When History Becomes A Standing Joke：Mo Yan＇s Reflection on China＇s Historical Changes Throughout the 20th Century

Since the end of the 20th century, Mo Yan has made an attempt to reflect on China＇s historical changes throughout the 20th century as a whole. Centered on such several novels as Big Breasts and Wide Hips, Life and Death Are Wearing Me Out and Frog, this paper explores the author＇s thinking of the interruption and repetition phenomena in China＇s 20th century history. Differing from viewing the history in a modem linear progressive perspective, Mo Yan regards the interruption of history as a sign of human degradation, which derives from the loss of folk history subjectivity. When history is treated rudely, its repetition will occur, and the one who treats history as laughingstocks will be written into history as part of a ＂farce＂.

Restoring 20th Century Architecture:Few Words about a Possible Theory

The restoration of twentieth-century architecture has led the discipline to develop a solid theory which,considering the complexity of new issues to be resolved,can provide useful instruments,above all critical ones,for operational practice.

On Chinese Image of American Literature in the 20^(th) Century

Due to the influence and control of many factors such as geographical location and historical conditions,many of the 20thCentury American literature works portray distorted Chinese image different from reality. In American literature,China doesn't exist as a real country with a geographical location,but it exists in a virtual space in the world composed of cultural imagination. Literature is the reflected thought that can accommodate numerous social fields,and American literature can mostly reflect the overall cognition of different fields for Chinese image. This paper analyzes the characterization and cognition of Chinese image in the20thCentury American literature works,understanding the history and features of Chinese image in the 20thCentury American literature works,in order to obtain the enlightenment of how to better establish Chinese image.

From Winckelmann to Restoration of the Colors:Modern Architecture from Kodachrome to B&W

The restoration of modern architecture raises open issues starting from the interpretation of its original colors.The essay investigates the different approaches emerged by restoration works that have led to erroneous restitution of the building’s image.

Blossoming of gastroenterology during the twentieth century

Awareness of the digestive system began with the dawn of civilization, when man observing the feeding habits of animalsin the surrounding environment, experimented with foods, edible and inedible. Identity came with discoveries of the digestive organs during the 16^th and 17^th centuries. Function was revealed by physiologic studies of digestion, absorption and secretion, metabolism, and motility during the 18^th and 19^th centuries. Diagnostic access improved with the technological advances of the 20^th century. Understanding of gastrointestinal (GI) disease followed growth of the basic sciences and gastroenterology's increased involvement in scientific research during the 20^th century.

Local Identity in Palestine in the Late 19th and Early 20th Centuries--- Challenging Dominant Methodologies

By using top-down methods, periodizing exclusively along the Arab-Zionist conflict and basing on either Hebrew or Arab primary sources, leading scholars tend to ignore the existence of popular local identity shared by Jews and Arabs in center Palestine during late 19th-early 20th century. To explore this identity this paper suggests using history from below methods i.e. history of average citizens that looks into many individual＇s multi-dimensional life-experiences, particularly in Palestine mix areas, and based it on both Hebrew and Arabic sources. Through history from below this paper shows that joint Jewish-Arab local identity prevailed prior to the establishment of Jewish or Palestinian national movement and afterwards existed along with them till it was defeated by the escalating national conflict.

A New Chromatic Vision:The Early Impact of Color Photography on the Representation of Architecture

The role of color photography in the representation of architecture is a subject little investigated by architectural historiography.The link between the color values of architectural design and its visual transmission in the early phase of modernism was certainly problematic.Color photography had an undeniable impact on architectural color in practice:color photographs in books and periodicals published between the 1940s and 1960s clearly influenced the use of color in architectural design.

Historical origins of current IBD concepts

INTRODUCTIONThe“nonspecific” inflammatory bowel diseases ,ulcerative colitis and Crohn,s represent a group of heterogeneous inflammatory and ulcerative disases of the small and large intestines of unknown etiology ,associated with many gastrointestinal and systemic complications .Appearing initially as isolated cases in Great Britain and northern Europe during the 19th and early 20th centuries ,they have steadily increased numerically and geographically and today are recognized worldwide.

Inflammatory bowel diseases: From the mystical to the cellular and now the molecular

It is of interest in an era of increasing biomedical sophisticaton to recall that a relatively short time ago, early in the 20th century, ‘simple' ulcerative colitis was an obscure ‘medical curiosity' emerging slowly from an unknown past. Crohn's disease was yet unidentified as a separate entity although careful review of the IBD literature documented its early presence, masquerading as ‘intestinal tuberculosis'. Into the 1930s, the etiology and pathogenesis of ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease were unknown, and investigative hypotheses were scarce. Therapeutic resources were limited and treatment was primitive. At a time of limited biomedical knowledge and minimal clinical awareness, unsubstantiated views prevailed, including ‘vague reactions to foods' (sugar,margarine, corn flakes), deficiency of a ‘protective factor'in pig intestine, and psychiatric disease.

The Moving Image 16, no. 1—Special Issue： Early Cinema and the Archives

This paper would investigate the Moving Image Archive at the Cinema Museum in Tehran to highlight the importance of new media in Iran after the 1930s and the changes that were brought about by the birth of cinema in the existing geopolitical conditions. It would look very closely at the first silent film made in Iran titled Haji Agha, the Cinema Actor （1933） by Ovanes Ohanian. While reflecting on the socio-political relation of the film to its era, this paper would also bring to attention the process of filmmaking and screening in 1930s Iran--the production and restoration of footage, posters and publicity for the film, and the screening venue. The cinema in question used to be called TamashaKhaneh when it was simply a projection room in Tehran where people would keenly take their seats to view the same film over and over again in some cases. The author would investigate the advent of cinema as a foreign concept in Iranian life and try to reflect upon the way in which it has been gradually adopted as a national treasure over the years. Haji Agha, the Cinema Actor is one of the most important reflections of the social transition that has occurred in Iranian history. Here, through the hundred-minute black and white footage, Ohanian depicts the tense political climate following the coup of Mossadegh, as well as the ban on traditional clothing during the last monarchy of Iran; at the same time, the film represents tradition and modernity as two supposedly opposite stances that, in fact, complemented each other in this era. The title combines Haji Agha, a religious man who has visited mecca, with the English words the Cinema Actor, to further express the complementary relation between old and new. Ohanian very professionally depicts the role of family as a core part of the religious boundaries for men and women that unfold throughout the film due to their encounter with cinema and filmmaking. He uses issues like sex and taboo to push the boundaries and map a certain cultural modernity within Iranian society.

The Colors of the Eiffel Tower: A Case Study

Architectures undergoing restoration often have numerous layers of color related to their history and previous interventions.Each layer takes on its own precise meaning related to a specific history and cultural context.The case of the Eiffel Tower becomes significant in illustrating past events and designing future intervention.

A 30-year controversy over the Shanghai East China Electric Power Building:the creation and conservation of late 20th century Chinese architectural heritage

The Shanghai East China Electric Power Building,which was completed in 1988,is widely accepted as one of the first postmodern high-rise buildings in Shanghai.Based on articles published in mass media and professional magazines,interviews with relevant stakeholders and social media debates,this paper focuses on two controversies regarding the building’s peculiar architectural form.The first occurred between 1988 and 1992,when the building’s postmodern appearance aroused heated debates among architectural professionals.The second happened between 2015 and 2018,when the building’s postmodern appearance was planned to be replaced with a slated Art Deco surface during its renovation into a boutique hotel.This paper reveals how a thirst for‘form innovation’emerged in the specific social and professional environment shortly after China’s opening-up,and how professional and public awareness of the value of late 20th century architectural heritage was stimulated in the early 21st century in the search for an alternative representation of urban identity other than the widely accepted Art Deco style.This paper emphasises the public meaning of architectural forms in arguing for institutional co-operation in systematic evaluation and conservation legislation for late twentieth century Chinese architectural heritage sites to maintain the historical diversity of the cityscape during urban regeneration.

A 30-year controversy over the Shanghai East China Electric Power Building:the creation and conservation of late 20th century Chinese architectural heritage

The Shanghai East China Electric Power Building,which was completed in 1988,is widely accepted as one of the first postmodern high-rise buildings in Shanghai.Based on articles published in mass media and professional magazines,interviews with relevant stakeholders and social media debates,this paper focuses on two controversies regarding the building’s peculiar architectural form.The first occurred between 1988 and 1992,when the building’s postmodern appearance aroused heated debates among architectural professionals.The second happened between 2015 and 2018,when the building’s postmodern appearance was planned to be replaced with a slated Art Deco surface during its renovation into a boutique hotel.This paper reveals how a thirst for‘form innovation’emerged in the specific social and professional environment shortly after China’s opening-up,and how professional and public awareness of the value of late 20th century architectural heritage was stimulated in the early 21st century in the search for an alternative representation of urban identity other than the widely accepted Art Deco style.This paper emphasises the public meaning of architectural forms in arguing for institutional co-operation in systematic evaluation and conservation legislation for late twentieth century Chinese architectural heritage sites to maintain the historical diversity of the cityscape during urban regeneration.

The kitchen in urban dwellings in Barcelona, 1920-1950： Out of step with modern architecture

Changes in spaces for cooking and eating are fundamental to modern architecture. Proposals and studies conducted in America from the 19th century and in Europe mainly from the 1920s have caused architectural debates on the nature of the kitchen space, i.e., to achieve either spaces that are organized and efficient or spaces for working and living. Modern architecture has transformed the kitchen and determined its appearance throughout the 20th century. The intensity of this transformation has depended on social, technical, and architectural contexts.In this study, we focus on how modern architectural approaches influenced dwellings in Barcelona, Spain between the 1920s and the 1950s. The study demonstrates that changes did not occur regularly and were limited to the incorporation of certain services or technological improvements. During this period, cooking and eating spaces were not considered in depth and were treated as areas of secondary importance within dwellings. Changes only became significant from the 1950s onward, when economic improvements, technological innovations, the housing problem, and the gradual arrival of Western cultural references changed the values of these spaces.

Color,Time,Layering and Preservation

The preservation of polychromy in 20th century architecture is here considered from both theoretical and operational perspectives.A further theme is that of polymatericity,which addresses issues related to the experimental context with reference to the materials and technologies employed.The passage of time and the lack of durability of innovative materials,the transformations and the presence of forms of alteration and degradation,pose problems related to the will and the possibility of preserving layering,without falling into the restoration of the presumed original document,in relation to the authorial project documentation and the underlying theories.

20世纪中国新闻史研究

中国新闻史研究起步于２０世纪初，从２０年到９０年代取得了三次突破性的进展，最近２０多年来出现了繁荣的局面。在新闻传播学的各个分支学科中，中国新闻史已经成为基础扎实、稳定发展的学科。但在继续前进的道路上，还有一些问题需要解决。

20世纪中国室内设计发展解读

贯穿整个论文的内容是20世纪中国室内设计的演变。首先得出中国室内设计专业由依附于建筑到独立分出,由国家政治主题装饰到全民关注装修的发展变化;然后分析了20世纪末中国室内设计专业中存在的问题,对20世纪末中国室内设计理论进行了总结,并在此基础上做出室内设计的基本评价体系;最后论文提出了21世纪室内设计的发展是强调无污染、有利生态平衡的"绿色设计"和关注节约资源、节省能源的"适度设计"的方向。

20世纪中国艺术批评史的几个“主题范式”

20世纪中国艺术批评史,是整个中国艺术批评史的延续和有机组成,也是在延续承传的现代化进程中发生剧变的历史。在世纪百年艺术批评的风云起伏中,必然有一些基本的问题、矛盾、焦点是反复出现甚至贯穿始终的。文章认为:外来/本土、传统/创新:中西文化的对立与融合,主流/支流:现实主义与现代主义的消长纠葛,正统/多元:马克思主义政治批评的沉浮即与其他批评流派或方法的关系,现代/后现代:超越、反叛与融合的混杂等基本问题或基本矛盾,也即一种基本的"主题范式",构成为贯穿20世纪艺术创作和艺术批评之始终的重要线索,应该成为研究20世纪艺术批评的自觉参照。文章秉持一种全局的艺术批评视野和开放动态的历史意识,对20世纪艺术批评史的几个重要的主题范式进行了总结与阐述。

20世纪末与21世纪初图书馆事业的发展特点及其主要标志

和19世纪末与20世纪初相比,20世纪末与21世纪初中国图书馆事业的发展特点及其主要标志表现为:以最高首脑视察国家图书馆(以下简称“国图”)为标志,各级领导重视图书馆活动频繁显著;以国图二期项目为标志,各地新馆建设成就卓然;以数字图书馆工程为标志,各类图书馆现代化建设突飞猛进。

20世纪发现戏曲文献的历史沿革与地域分布

20世纪发现戏曲文献的历史沿革大体可以分为三个阶段:1900年到1949年为第一阶段,1950年到1976年为第二阶段,1977年到1999年为第三阶段;它们的地域分布也大致可以分为三个板块:第一板块为我国大陆和港台地区,第二板块为日本和韩国地区,第三板块为欧洲和北美洲地区。绝大多数戏曲文献发现的时间和地点都比较清楚确定,也有为数不少的戏曲文献发现的时间和地点迄今仍很模糊。20世纪通行于世并始为学界所广知的戏曲文献也应纳入发现戏曲文献的范畴和领域。追溯它们的历史沿革,俯瞰它们的地域分布,对深入了解和准确认识20世纪发现戏曲文献的内容、价值、特质以及中国戏曲文化的形成、发展、演变,无疑具有不可或缺的实证意义与导引作用。