Historical retrospects and evolutionary characteristics of paleogenomic science and technology

Paleogenomics is a discipline in which the extraction and analysis of DNA from ancient biological remains are studied to understand the evolutionary history of past organisms.Research on this topic has revealed the evolutionary history of humans and other species,traced human migrations and genetic changes,and investigated ancient diseases and environmental influences due to its uniqueness.This paper reviews the scientific and technological history of the development of paleogenomics,including the molecular cloning era,the polymerase chain reaction(PCR)technique era,the genomics era,and the bio-data analysis era.This field explores the key technological development processes and effects of significant scientific discoveries,ranging from gene cloning technology and sequencing technology to breakthroughs and applications in big data analysis,addressing challenges such as sample contamination and trace collection analysis in paleogenomics research.

Analysis of the Teaching of Ancient Chinese History in the Heritage Conservation Technology Major

Ancient Chinese history is an important part of the curriculum of the Heritage Conservation Technology major.Students can better understand the history of cultural relics and improve their humanistic literacy,which will help them in restoring cultural relics.At present,there are numerous challenges in teaching ancient Chinese history in the Heritage Conservation Technology major.These challenges necessitate the development of effective teaching reform strategies.This paper outlines these challenges and explores effective teaching reform strategies to provide a reference for educators.

The Positive Influence of Buddhism Upon the Development of Science and Technology in Ancient China

It is important and worthwhile to discuss what kind of influence Buddhism cast on the development of science and technology in ancient China. The author does not agree with Joseph Needham’s view:“There can be little doubt that on the whole its action was powerfully inhibitory”, and the author thinks Buddhism took a positive promotion and influence on the development of science and technology in ancient China as a whole. There were four main ways of Chinese Buddhism influence on ancient science and technology:(1) The Buddhist scriptures actually contain a wealth of knowledge of science and technology;the eminent Buddhist monks introduced them into China through translation, therefore enriched contents of science and technology in ancient China.(2) Some knowledge of science and technology in ancient Indian and other districts got into China along with the spread of Buddhism.(3) Ancient Chinese Buddhists took part in science and technology practice actively at that time, and they had got a series of achievements in science and technology.(4) Being inspired and affected by Buddhist scientific knowledge, those non-Buddhist scientists had engaged in many created work in a further step, and made much contributions to development of science and technology. The doctrine of Buddhism was not a complete hindrance to the development of science and technology, and the result turned out contrary in many respects that it had promoted development of science and technology. In fact, Chinese Buddhism had made many important contributions in the fields of astronomy, mathematics, medicine, and so on.

On the Compilation Modes of Local History of Science and Technology——A Case Study of the History of Ba-Shu Science and Technology

The contents of"Ba-Shu History of Science and Technology"take up a single volume of A General History of Ba-Shu Culture.This paper attempts to explore compilation modes of the history of local science and technology by analyzing the compilation of"Shu History of Science and Technology".There are three approaches available,i.e.a general history-based approach,a discipline-based approach and an integrated approach,also known as a discipline-specific approach based on general history.This paper considers the integrated approach to be the most feasible as it elaborates Ba-Shu culture as a sub-culture of Chinese culture,the connotations of Ba-Shu achievements in science and technology,the special significance of the history of Ba-Shu science and technology,as well as the latest progress in studying the history of Ba-Shu science and technology.This paper also puts forward a possible choice to better approach the compilation of the history of local science and technology,reveals areas worth improving,and indicates a proper direction to move towards.

Logical Interpretation of China’s Science and Technology Development Strategy in the New Era

It has been recognized that self-reliance and self-improvement of science and technology is a necessary choice of taking the independent innovation path with Chinese characteristics in the new era,which provides strategic support for the comprehensive construction of a modern socialist country.Containing the theoretical truth of the Chinese Marxist view of science and technology in the 21st century,it follows the 70-year development path of science and technology in New China,and responds to the scientific and technological strategic choice of building a modern socialist country in an all-round way in the new era.This is not only a theoretical deepening of General Secretary Xi Jinping’s important statement on scientific and technological innovation,but also a practical guide for China to implement scientific and technological innovation in the new era.

Curriculum and Teaching Reform From the Perspective of Media History

The development history of education is actually a history of the change of media technology.From the perspective of historical development,different periods of media technology have different forms of education.As the two core elements of education,curriculum and teaching are also deeply influenced by the development of media technology.With the continuous emergence of new media,especially in the context of artificial intelligence,the curriculum has experienced the change from attaching importance to subject knowledge to the cultivation of students’innovation ability and core literacy;from static,paper-based,single to dynamic,online and network-based curriculum form;from fixed,unified,limited to personalized,unlimited and open curriculum change is tolerated.Teaching has also experienced two major changes:the optimization of teaching forms and the adjustment of teaching subject role.In order to actively cater to the development of the future science and technology society,the future curriculum and teaching should focus on sustainable development education;focus on the cultivation of key abilities in the 21st century;focus on improving the“three scientific and technological literacy”education;and strengthen the humanistic care of curriculum and teaching.

Ceramic Art Reality in the Context of Technology History

The art of ceramics originates from the basic activities of human beings,and uses the tools,following the methods,and the visual production activities combined with aesthetics.Modern technology has spawned new ceramic decoration methods and provided new ideas for artistic creation.Ceramic art relies on ceramic crafts.As the most technical form of many art categories,it is the representative of the“Combination of Art and Crafts”of arts and crafts,and it is the perfect embodiment of“Beauty”in the space-time carrier.The history of Chinese ceramic glaze shows that the study of the history of ceramic technology should rely on the aesthetics of ceramics,and the problems related to the interpretation of modern ceramic art cannot be separated from the context of the history of ceramic technology.

“中国目录学史研究”的主要内容与框架

中国目录学在经历了漫长的知识积累与经验总结后,借19世纪末至20世纪初近代学术转型之机,在充分继承传统目录学历史财富基础上,吸收西方目录学思想,完成了学科体系的理论化、系统化建构。本课题旨在对先秦至公元2000年中国目录学的历史发展进行全景式梳理,从“中国目录学史研究资料整理”及“中国目录学史研究”两个维度,按照“提出问题→梳理史料→分析史料→解决问题”的研究思路开展研究:首先,提出中国目录学史重要理论问题,搭建中国目录学史研究框架;其次,全面展开中国目录学史研究资料收集,编撰《中国目录学年表新编》;最后,根据中国目录学史的历史分期,分阶段开展中国目录学史的研究与写作。

西方女性主义科技史发展脉络与特征分析--基于三份国际科技史期刊论文的分析(1970—2019)

西方女性主义科技史是当代科技史研究的重要前沿领域之一。选取三份国际科技史权威期刊,系统梳理自1970年至2019年间在其上发表的女性主义科技史研究论文,采用数据统计、文本阐释等方法,对相关领域的发展脉络、焦点议题等进行分析。期刊论文发表的统计数据表明,女性主义科技史研究在20世纪70年代开始起步,自20世纪90年代以来,相关研究长期保持活跃状态。对期刊论文的研究主题进行分类,性别视角下的科技史研究可进一步划分为女性主义科学史与女性主义技术史。两个方向的代表性研究议题分别是医学和日常家用技术,人物研究则各自侧重精英个体和普通群体、科学的探索者和技术的使用者。性别分析工具融入科技史学科,反映出当代科技史学科的多元、开放与包容。

农学专业新生教学课程思政内容挖掘与探索

在新农科背景下,根据农林高校农学类专业学生新生适应实际情况、育人目标、培养目标,通过设置新生教育课程,确立“专业认知、国家社会需求、专业素养、价值观、世界观”5个维度的课程思政目标。该文以农业科学技术发展史新生课程为例,挖掘思政教学内容,采用多元教学方式精准融入课程思政元素,运行混合式思政教学反馈机制,建立含课程思政的考核评价体系等措施,实现有限时间内激发学生主动学习的热情和兴趣,提升新生教育成果,积极推进农学类专业新生融入大学生活。

中国古代天文科技档案名词“候簿”源流考

中国是世界历史上天文记录保存最完整、最系统的国家。中国古代辉煌的天文学成就与之息息相关。“候簿”为中国古代指代原始天文观测记录簿的专业名词,在中国古代天文史上具有重要地位,其天文观测记录的内容包括日照时数、行星位置、星月运动、太阳高度角、风向等。“候簿”一词的产生可追溯到唐代,自唐代以后一直延续使用到清代,并在清代的使用频率达到顶峰。其义项在历史沿革中未发生较大嬗变。民国时期,“候簿”一词随着近代天文学的产生而逐步消亡。

博物馆如何展示“科技的力量”——从中国国家博物馆“科技的力量”专题展览的内容设计谈起

博物馆举办科技与工业相关主题展览对完整全面展示社会历史发展进程具有重要意义。展览内容策划工作首先要明确展览立意,建构主线清晰的叙事脉络。通过深入挖掘和重新阐释馆藏、开展专项征集等方式充实展品,充分利用展览中的文字说明,注重历史阐释,充分展示科技在历史进程中的力量。

中国古代科技术语英译策略:定义型诠释

中国古代科技术语是中国古代科技知识体系的基本表征单位,而中国古代科技术语英译,则是中国传统科技知识对外译介的重要内容与主要传播途径之一。中国古代科技术语在概念、语符和科学范式方面具有特殊性与复杂性,因此,此类术语英译具有某种程度的不可通约性,需要译者采取诠释性翻译策略。文章聚焦中国古代科技术语英译的定义型诠释策略,涉及内涵型定义、外延型定义、同义型定义、图示型定义、混合型定义。这些定义型诠释策略可以呈现中国古代科技术语的本质属性与核心内涵,同时又满足译文读者的认知需求,有助于推动中国古代科技文化的对外译介与传播。

医学器物的生命史:以罗伯逊多功能雾化器为例的研究

罗伯逊多功能雾化器是19世纪末20世纪初流行于西方的医用雾化设备。其盛衰始末具有鲜明的时空属性,在体现医学知识与医疗实践历史演变的同时,又展示出由医学从业者、医学博览会与医学仪器贸易所构建的全球性医学网络,成为医学史研究的重要物证。还原罗伯逊多功能雾化器的生命历程,有助于从器物史视角充实完善医学史研究,有助于发掘医学仪器在当代博物馆与公共教育中的独特价值。

1980年全国自然科学史学术会议及学会成立大会研究

1980年10月,由中国科学院自然科学史研究所组织召开的自然科学史学术会议及学会成立大会,是中国科技史界规模空前的盛会。这次会议的召开受到自1976年“文革”结束至1978年中国的政治变革、科技政策和规划,以及中国科学院副院长、党组副书记李昌的影响,是筹备工作经历搁置后该所联合所外力量重新筹备而获得的成果。这次会议恢复了中断24年的全国综合性科技史学术交流活动,展现了高质量的学术交流状态;遵循严谨程序成立了中国科学技术史学会,为日后国内和中国国际科技史交流活动的展开奠定重要的组织基础。这次会议是中国科技史事业走向繁荣的重要标志,反映了1980年中国科技史事业发生的历史性转变,推进了中国科技史的建制化历程,产生了深远的影响,在中国科学史学史上具有里程碑意义。

科技历史文献学的课程建设研究

科技历史文献学课程以科学技术历史文献为主要研究与教学对象,是学习、了解并熟练使用科技历史文献的基本途径,其本身也是科技史专业的研究对象之一。该文在对26个科学技术史学科点的科技历史文献学相关课程开设情况、教师队伍和使用教材统计情况进行统计分析的基础上,发现存在学界缺乏对科技历史文献学课程整体建制的共识,科技历史文献学课程建设基础条件尚显不足以及课程名称未统一,课程建设存在较大差异等问题。要建设科技历史文献学课程,应重视课程的整体建制、完善课程建设基础条件、重视科技历史文献学课程在科技史学科中的基础地位和作用。

略论十八世纪中西制瓷业的发展特点以及差异性

通过各种典型事例,采取陶瓷科技史与历史学比较方法,简略分析了十八世纪中国与西方制瓷业的特点以及差异性,并从科学技术、艺术、社会文化等三方面,对西方现代制瓷业进行了简要分析。最后得出十八世纪中国制瓷业虽然取得了突出成就,但与西方迅速发展的工业化制瓷相比较,给人一种“衰落”的印象。

初探中国科技图书研究的历史维度

目前,以“科技图书/科技类图书”为关键词,在CSSCI期刊中进行检索发现,相关研究尚以实务研究为主。学者周蔚华指出,编辑出版学科应“史、论、用”相结合,兼备历史底蕴、理论依据和实践指南,由此,文章首先对中国科技图书研究的历史维度进行了集中考察,对中国科技图书史涉及的一些基本问题、开展研究的具体方法和路径进行分析,旨在从图书出版角度激活科技发展的历史意义和历史价值。

科技史融入高校中国特色通识教育体系的思考

中国特色通识教育的建设取得了一定的成果,但仍存在重视程度不足、课程之间缺少联系、教学效果欠佳、教育人才不足等问题。科技史先天具有通识教育的功能,在经济竞争日益激烈、社会思潮日渐多元的当下,为促进学生对科学技术进步意义的理解,缓解专业教育造成的广度不足、社会性欠缺的矛盾,教师需要将科技史融入中国特色通识教育,有针对性地丰富思政教育内容。要开设科学类通识、专业通识课程和多元的实践课程,提高教育成效,以满足现实需要,从而培养面向未来的“通识”人才。