The Cross Sectional Study on the Association between Sexual Awareness and Cognitive Social Capital among High School Students in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam

Purpose: We aimed to reveal the association between cognitive social capital and sexual awareness among high school students in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam, where adolescent premarital sex is considered to be wide-spreading as consequence of socioeconomic changes, in comparison to our previous study in Hanoi, 2012. Methods: We conducted a questionnaire-based survey and a cross sectional study in late 2014, with 2051 eleventh graders at three high schools in Ho Chi Minh City. Complete data was received from 1935 respondents (94.3%). We assessed basic attributes, sexual knowledge, sexual awareness, sexual experience of peers, cognitive social capital such as a sense of community belonging, and Rosenberg Self-Esteem score. After the independent t-test and multiple logistic regression analyses on sexual awareness were performed assigning trivalent Rosenberg Self-Esteem score, sexual knowledge, and sexual experience of peers as independent variables (model 1), followed by analysis adjusted for cognitive social capital (model 2). This study was approved by Japanese Red Cross Akita College of Nursing (No. 24-003). Results: Of 1935 respondents, 99.9% were 16 or 17 years old and mostly from nuclear families (71.1%). Of all participants, 45.8% in males and 49.4% in females correctly answered on sexual knowledge, 47.6% of males and 28.3% of females accepted premarital sex, 60.0% of male and 65.0% of females knew peers with sexual intercourse experience, and 78.1% of males and 79.1% of females agreed with a sense of community belonging. When multiple logistic regression analyses performed, in model 1, sexual awareness was significantly associated with Rosenberg Self-Esteem score in female. In model 2, above association disappeared but significant association was found between sexual awareness and cognitive social capital in both sexes OR (95% CI), male 1.39 (1.05 - 1.84), female 1.99 (1.49 - 2.65). Discussion: The conservative traditional culture in both Hanoi and Ho Chi Minh City seems to be similar to the concept of cognitive social capital and it is considered to have influenced sexual awareness of high school students in Hanoi and Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam. Conclusion: Cognitive social capital is significantly associated with sexual awareness among high school students in urban areas of Vietnam.

Fundraising Capacity of HIV/AIDS Community-Based Organizations in 3 Years (2017-2019) in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam

HIV/AIDS is still an important public health issue in Vietnam and other developing countries. In Vietnam, Community-based organizations (CBOs) were officially considered as the key partners to approach vulnerable groups at high risks of HIV infection since 2010. Funds for HIV/AIDS prevention and control are facing difficulties due to rapid reduction by international organizations, while domestic funding has not yet met the demand, especially funding for prevention and communication activities. Our study aimed to assess the fundraising capacity of several CBOs in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam and analyze the challenges that they are facing now and in future in their work of HIV/AIDS management for community. The 03 typical and representative CBOs (G3VN, Smile and Strong Ladies) were chosen in our cross-sectional descriptive study. The electronic questionnaire was about fundraising reports over 3 years (2017-2019), organization structure (staff, mission, strategies) and the advantages and disadvantages in fundraising. Funds received over the year increased in total, but unstable in each projects. To have more funds, CBOs must invest time and money to have professional staff in fundraising and writing proposals. To meet requirement and survive, some CBO shifted to social enterprises and faced many difficulties in laws when being treated like profit companies. In Vietnam context, the key challenges which affect the role of funding are including: 1) Legal status;2) Small scale;3) Capacity of fundraising (finding calls, writing competence proposals);4) Fewer funds on HIV/AIDS. In future, we should pay attention in scaling up and building fundraising capacity for CBOs in order to help them in applying for international funds in community projects or even in HIV/AIDS research for CBOs, social enterprises in the context of funds for nation-level phased out of Vietnam.

Research and Analyze the Factors Affecting to the Formation of the Economy Area of Fresh Vegetables Cultivation at Ho Chi Minh City Suburb

Vietnam＇s economy is developing more and more rapidly, people＇s income are increasing, and the living condition is better. Today, consumer are increasingly aware of the quality of products, especially fresh food, but they have a little opportunity to choose the products which satisfy the needs, because they are limited to the product information and product origin. Fresh vegetables are one of the essential foods in the family living. The selection of fresh vegetables is not only to serve the basic needs as eating and drinking, but also to include the need for safety. Currently, consumer demand for fresh vegetable are great, especially when the living standards are becoming higher and people pay more attention to their health, especially for the consumer of Ho Chi Minh City. How fresh is vegetable market in Ho Chi Minh City today like.＇？ What is consumers＇ awareness of fresh vegetable？ What factors impact the fresh vegetable buying behavior of consumers？ Why does the development of fresh vegetable market in Ho Chi Minh City currently face many difficulties？ This study surveys the research, analyzes the factors affecting the economic area formation of fresh vegetable plantation at suburb of rio Chi Minh City.

Solutions for Sustainable Economic Development inHo Chi Minh City

Sustainable urban development is becoming the top concern of the nations in making and implementing the development policy systems.Sustainable urban development is a harmonious,effective development process with three pillars:economic development,social inclusion,and environmental management effectively.Vietnam is a rapidly urbanizing country.This process makes Vietnam’s cities face many major problems and challenges,especially sustainable economic development.Ho Chi Minh City is Vietnam’s largest city.It is the dynamic city with the fastest socio-economic development rate of Vietnam.The development of Ho Chi Minh City plays an important role in the overall development of the whole country.However,in the assessments of the authorities and experts,Ho Chi Minh City is growing slowly and facing many big problems.Based on the analysis of the City’s potentials and advantages as well as the difficulties and challenges of the new development context,this paper recommends groups of solutions for sustainable economic development in Ho Chi Minh City in the next decades.

Spatiotemporal Trend Analysis of Precipitation Extremes in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam During 1980–2017

In this study,the spatiotemporal variability of trends in extreme precipitation events in Ho Chi Minh City during the period 1980–2017 was analyzed based on several core extreme precipitation indices(Rx1 day,Rx5 day,CDD,CWD,R20 mm,R25 mm,R95 p,and SDII).The nonparametric Mann–Kendall and Sen’s slope methods were used to compute the statistical strength,stability,and magnitude of trends in annual rainfall,as well as the extreme precipitation indices.We found that 64%of the stations had statistically significant upward trends in yearly rainfall,with high magnitudes frequently observed in the northern and southern regions of the city.For the extreme precipitation indices,only SDII and R25 mm showed dominantly significant trends.Additionally,there were increasing trends in the frequency and duration at the southern and central regions of the city during the study period.Furthermore,El Ni?o-Southern Oscillation and Pacific Decadal Oscillation positively correlated with the duration and negatively correlated with the intensity and frequency of extreme precipitation.Thus,water management plans should be adjusted appropriately to reduce the severe impacts of precipitation extremes on communities and ecosystems.

中国社会主义青年团对胡志明早期思想的影响管窥

20世纪初中国社会主义青年团的成立及其革命活动是中国共产主义青年团百年历程中的光辉篇章。中国社会主义青年团对胡志明早期思想产生较大影响,在主题上,传播运用马克思列宁主义;在途径上,通过机关刊物和青年团员对外传播;在领域上,唤醒青年、科学分析阶级状况和组建马列主义党团组织。

基于康泽恩城市形态学方法的殖民城市空间演化研究--以达喀尔与胡志明为例

要殖民城市中蕴含着多元文化交汇形成的丰硕殖民遗产,研究殖民城市空间演化历程,构建适用于多元文化影响下的城市空间演化研究方法,对于完善此类城市形态演化与驱动机制研究体系、识别和保护特殊遗产的空间基因单元具有重要理论意义。基于康泽恩城市形态学理论,构建“形态时期划分—形态要素演化—驱动因素分析”方法体系,以达喀尔市和胡志明市为典型研究对象,从街道、地块、建筑三个形态要素分析其城市空间的演化过程,揭示殖民城市发展定位、法国城市规划思想和城市公共卫生政策对城市形态演化的驱动机制,并对康泽恩城市形态学方法在未来研究中的实践应用提出展望,以期为城市形态研究和殖民遗产保护提供形态学理论基础和方法借鉴。

United States Secret War in Laos: Long-Term Environmental and Human Health Impacts of the Use of Chemical Weapons

In 1959, the United States Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) operation, against the Pathet Lao insurgences and Viet Mien military troops and supply route, began. The Ho Chi Minh Trail was developed after the North Vietnam government and military decided to reunify South and North Vietnam. The People’s Army of Vietnam (PAVN) then connected the old trails leading from North Vietnam panhandle southward into eastern Laos, Cambodia and South Vietnam. Starting from Hanoi, the primary trail turned southwest into Laos and eastern Cambodia before branching into South Vietnam. Beginning in 1960s, the volume of traffic on the network of trails expanded significantly, but it still took more than a month’s march, by foot and bicycle, to travel from North to South Vietnam. Ho Chi Minh Trail traffic was impacted by repeatedly by Royal Laotian Air Force (RLAF), which was supported by US Air Force tactical herbicide spraying (Operation Ranch Hand program), and US Air Force bombing runs. By the late 1960s, the trail was improved and could accommodate heavy trucks in some sections and was used to supply the annual needs of over one hundred thousand regular PAVN troops active in South Vietnam. By 1974, the trail was a well-marked series of jungle roads (some of them paved) with underground support facilities such as hospitals, fuel-storage tanks, and supply caches with weapons. The Ho Chi Minh Trail was the major supply route for PAVN forces that overran Republic of Vietnam (RV) forces in 1975 and unified Vietnam. The primary objective of this paper is to determine the environmental and human health impacts of RLAF and US Air Force secret spraying of tactical herbicides on Ho Chi Minh Trail in Laos.

Saigon River Valley: A Navigation, Trade, Mitigation, Invasion, Liberation, and Unification Pathway

The Saigon River is located in southern Vietnam with headwaters starting in southeastern Cambodia. The river flows southeast for about 225 km to the South China Sea. Most readers of Vietnam’s history know about the American-Vietnam War (1965-1973). However, centuries before that time, Vietnam fought with the Chinese, the Khmers, the Chams and the Mongols. The history of Vietnam begins in the Red River Delta, where farmers first cultivated rice. A millenia of struggle against the Chinese then followed. The Saigon River Valley was the pathway used by the North Vietnamese Army (NVA) to get from the Ho Chi Minh Trail in Cambodia to Saigon during the 1968 Tet Offensive. The NVA dug Cu Chi and Iron Triangle soil tunnels near Cu Chi in the Old Alluvium terrace to hide from American Forces and Air Force bombers. In 1962, the Tan Son Nhut Air Force base on the northern edge of Saigon received the first shipments of Agent Blue, the arsenic based herbicide, used to destroy the rice crop. The most dioxin TCDD and arsenic contaminated site in Vietnam was Bien Hoa Air Force base on the Saigon River just 30 km northeast east of Ho Chi Minh City. The adjacent Bien Hoa City has a population of over 800,000. The Port of Ho Chi Minh City is the most significant river port in Vietnam and Southeast Asia. The river is navigable by ships which draft up to 9 m. Vietnam only became a united country in the 19th century. Its independence was soon affected by French colonialism and then the destructive American intervention in the Vietnam War. The Vietnam War Archive no. 2 in Ho Chi Minh City houses residual correspondence between the Republic of Vietnam (RV) President Diem’s administration and US President Kennedy’s administration related to the Khai Huang program (hamlet strategy). In addition, the archive contains some of the tactical herbicide spray records of the RV military for the Mekong Delta. The primary objective this study is to document the role that the Saigon River Valley played, in modern warfare. The Saigon River Valley was used as a navigation, trade, invasion, liberation and unification pathway. The Vietnamese people have survived centuries of stormy, troubled times and their power of character has served them well.

Review and Analysis: United States Secret Wars in Cambodia: Long-Term Impacts and Consequences

The People’s Army of Vietnam (PAVN) decided to use conventional warfare to unify Vietnam. The United States military operation against the Ho Chi Minh Trail traffic began in 1959. The (PAVN) connected a series of old trails leading from North Vietnam to South Vietnam via Laos and Cambodia. In the 1960s the network of trails was expanded. Trail traffic was interdicted by repeated CIA (Air America) and US Air Force (Operation Ranch Hand) tactical herbicide spraying and bombing missions. During the late 1960s, the Khmer Rouge Army slowly grew in eastern Cambodia during a time when America was spraying and bombing the Ho Chi Minh Trail. On February 22, 1969, the PAVN launched a new offensive against American forces in South Vietnam from their sanctuaries in Cambodia. President Richard Nixon and Dr. Henry Kissinger, decided to spray and bomb Cambodia, a neutral country, to eliminate the PAVN sanctuary base camps. The damage and loss of life as a result of U.S. air campaign resulted in the insurgency (Khmer Rouge) being able to recruit civilian members. This created a dual effect of strengthening the popularity of the Khmer Rouge, led by Pol Pot, enabling him to overthrow the Khmer Republic in 1975. The primary objectives of this study are to determine the political impacts and consequences of: 1) the 1959 United States secret war on the Ho Chi Minh Trail in Cambodia and 2) the 1969 President Nixon’s decision to destroy the PAVN bases hidden in the Cambodian jungles. These United States secret wars in Cambodia had long-lasting effects on Cambodian political, social, and economic stability.

浅析越南莲花文化

莲花作为一种圣洁的植物,具有特殊的宗教寓意。在越南民间歌谣俗语中,莲花是君子高洁的写照,是爱情的象征,是美妙女子的比喻。莲花深受越南人的喜爱,探寻越南人对莲花的情结,能更好地了解越南民族的审美情趣和文化特色。

略论苏联对法属印度支那革命的帮助

在共产国际成立到第二次世界大战爆发的 2 0～ 30年代 ,苏联为远东各国培训了数百名青年干部 ,其中包括法属印度支那地区的干部。这固然出于第三国际建立无产阶级专政和列宁发动世界革命的战略需要 ,但客观上为越南、柬埔寨和老挝等国人民的革命运动输送了一批优秀的人才。苏联初期对远东各国及本国亚洲地区世居民族干部的培训实践是成功的 ,这对第三世界各国培养少数民族的干部有一定的借鉴作用。印度支那地区与苏联的双边关系也正是从培训干部开始发展的 ,越苏两党关系从这一时期起进入了新阶段。

越南胡志明市及周边地区大学汉语教学情况调查与对策研究

本文采用实地考察、数据统计分析等方法对胡志明市及周边地区有汉语教学的5所大学的具体情况进行了调查,调查总人数为364人。结果显示:目前越南大学汉语培养的类型主要有汉语语言专业与非汉语语言专业两类,招生条件日趋灵活,招生数量呈逐年上升的趋势;学生方面,汉语学习的动机主要是为工作服务,学习态度与策略需要改善与协助;教师方面,博士学位教师及外籍教师资源少,有的学校甚至没有;教材方面,由于一些客观原因未能及时更新,教材及参考书籍缺乏。针对目前的汉语教学现状,本文提出以下对策:组织丰富、有效的活动,以帮助学生改善学习态度和策略;通过更多的渠道营造语言环境;越南本土教师积极参加编写具有针对性、统一性的教材;携手创办汉语书架,以丰富汉语参考资料。

The Mekong Delta in Vietnam and Cambodia Is Subsiding and in Need of Remediation

Land subsidence and rising sea levels could result in 40% of the Mekong Delta being covered by the South China Sea within the next few decades. The impact of groundwater withdrawal, in the SE Asia mega deltas of Ganges-Brahmaputra Delta, Jakarta Delta, Chao Phraya Delta and Mekong Delta, is a major reason these deltas are sinking. There are lessons to be learned from both failures and successful remediation efforts in other mega deltas as Vietnam policy makers seek to address Mekong Delta subsidence. Without a significant Vietnam government remediation and mitigation efforts, land subsidence in the Mekong Delta will continue. Land subsidence has occurred in the Mekong Delta as a result of the retention of sediments behind the China and Laos dams on the main stem of the Mekong River, reduced flooding peaks, climate change, sea level rise, storm surges and flooding. In addition, subsidence has been exascerbated by compaction, groundwater extraction for shrimp ponds, rice paddies and the household and drinking water needs of approximately 20 million people living on the Mekong Delta in Vietnam and Cambodia. The Mekong Delta shorelines are eroding and significant land areas, including wetlands, are becoming open water. The wetlands and land mass are also subsiding as a result of the reduction in sediment deposition. Large dams on the mainstem of the Mekong River in China and Laos have reduced peak flows and reduced sediment loads in lower Mekong River. Population and industrial growth have increased groundwater extraction and salt water intrusion as the delta subsides leading to consolidation and reduction in the current plumes flowing into the South China Sea. The primary objective of this paper is to assess the impact of groundwater withdrawals for rice paddies, shrimp ponds, aquaculture, industry and drinking water on Mekong Delta land subsidence. The secondary objective is to identify mitigation efforts used in other Southeast Asia deltas and make remediation recommendations for the sinking Mekong Delta. Promising mitigation approaches are injecting river water deep into the underlying alluvial sediments, return of the sediments trapped in China and Laos reservoirs to the Mekong River mainstem, increase in the Mekong River flooding peaks, and construction of sea and floodwalls, dykes, polders and levees. The addition of Mekong River sediments to build up existing floodplains, the reduction of coastal shoreline erosion, the planting of mangroves and protection of urban and agricultural areas from being covered by the South China Sea are strategies that could help remediate land subsidence in the Mekong Delta.

马克思主义越南本土化的胡志明思想成果探究

胡志明思想是在越南基本国情的基础上,科学的融入马克思列宁主义,是符合实际顺应发展的,具有一定的必然性。胡志明思想在越南的革命和改革中发挥着巨大作用,即使在当今世界格局发生变化、总体趋势显著改变的情况下,也未被时代浪潮所淘汰,依旧在越南社会主义发展中发挥着重要的意义。

胡志明培养青少年人才的思想与实践——中国南宁、桂林育才学校史事述要

胡志明常常将经过挑选的越南青少年送到国外,利用兄弟国家提供的有利条件,使他们迅速成长起来。中国广西南宁、桂林育才学校的举办,体现了胡志明这一培养青年人才的思想。

越南华侨华人文化的中心——胡志明市华侨华人文化浅析

胡志明市是越南华侨华人最大的聚居地,也是华侨华人文化的中心。该市的华侨华人文化历史悠久,带有浓厚的中华传统文化色彩。华侨华人活跃在该市的文艺舞台上,在商业文化、企业文化中也占有很大的比重,华侨华人教育事业也比较发达,华侨华人文化还与当地的越南本土文化互相交流、互相影响。这些都是胡志明市华侨华人文化的特点,也可以说是整个越南华侨华人文化的特点。

论胡志明华文诗歌的中国文化内涵——东南亚华文文学研究之一

胡志明创作的华文诗歌蕴含着丰富的中国文化内涵,具体体现在对中国新旧社会状况的描写和对中国秀丽山川的赞美,体现在对中国的古典诗歌韵律、历史典故、文言词语和地方方言等方面的巧妙运用。这主要是缘于他深受中国文化的影响和在中国生活多年的深刻体验。目前,在国内对越南华文文学的研究尚不够广泛和深入的情况下,对胡志明的华文诗歌进行研究,不但有助于我们加深理解中越两国文化的交流和影响,而且对越华文学的研究具有重要的参考价值和现实意义。

A Study on the Selection of the Logistics Centre Location—Vietnam-Based Logistics Sector

Logistics can be considered as the major drive of the economy.Logistics centres play a significant role in the entire logistics networks from the point of materials sourcing to the point of last mile delivery.The efficiency of a logistics network depends on the existence of logistics centres to connect and integrate entire logistics system.This article discusses the importance of selection of the logistics centre location and recommends the procedure to specify the appropriate logistics centre location as a case of Vietnam-based logistics sector.

Psychometric properties of questionnaires to measure social ecological influences in Vietnamese children

Physical activity data in primary school-aged children are limited in Vietnam.Although tools to measure social ecological influences on physical activity are validated in English,they are not available in Vietnamese.Due to cultural and contextual differences,their psychometric properties need to be tested.Five scales were translated into Vietnamese and evaluated for internal consistency and test re-test reliability,including self-efficacy,perceived social influences,and beliefs self-administered by students,and parental support for physical activity and parental perceived safety of the neighbourhood,self-administered by parents.Compared to the original scales,two items from the parental perceived neighbourhood safety were removed due to the cultural context.Another item of the self-efficacy scale was also removed as it correlated poorly with the other items in the scale at both administrations.The adjusted scales were found to be reliable and appropriate for use among students and parents to measure social ecological influences on physical activity in the Vietnamese context.