 mg/kg)、中(6 mg/kg)、高(12 mg/kg)剂量SRI腹腔注射,Verteporfin+SRI高剂量组在腹腔注射Verteporfin(100 mg/kg)的基础上予SRI腹腔注射(12 mg/kg)。空白组和模型组腹腔注射等体积生理盐水。给药10 h后检测大鼠血氧分压(PaO_(2))、氧指数[PaO_(2)/吸入氧浓度(FiO_(2))]和肺湿/干(W/D)比,HE染色观察肺组织病理变化并进行病理损伤评分,酶联免疫吸附(ELISA)法检测肺泡灌洗液(BALF)中肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)、白细胞介素(IL)-1β和IL-10的水平,BCA检测BALF中总蛋白水平,姬姆萨染色检测BALF中巨噬细胞和中性粒细胞数量,ELISA法检测肺组织丙二醛(MDA),比色法检测肺组织超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性,荧光法检测肺组织髓过氧化物酶(MPO)活性,Western blotting检测肺组织Hippo-YAP通路蛋白表达。结果:与空白组比较,模型组大鼠肺组织结构破坏,大量炎症细胞浸润;与模型组比较,SRI低、中、高剂量组肺组织结构有所恢复;与SRI高剂量组比较,Verteporfin+SRI高剂量组肺组织损伤加重,肺泡肿胀、变性,炎症细胞浸润明显。模型组大鼠PaO_(2)、PaO_(2)/FiO_(2)值低于空白组,W/D比、病理损伤评分高于空白组(P<0.05);SRI低、中、高剂量组PaO_(2)、PaO_(2)/FiO_(2)值高于模型组,W/D比、病理损伤评分低于模型组(P<0.05);Verteporfin+SRI高剂量组PaO_(2)、PaO_(2)/FiO_(2)值低于SRI高剂量组,W/D比、病理损伤评分高于SRI高剂量组(P<0.05)。模型组大鼠BALF中TNF-α、IL-1β、IL-10、总蛋白水平及巨噬细胞计数、中性粒细胞计数高于空白组(P<0.05);SRI低、中、高剂量组大鼠BALF中TNF-α、IL-1β、总蛋白水平及巨噬细胞计数、中性粒细胞计数低于模型组,BALF中IL-10水平显高于模型组(P<0.05);Verteporfin+SRI高剂量组大鼠BALF中TNF-α、IL-1β、总蛋白水平和巨噬细胞计数、中性粒细胞计数高于SRI高剂量组,BALF中IL-10水平低于SRI高剂量组(P<0.05)。模型组大鼠肺组织MDA、MPO、p-YAP蛋白相对表达量及p-LATS1/LATS1高于空白组,SOD活性及YAP、TEAD1蛋白相对表达量低于空白组(P<0.05);SRI低、中、高剂量组大鼠肺组织MDA、MPO、p-YAP蛋白相对表达量及p-LATS1/LATS1低于模型组,SOD活性及YAP、TEAD1蛋白相对表达量高于模型组(P<0.05);Verteporfin+SRI高剂量组大鼠肺组织MDA、MPO、p-YAP蛋白相对表达量及p-LATS1/LATS1高于SRI高剂量组,SOD活性及YAP、TEAD1蛋白相对表达量低于SRI高剂量组(P<0.05)。结论:SRI能抑制ARDS大鼠炎症反应和氧化应激,其作用机制可能与激活Hippo-YAP信号通路有关。

Cell metabolism pathways involved in the pathophysiological changes of diabetic peripheral neuropathy

Diabetic peripheral neuropathy is a common complication of diabetes mellitus.Elucidating the pathophysiological metabolic mechanism impels the generation of ideal therapies.However,existing limited treatments for diabetic peripheral neuropathy expose the urgent need for cell metabolism research.Given the lack of comprehensive understanding of energy metabolism changes and related signaling pathways in diabetic peripheral neuropathy,it is essential to explore energy changes and metabolic changes in diabetic peripheral neuropathy to develop suitable treatment methods.This review summarizes the pathophysiological mechanism of diabetic peripheral neuropathy from the perspective of cellular metabolism and the specific interventions for different metabolic pathways to develop effective treatment methods.Various metabolic mechanisms(e.g.,polyol,hexosamine,protein kinase C pathway)are associated with diabetic peripheral neuropathy,and researchers are looking for more effective treatments through these pathways.

Timosaponin AⅢ induces drug-metabolizing enzymes by activating constitutive androstane receptor (CAR) via dephosphorylation of the EGFR signaling pathway

The current study aimed to assess the effect of timosaponin AⅢ(T-AⅢ)on drug-metabolizing enzymes during anticancer therapy.The in vivo experiments were conducted on nude and ICR mice.Following a 24-day administration of T-AⅢ,the nude mice exhibited an induction of CYP2B10,MDR1,and CYP3A11 expression in the liver tissues.In the ICR mice,the expression levels of CYP2B10 and MDR1 increased after a three-day T-AⅢ administration.The in vitro assessments with HepG2 cells revealed that T-AⅢ induced the expression of CYP2B6,MDR1,and CYP3A4,along with constitutive androstane receptor(CAR)activation.Treatment with CAR siRNA reversed the T-AⅢ-induced increases in CYP2B6 and CYP3A4 expression.Furthermore,other CAR target genes also showed a significant increase in the expression.The up-regulation of murine CAR was observed in the liver tissues of both nude and ICR mice.Subsequent findings demonstrated that T-AⅢ activated CAR by inhibiting ERK1/2 phosphorylation,with this effect being partially reversed by the ERK activator t-BHQ.Inhibition of the ERK1/2 signaling pathway was also observed in vivo.Additionally,T-AⅢ inhibited the phosphorylation of EGFR at Tyr1173 and Tyr845,and suppressed EGF-induced phosphorylation of EGFR,ERK,and CAR.In the nude mice,T-AⅢ also inhibited EGFR phosphorylation.These results collectively indicate that T-AⅢ is a novel CAR activator through inhibition of the EGFR pathway.

Enterogenic Stenotrophomonas maltophilia migrates to the mammary gland to induce mastitis by activating the calcium-ROS-AMPK-mTOR-autophagy pathway

Background Mastitis is an inflammatory disease of the mammary gland that has serious economic impacts on the dairy industry and endangers food safety.Our previous study found that the body has a gut/rumen-mammary gland axis and that disturbance of the gut/rumen microbiota could result in‘gastroenterogenic mastitis'.However,the mechanism has not been fully clarified.Recently,we found that long-term feeding of a high-concentrate diet induced mastitis in dairy cows,and the abundance of Stenotrophomonas maltophilia(S.maltophilia)was significantly increased in both the rumen and milk microbiota.Accordingly,we hypothesized that‘gastroenterogenic mastitis'can be induced by the migration of endogenous gut bacteria to the mammary gland.Therefore,this study investigated the mechanism by which enterogenic S.maltophilia induces mastitis.Results First,S.maltophilia was labelled with superfolder GFP and administered to mice via gavage.The results showed that treatment with S.maltophilia promoted the occurrence of mastitis and increased the permeability of the blood-milk barrier,leading to intestinal inflammation and intestinal leakage.Furthermore,tracking of ingested S.maltophilia revealed that S.maltophilia could migrate from the gut to the mammary gland and induce mastitis.Subsequently,mammary gland transcriptome analysis showed that the calcium and AMPK signalling pathways were significantly upregulated in mice treated with S.maltophilia.Then,using mouse mammary epithelial cells(MMECs),we verified that S.maltophilia induces mastitis through activation of the calcium-ROS-AMPK-mTOR-autophagy pathway.Conclusions In conclusion,the results showed that enterogenic S.maltophilia could migrate from the gut to the mammary gland via the gut-mammary axis and activate the calcium-ROS-AMPK-mTOR-autophagy pathway to induce mastitis.Targeting the gut-mammary gland axis may also be an effective method to treat mastitis.

Calculus bovis inhibits M2 tumor-associated macrophage polarization via Wnt/β-catenin pathway modulation to suppress liver cancer

BACKGROUND Calculus bovis(CB),used in traditional Chinese medicine,exhibits anti-tumor effects in various cancer models.It also constitutes an integral component of a compound formulation known as Pien Tze Huang,which is indicated for the treatment of liver cancer.However,its impact on the liver cancer tumor microenvironment,particularly on tumor-associated macrophages(TAMs),is not well understood.AIM To elucidate the anti-liver cancer effect of CB by inhibiting M2-TAM polarization via Wnt/β-catenin pathway modulation.METHODS This study identified the active components of CB using UPLC-Q-TOF-MS,evaluated its anti-neoplastic effects in a nude mouse model,and elucidated the underlying mechanisms via network pharmacology,transcriptomics,and molecular docking.In vitro assays were used to investigate the effects of CB-containing serum on HepG2 cells and M2-TAMs,and Wnt pathway modulation was validated by real-time reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction and Western blot analysis.RESULTS This study identified 22 active components in CB,11 of which were detected in the bloodstream.Preclinical investigations have demonstrated the ability of CB to effectively inhibit liver tumor growth.An integrated approach employing network pharmacology,transcriptomics,and molecular docking implicated the Wnt signaling pathway as a target of the antineoplastic activity of CB by suppressing M2-TAM polarization.In vitro and in vivo experiments further confirmed that CB significantly hinders M2-TAM polarization and suppresses Wnt/β-catenin pathway activation.The inhibitory effect of CB on M2-TAMs was reversed when treated with the Wnt agonist SKL2001,confirming its pathway specificity.CONCLUSION This study demonstrated that CB mediates inhibition of M2-TAM polarization through the Wnt/β-catenin pathway,contributing to the suppression of liver cancer growth.

Myricetin induces M2 macrophage polarization to alleviate renal tubulointerstitial fibrosis in diabetic nephropathy via PI3K/Akt pathway

BACKGROUND Development of end-stage renal disease is predominantly attributed to diabetic nephropathy(DN).Previous studies have indicated that myricetin possesses the potential to mitigate the pathological alterations observed in renal tissue.Never-theless,the precise molecular mechanism through which myricetin influences the progression of DN remains uncertain.AIM To investigate the effects of myricetin on DN and explore its potential therapeutic mechanism.METHODS Db/db mice were administered myricetin intragastrically on a daily basis at doses of 50 mg/kg or 100 mg/kg for a duration of 12 wk.Subsequently,blood and urine indexes were assessed,along with examination of renal tissue pathology.Kidney morphology and fibrosis were evaluated using various staining techniques including hematoxylin and eosin,periodic acid–Schiff,Masson’s trichrome,and Sirius-red.Additionally,high-glucose culturing was conducted on the RAW 264.7 cell line,treated with 25 mM myricetin or co-administered with the PI3K/Akt inhibitor LY294002 for a period of 24 h.In both in vivo and in vitro settings,quantification of inflammation factor levels was conducted using western blotting,real-time qPCR and ELISA.RESULTS In db/db mice,administration of myricetin led to a mitigating effect on DN-induced renal dysfunction and fibrosis.Notably,we observed a significant reduction in expressions of the kidney injury markers kidney injury molecule-1 and neutrophil gelatinase associated lipocalin,along with a decrease in expressions of inflammatory cytokine-related factors.Furthermore,myricetin treatment effectively inhibited the up-regulation of tumor necrosis factor-alpha,interleukin-6,and interluekin-1βinduced by high glucose in RAW 264.7 cells.Additionally,myricetin modulated the M1-type polarization of the RAW 264.7 cells.Molecular docking and bioinformatic analyses revealed Akt as the target of myricetin.The protective effect of myricetin was nullified upon blocking the polarization of RAW 264.7 via inhibition of PI3K/Akt activation using LY294002.CONCLUSION This study demonstrated that myricetin effectively mitigates kidney injury in DN mice through the regulation of macrophage polarization via the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway.

Cyanidin-3-glucoside protects the photooxidative damage of retinal pigment epithelium cells by regulating sphingolipid signaling and inhibiting MAPK pathway

Cyanidin-3-glucoside(C3G)is the most common anthocyanin in dark grains and berries and is a food functional factor to improve visual health.However,the mechanisms of C3G on blue light-induced retinal pigment epithelial(RPE)cell photooxidative damage needs further exploration.We investigated the effects of C3G on blue light-irradiated A2E-containing RPE cells and explored whether sphingolipid,mitogen-activated protein kinase(MAPK),and mitochondria-mediated pathways are involved in this mechanism.Blue light irradiation led to mitochondria and lysosome damage in RPE cells,whereas C3G preserved mitochondrial morphology and function and maintained the lysosomal integrity.C3G suppressed the phosphorylation of JNK and p38 MAPK and mitochondria-mediated pathways to inhibit RPE cell apoptosis.Lipidomics data showed that C3G protected RPE cells against blue light-induced lipid peroxidation and apoptosis by maintaining sphingolipids balance.C3G significantly inhibited ceramide(Cer d18:0/15:0,Cer d18:0/16:0 and Cer d18:0/18:0)accumulation and elevated galactosylceramide(GalCer d18:1/15:0 and GalCer d18:1/16:0)levels in the irradiated A2E-containing RPE cells.Furthermore,C3G attenuated cell membrane damage by increasing phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylserine levels.C3G inhibited apoptosis and preserved the structure of mitochondria and lysosome by regulating sphingolipid signaling and suppression of MAPK activation in RPE cells.Thus,dietary supplementation of C3G prevents retinal photooxidative damage.

利多卡因调节Hippo-YAP信号通路对原位肝移植大鼠缺血再灌注损伤的影响

目的探究利多卡因(LID)对原位肝移植(OLT)大鼠缺血再灌注损伤的影响,并分析其作用机制。方法随机将60只大鼠平均分为维替泊芬(Verteporfin)组、LID高剂量组、LID中剂量组、LID低剂量组、模型组和对照组,除对照组大鼠外的其余大鼠构建OLT模型。苏木素-伊红(HE)染色观察肝组织的病理变化,检测血清天门冬氨酸氨基转移酶(AST)、总胆红素(TBIL)、乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)、丙氨酸氨基转移酶(ALT)活性,酶联免疫吸附试验(ELISA)检测肝组织炎症因子肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)、白介素(IL)-6、IL-1β和IL-10水平,荧光探针法检测活性氧(ROS),硫代巴比妥酸显色法检测丙二醛(MDA),氮蓝四唑显色法检测超氧化物歧化酶(SOD),分光光度计法检测谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px),原位末端标记法(TUNEL)检测肝组织细胞凋亡,蛋白印迹法(Western blot)检测Hippo-YAP信号通路相关蛋白哺乳动物STE20样蛋白激酶(MST1)、磷酸化(p)-MST1、大肿瘤抑制因子1(LATS1)、p-LATS1、Yes相关蛋白(YAP)、p-YAP以及凋亡相关蛋白B淋巴细胞瘤2(Bcl-2)和Bcl-2相关X蛋白(Bax)表达。结果与对照组相比,模型组大鼠肝组织出现损伤,肝细胞坏死且大量炎性细胞浸润,细胞凋亡率、血清AST、ALT、TBIL、LDH活性、肝组织TNF-α、IL-6、IL-1β、MDA、ROS、Bax水平显著升高,肝组织IL-10、SOD、GSH-Px及Bcl-2、p-MST1/MST1、p-LATS1/LATS1、p-YAP/YAP蛋白表达降低(P<0.05);与模型组相比,LID低、中、高剂量组的肝组织损伤减轻,细胞凋亡率、血清AST、ALT、TBIL、LDH活性、肝组织TNF-α、IL-6、IL-1β、MDA、ROS、Bax水平显著降低,肝组织IL-10、SOD、GSH-Px及Bcl-2、p-MST1/MST1、p-LATS1/LATS1、p-YAP/YAP蛋白表达的水平显著升高(P<0.05);Hippo-YAP信号通路抑制剂Verteporfin逆转了LID对OLT大鼠缺血再灌注损伤的改善作用(P<0.05)。结论LID可能通过激活Hippo-YAP通路,减少炎症反应、氧化应激和肝细胞凋亡,对OLT大鼠肝缺血再灌注损伤发挥改善作用。

Silencing of peroxiredoxin 2 suppresses proliferation and Wnt/β-catenin pathway,and induces senescence in hepatocellular carcinoma

Hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC),a common malignancy worldwide,still lacks effective clinical treatment.The study aimed to investigate the oncogenes that affect the progression of HCC and their possible mechanisms.In our study,we initially confirmed a higher level of PRDX2 in the bile of HCC patients compared to those with choledocholithiasis by 2-DE,LC-MS,and ELISA.Subsequently,we demonstrated the high expression of peroxiredoxin 2(PRDX2)in HCC based on the TCGA database and clinical sample analysis.Furthermore,PRDX2 overexpression enhanced the viability of HCC cells.And PRDX2 silencing induced senescence of HCC cells.In vivo,knockdown of PRDX2 significantly reduced the weight of xenograft tumors.PRDX2 also was found to activate the Wnt/β-catenin pathway by inducingβ-catenin nuclear translocation.Consequently,we proved that silencing PRDX2 could inhibit proliferation and Wnt/β-catenin pathway while promoting senescence in HCC cells.

Activation of the wnt/β-catenin/CYP1B1 pathway alleviates oxidative stress and protects the blood-brain barrier under cerebral ischemia/reperfusion conditions

Accumulating evidence suggests that oxidative stress and the Wnt/β-catenin pathway participate in stroke-induced disruption of the blood-brain barrier.However,the potential links between them following ischemic stroke remain largely unknown.The present study found that cerebral ischemia leads to oxidative stress and repression of the Wnt/β-catenin pathway.Meanwhile,Wnt/β-catenin pathway activation by the pharmacological inhibito r,TWS119,relieved oxidative stress,increased the levels of cytochrome P4501B1(CYP1B1)and tight junction-associated proteins(zonula occludens-1[ZO-1],occludin and claudin-5),as well as brain microvascular density in cerebral ischemia rats.Moreove r,rat brain microvascular endothelial cells that underwent oxygen glucose deprivation/reoxygenation displayed intense oxidative stress,suppression of the Wnt/β-catenin pathway,aggravated cell apoptosis,downregulated CYP1B1and tight junction protein levels,and inhibited cell prolife ration and migration.Overexpression ofβ-catenin or knockdown ofβ-catenin and CYP1B1 genes in rat brain mic rovascular endothelial cells at least partly ameliorated or exacerbated these effects,respectively.In addition,small interfering RNA-mediatedβ-catenin silencing decreased CYP1B1 expression,whereas CYP1B1 knoc kdown did not change the levels of glycogen synthase kinase 3β,Wnt-3a,andβ-catenin proteins in rat brain microvascular endothelial cells after oxygen glucose deprivatio n/reoxygenation.Thus,the data suggest that CYP1B1 can be regulated by Wnt/β-catenin signaling,and activation of the Wnt/β-catenin/CYP1B1 pathway contributes to alleviation of oxidative stress,increased tight junction levels,and protection of the blood-brain barrier against ischemia/hypoxia-induced injury.

Amitriptyline inhibits NLRP3 inflammasome activation via the ASM/CE pathway in a cell model of NAFLD

Background:Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease(NAFLD)is a global health concern with the acid sphingomyelinase(ASM)/ceramide(CE)pathway and the NOD-like receptor family,pyrin domain-containing protein 3(NLRP3)inflammasome identified as pivotal players in lipid disorders and inflammation.This study explores the interaction mechanism between the ASM/CE pathway and NLRP3 in NAFLD cell models,aiming to understand the impact of amitriptyline(Ami),an ASM inhibitor,on lipid deposition and hepatocyte injury by regulating the ASM/CE-NLRP3 pathway.Methods:HepG2 and HL-7702 cells were exposed to free fatty acids(FFAs)to establish the NAFLD model.The cells were divided into 5 groups:control group,model group,Ami group,tumor necrosis factoralpha(TNF-α)group,and Ami+TNF-αgroup.Intracellular lipid droplets were visualized using Oil Red O staining,and Western blot analysis quantified ASM,NLRP3,and caspase 1 protein expression.Enzyme linked immunosorbent assay(ELISA)was measured CE and ASM levels,while qRT-PCR assessed mRNA expression.The apoptotic rate was evaluated by flow cytometry(FCM).Results:Following FFAs incubation,significant increases in ASM and CE levels were observed in HepG2 and HL-7702 cells,accompanied by elevated expression of NLRP3,and caspase 1,and IL-1β.TNF-αtreatment further amplified these indicators.Ami demonstrated a reduction in lipid deposition,suppressed ASM/CE pathway activation,downregulated NLRP3 and caspase 1 expression,and improved apoptosis.Additionally,MCC950,a selective inhibitor of the NLRP3,mitigated NLRP3,caspase 1,and IL-1βexpression,alleviating lipid deposition and apoptosis in the NAFLD cell model.Conclusion:The ASM/CE-NLRP3 pathway in NAFLD cells promotes hepatocyte steatosis,inflammation,and cell damage.Ami emerges as a promising therapeutic agent by inhibiting the ASM/CE-NLRP3 pathway,underscoring its potential as a key target for NAFLD treatment.

Downregulation of Serum PTEN Expression in Mercury-Exposed Population and PI3K/AKT Pathway-Induced Inflammation

Objective This study investigated the impact of occupational mercury(Hg) exposure on human gene transcription and expression, and its potential biological mechanisms.Methods Differentially expressed genes related to Hg exposure were identified and validated using gene expression microarray analysis and extended validation. Hg-exposed cell models and PTEN lowexpression models were established in vitro using 293T cells. PTEN gene expression was assessed using qRT-PCR, and Western blotting was used to measure PTEN, AKT, and PI3K protein levels. IL-6 expression was determined by ELISA.Results Combined findings from gene expression microarray analysis, bioinformatics, and population expansion validation indicated significant downregulation of the PTEN gene in the high-concentration Hg exposure group. In the Hg-exposed cell model(25 and 10 μmol/L), a significant decrease in PTEN expression was observed, accompanied by a significant increase in PI3K, AKT, and IL-6 expression.Similarly, a low-expression cell model demonstrated that PTEN gene knockdown led to a significant decrease in PTEN protein expression and a substantial increase in PI3K, AKT, and IL-6 levels.Conclusion This is the first study to report that Hg exposure downregulates the PTEN gene, activates the PI3K/AKT regulatory pathway, and increases the expression of inflammatory factors, ultimately resulting in kidney inflammation.

Hypoglycemic mechanism of Tegillarca granosa polysaccharides on type 2 diabetic mice by altering gut microbiota and regulating the PI3K-akt signaling pathwaye

Type 2 diabetes mellitus(T2DM)is a complex metabolic disease threatening human health.We investigated the effects of Tegillarca granosa polysaccharide(TGP)and determined its potential mechanisms in a mouse model of T2DM established through a high-fat diet and streptozotocin.TGP(5.1×10^(3) Da)was composed of mannose,glucosamine,rhamnose,glucuronic acid,galactosamine,glucose,galactose,xylose,and fucose.It could significantly alleviate weight loss,reduce fasting blood glucose levels,reverse dyslipidemia,reduce liver damage from oxidative stress,and improve insulin sensitivity.RT-PCR and Western blotting indicated that TGP could activate the phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase/protein kinase B signaling pathway to regulate disorders in glucolipid metabolism and improve insulin resistance.TGP increased the abundance of Allobaculum,Akkermansia,and Bifidobacterium,restored the microbiota abundance in the intestinal tracts of mice with T2DM,and promoted short-chain fatty acid production.This study provides new insights into the antidiabetic effects of TGP and highlights its potential as a natural hypoglycemic nutraceutical.

Masseter Vestibular evoked myogenic potentials: A new tool to assess the vestibulomasseteric reflex pathway

Purpose: This review article provides the readers with an in-depth insight in understanding and interpreting various research literatures on the masseter vestibular evoked myogenic potentials(mVEMP). The article also reviews the contemporary researches involving the clinical applications of the mVEMP. Conclusions: Masseter VEMP is an evolving yet clinically promising neuro-otology test tool that has recently gained more research interest and is considered an additional tool to diagnose various vestibular disorders. Masseter VEMP assesses the functional integrity of the acoustic-masseteric and vestibulo-masseteric reflex pathways. The mVEMP could be used as a complementary test to evaluate the same peripheral generator as the cervical VEMP but a different central pathway i.e., vestibulo-trigeminal pathway. Various research studies that have experimented on parameters such as the effect of different electrode montages(zygomatic vs mandibular configurations), stimulation rates, filter settings and stimuli used to evoke mVEMP have been discussed in this article that could assist in the optimization of a comprehensive clinical protocol. The latency and the amplitude of mVEMP waveforms serve as significant parameters in differentiating normals from those of the clinical populations. Along with the cVEMPs and oVEMPs, mVEMP might help diagnose brainstem lesions in REM Sleep behaviour disorders, Multiple Sclerosis and Parkinson's disease. However, further studies are required to probe in this area of research.

The biological functions and metabolic pathways of valine in swine

Valine is an essential amino acid and a type of branched-chain amino acid. Due to the involvement of branchedchain amino acids in various metabolic pathways, there has been a surge of interests in valine nutrition and its role in animal physiology. In pigs, the interactions between valine and other branched-chain amino acids or aromatic amino acids are complex. In this review, we delve into the interaction mechanism, metabolic pathways, and biological functions of valine. Appropriate valine supplementation not only enhances growth and reproductive performances, but also modulates gut microbiota and immune functions. Based on past observations and interpretations, we provide recommended feed levels of valine for weaned piglets, growing pigs, gilts, lactating sows, barrows and entire males. The summarized valine nutrient requirements for pigs at different stages offer valuable insights for future research and practical applications in animal husbandry.

牛蒡子苷元通过调节Hippo-YAP信号通路对宫颈癌SiHa细胞增殖、迁移和侵袭的影响

目的研究牛蒡子苷元调节Hippo-YAP信号通路对宫颈癌SiHa细胞增殖、迁移和侵袭的影响。方法将人子宫颈鳞癌细胞SiHa分为对照组、低浓度牛蒡子苷元组(5.0μmol/L)、中浓度牛蒡子苷元组(10.0μmol/L)、高浓度牛蒡子苷元组(20.0μmol/L)和高浓度牛蒡子苷元(20.0μmol/L)+TDI-011536组(3μmol/LHippo信号通路抑制剂)。分组处理后,集落形成实验检测细胞活性;Transwell实验检测细胞侵袭;划痕实验检测细胞迁移;免疫荧光技术检测细胞中Vimentin和E-Cadherin;蛋白质免疫印迹技术检测p-YAP、YAP、PCNA、MMP-2蛋白表达。结果与对照组比较,低浓度牛蒡子苷元组、中浓度牛蒡子苷元组、高浓度牛蒡子苷元组SiHa的细胞存活率、细胞侵袭数、细胞迁移愈合率、细胞中Vimentin荧光强度、YAP、PCNA、MMP-2蛋白表达均降低,而E-Cadherin荧光强度和p-YAP蛋白表达升高(P<0.05);与高浓度牛蒡子苷元组比较,高浓度牛蒡子苷元+TDI-011536组SiHa细胞存活率、细胞侵袭数、细胞迁移愈合率、细胞中Vimentin荧光强度、YAP、PCNA、MMP-2蛋白表达升高,而E-Cadherin荧光强度和p-YAP蛋白表达降低(P<0.05)。结论牛蒡子苷元可能通过激活Hippo/YAP信号通路抑制宫颈癌SiHa细胞的增殖、迁移和侵袭。

Innovative pathways allow safe discharge of mild acute pancreatitis from the emergency room

Acute pancreatitis(AP)is a leading cause of gastrointestinal-related hospitalizations in the United States,resulting in 300000 admissions per year with an estimated cost of over$2.6 billion annually.The severity of AP is determined by the presence of pancreatic complications and end-organ damage.While moderate/severe pancreatitis can be associated with significant morbidity and mortality,the majority of patients have a mild presentation with an uncomplicated course and mortality rate of less than 2%.Despite favorable outcomes,the majority of mild AP patients are admitted,contributing to healthcare cost and burden.In this Editorial we review the performance of an emergency department(ED)pathway for patients with mild AP at a tertiary care center with the goal of reducing hospitalizations,resource utilization,and costs after several years of implementation of the pathway.We discuss the clinical course and outcomes of mild AP patients enrolled in the pathway who were successfully discharged from the ED compared to those who were admitted to the hospital,and identify predictors of successful ED discharge to select patients who can potentially be triaged to the pathway.We conclude that by implementing innovative clinical pathways which are established and reproducible,selected AP patients can be safely discharged from the ED,reducing hospitalizations and healthcare costs,without compromising clinical outcomes.We also identify a subset of patients most likely to succeed in this pathway.

Characterization of the dissociation pathways of dichloromethane and glutathione in dichloromethane dehalogenase

Dichloromethane(DCM)dehalogenase stands as a crucial enzyme implicated in the degradation of methylene chloride across diverse environmental and biological contexts.However,the unbinding pathways of ligands from DCM dehalogenase remain unexplored.In order to gain a deeper understanding of the binding sites and dissociation pathways of dichloromethane(DCM)and glutathione(GSH)from the DCM dehalogenase,random accelerated molecular dynamics(RAMD)simulations were performed,in which DCM and GSH were forced to leave the active site.The protein structure was predicted using Alphafold2,and the conformations of GSH and DCM in the binding pocket were predicted by docking.A long equilibrium simulation was conducted to validate the structure of the complex.The results show that GSH is most commonly observed in three main pathways,one of which is more important than the other two.In addition,DCM was observed to escape along a unique pathway.The key residues and protein helices of each pathway were identified.The results can provide a theoretical foundation for the subsequent dissociation mechanism of DCM dehalogenase.

Silvestrol alleviates glioblastoma progression through ERK pathway modulation and MANBA and NRG-1 expression

Background:Glioblastoma,a notably malignant tumor within the central nervous system,is distinguished by its aggressive behavior.Silvestrol,a robust inhibitor of the RNA helicase eukaryotic initiation factor 4A(eIF4A),has shown significant potential as an anticancer compound.Yet,the impact of silvestrol on glioblastoma,especially its molecular mechanisms,has not been fully elucidated.Methods:This investigation employed a variety of in vitro assays,such as cell counting kit-8(CCK-8),clonogenic,5-ethynyl-2′-deoxyuridine(EDU),wound healing,and flow cytometry,to evaluate cell cycle progression,apoptosis,cell viability,and migration.Western blot analysis was also performed to study the apoptosis and extracellular regulated kinase(ERK)pathways.After the ERK pathway was inhibited,differentially expressed genes(DEGs)in U87 cells were identified,followed by an analysis of target genes using the gene expression profiling interactive analysis(GEPIA)database.Results:Silvestrol significantly suppressed the proliferation,migration,and colony formation of glioma cells.It caused cell cycle arrest and enhanced apoptosis in these cells.Additionally,silvestrol stimulated the ERK pathway,with these effects being reversible by an ERK phosphorylation inhibitor.Transcriptome combined with GEPIA,GSCA,UALCAN,TIMER database screened 4 potential drug targets of silvestrol:chromosome 1 open reading frame 226(C1ORF226),mannosidase beta A(MANBA),IQ motif and Sec7 domain 2(IQSEC2),neuregulin 1(NRG-1).Among them,C1ORF226 was lower risk gene while MANBA,IQSEC2,and NRG-1 were high-risk genes.Furthermore,silvestrol notably reduced MANBA mRNA levels,which could be reversed by inhibiting ERK phosphorylation.Furthermore,silvestrol markedly decreased NRG-1 protein levels,with an additional reduction observed when the ERK pathway was blocked.Conclusion:Silvestrol’s anti-glioma effects are primarily due to the suppression of MANBA expression via the ERK pathway and possibly by hindering the translation of NRG-1 protein,thus reducing its expression.The downregulation of MANBA and NRG-1 proteins may be crucial in hindering glioma development and progression.These results highlight the intricate relationship between the ERK pathway and gene expression regulation in silvestrol’s therapeutic effectiveness against glioma.

Mechanism of Wendan decoction in preventing obesity by regulating multiple signal pathway networks based on gene promoter methylation

Objective:To investigate the potential mechanism of Wendan decoction in obesity by screening target genes with promoter region methylation changes and constructing a multiple signaling pathways network based on promoter methylation.Methods:The methylation degree of Itgad,Col8a1,Adra2b,Jund,Rab2a,Wnt8b,Fzd9,B4galt7,Pik3cd,Creb1,Stard8,and Mmp1 in the abdominal adipose tissue of obese rats was determined using the Agena MassARRAY system.Western blot was performed to assess protein expression levels.Target genes were identified based on the methylation degree in the promoter region and protein expression.Enrichment analysis of signaling pathways was conducted to identify relevant target genes and obtain a multiple signaling pathway network associated with obesity.Core and terminal effector molecules in the pathway networks were selected as research targets for reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction(RT-PCR)analysis.Results:Four genes(Adra2b,Creb1,Itgad,and Pik3cd)showed a degree of promoter methylation consistent with their respective protein expression levels.Among them,Adra2b,Creb1,and Pik3cd expression increased,while that of Itgad decreased.Enrichment analysis revealed that Creb1 and Pik3cd were involved in 6 signaling pathways related to obesity:tumor necrosis factor(TNF)signaling pathway,growth hormone synthesis/secretion and action,adenosine 5'-monophosphate-activated protein kinase(AMPK)signaling pathway,relaxin signaling pathway,cyclic nucleotide(cAMP)signaling pathway,and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/protein kinase B(PI3K/Akt)signaling pathway.Subsequently,a multiple signaling pathways network was constructed based on promoter methylation.Key molecules including protein kinase B(AKT),mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1(mTORC1),and unc-51 like autophagy activating kinase 1(ULK1),as well as terminal effector molecules interleukin-1β(IL-1β),interleukin-6(IL-6),and chemokine(C-X-C motif)ligand 2(CXCL2)were selected as research targets.Wendan decoction decreased the expressions of AKT,mTORC1,IL-1β,IL-6,and CXCL2 while up-regulating ULK1 expression.Conclusion:The mechanism of Wendan decoction in preventing obesity involves the regulation of multiple signaling pathways through the control of Creb1 and Pik3cd gene promoter methylation.However,the associated multi-path gene regulation mechanism in preventing obesity is complex.Thus,further exploration is needed to elucidate the role of methylation changes in this mechanism.