Yb,Ho∶GdScO_(3)晶体生长及光谱性能分析

采用提拉法生长出了尺寸为∅30 mm×50 mm的Yb,Ho∶GdScO_(3)晶体。通过X射线衍射得到了晶体的粉末衍射数据,使用GSAS软件进行了全谱拟合,得到了晶体的结构参数。测试了晶体的拉曼光谱,在100~700 cm^(-1)观察到18个拉曼振动峰。对Yb,Ho∶GdScO_(3)晶体的光谱特性进行了表征,并计算了Yb^(3+)的吸收截面,其在940、975 nm处的吸收截面分别为0.31×10^(-20)、0.42×10^(-20) cm^(2)。采用Judd-Ofelt理论计算了Ho^(3+)的跃迁强度参量Ω_(t),Ω_(4)/Ω_(6)值为2.04,并计算了辐射跃迁概率、能级寿命及荧光分支比等光谱参数。结果表明,Yb,Ho∶GdScO_(3)晶体的发光性能良好,是一种有前景的2~3μm激光晶体候选材料。

Role of Removing Stasis and Reducing Heat Formula in Clearance of Proximal Ureteral Calculi after Ureteroscopic Ho:YAG Laser Lithotripsy: A Prospective Randomized Study

Objective To prospectively evaluate the efficacy of Removing Stasis and Reducing Heat Formula in accelerating calculus clearance and improving lower urinary tract symptoms of patients with proximal ureteral calculi after ureteroscopic Ho:YAG laser lithotripsy. Methods A total of 138 patients with proximal ureteral calculi underwent ureteroscopic Ho:YAG laser lithotripsy by a single endocrinologist. Stone size varied from 10 to 15 mm. After operation, the patients were randomly divided into three groups: the control group(group A), tamsulosin group(group B), and Removing Stasis and Reducing Heat Formula group(group C). The treatment lasted for 4 weeks or until stone clearance. The primary and secondary outcomes of the three groups at follow-up were assessed. Results Of the 131 patients available for follow-up, 44 cases were in the group A, 45 in the group B, and 42 in the group C, respectively. The stone free rate at 2 weeks in the groups B and C were significantly higher than that in the group A(95.56%, 97.62% vs. 79.55%; all P<0.05). The ureteral colic rate and mean time of fragment expulsion were significantly reduced in the groups B(4.44% and 7.86±4.99 days) and C(2.43% and 6.76±4.37 days) compared with the group A(22.73% and 11.54±9.89 days, all P<0.05). On the day of double-J ureteric stent removal, the group C differed significantly from the group A in the total International Prostate Symptom Score, irritative subscore, obstructive subscore, and quality of life score(all P<0.05). Conclusion Removing Stasis and Reducing Heat Formula in the medical expulsive therapy might be an effective modality for patients with calculus in the proximal uretera after ureteroscopic Ho:YAG laser lithotripsy.

Systematic evaluation of a holmium:yttrium-aluminum-garnet laser lithotripsy device with variable pulse peak power and pulse duration

Objective:The Holmium:yttrium-aluminum-garnet(Ho:YAG)laser is the standard lithotrite for ureteroscopy.This paper is to evaluate a Ho:YAG laser with a novel effect function in vitro,which allows a real-time variation of pulse duration and pulse peak power.Methods:Two types of phantom calculi with four degrees of hardness were made for fragmentation and retropulsion experiments.Fragmentation was analysed at 5(0.5 J/10 Hz),10(1 J/10 Hz),and 20(2 J/10 Hz)W in non-floating phantom calculi,retropulsion in an ureteral model at 10(1 J/10 Hz)and 20(2 J/10 Hz)W using floating phantom calculi.The effect function was set to 25%,50%,75%,and 100%of the maximum possible effect function at each power setting.Primary outcomes:fragmentation(mm^3),the distance of retropulsion(cm);
5 measurements for each trial.Results:An increase of the effect feature(25%vs.100%),i.e.,an increase of pulse peak power and decrease of pulse duration,improved Ho:YAG laser fragmentation.This effect was remarkable in soft stone composition,while there was a trend for improved fragmentation with an increase of the effect feature in hard stone composition.Retropulsion increased with increasing effect function,independently of stone composition.The major limitations of the study are the use of artificial stones and the in vitro setup.Conclusion:Changes in pulse duration and pulse peak power may lead to improved stone fragmentation,most prominently in soft stones,but also lead to increased retropulsion.This new effect function may enhance Ho:YAG laser fragmentation when maximum power output is limited or retropulsion is excluded.

Widely Tunable Middle Infrared Optical Parametric Oscillator Pumped by the Q-Switched Ho：GdVO_4 Laser

We demonstrate a middle infrared ZnGeP_2 optical parametric oscillator pumped by the Q-switched Ho：GdVO_4 laser. When the incident Ho pump power is 4.12 W, the maximum average output power of the ZGP-OPO laser is 2.05 W, corresponding to a slope efficiency of 74.6%. The ZGP-OPO laser produces 4.2 ns mid-infrared pulses at a pulse repetition rate of 5 kHz. In addition, we obtain 0.8 um of tunable range for the signal wave and 2.1 um of tunable range for the idler wave.

An Actively Mode-Locked Ho:YAG Solid-Laser Pumped by a Tm-Doped Fiber Laser

An actively mode-locked Ho： YAG laser pumped by a diode-pumped Tin-doped fiber laser is reported. For the cw operation, we obtain the maximum output power of 3.43 W with a central wavelength 2022.2nm at the maximum incident pump power of 11.4 W, corresponding to a slope efficiency of 34.5%. The beam quality factor M2 is 1.16, and the output beam is close to fundamental TEMoo. In the case of the CWML operation, a stable pulse train is generated with an average output power up to 3.41 W with a slope efficiency of 34.3% at the incident pump power of 11.4 W and a pulse duration of 294ps at a repetition rate of 81.92MHz. In addition, the maximum single pulse energy is 41.6nJ.

Development of a Single-Longitudinal-Mode Ho:YAG Laser Based on Corner Cube

We present a Tm-doped fiber laser pumped Fabry-Perot etalons Ho：YAG laser based on a corner cube. A maximum single-longitudinal-mode and fundamental transverse mode output power of 478 m W at the wavelength of 2091.06 nm is achieved with a pump power of 16.3 W, corresponding to an optical-to-optical efficiency of 2.9% and a slope efficiency of 7.9%. The single-longitudinal-mode and fundamental transverse mode are less sensitive to the rotating of the corner cube. The results indicate the potential impact of a single-longitudinal-mode Ho： YA G laser with corner cube geometry to improve the anti-maladjustment stability.

A Linearly Polarized Ho:YAG Laser at 2.09 μm with Corner Cube Cavity Pumped by Tm:YLF Laser

A linearly polarized operation Ho： YAG laser at 2090.5 nm with a corner cube cavity is demonstrated. A polarizer with high reflectivity for the s-polarized light at the laser wavelength is employed to achieve a linearly polarized laser. In the same case of resonator length, the corner cube can be used to cut the volume of the Ho：YAG laser and to enhance the stability of the system. The maximum linearly polarized output power of 5.8 W is achieved at the absorbed pump power of 23.3 W, corresponding to a slope efficiency of 29.7%, and the optical-optical conversion efficiency is around 24.9%. The M2 factors of the 2.09μm laser are 2.4 and 1.2 along the horizontal and vertical directions, respectively.

Passively Q-Switched Ho:SSO Laser by Use of a Cr2+:ZnSe Saturable Absorber

A cw operation and a passively Q-switched （PQS） Ho：SSO laser （Cr2＋ ：ZnSe as a saturable absorber） end-pumped by a TIn：YAP laser operating at near room temperature are reported. It is the first time to report a PQS Ho：SSO laser. For the ew mode, a maximum cw output power of 3.0 W is obtMned, corresponding to a slope efficiency of 31.4%. For the PQS mode, a Cr2＋ ：ZnSe is used as the saturable absorber, with transmission of 88.4% at 2112nm. A maximum pulse energy of 1.29mJ is obtained, corresponding to the pulse repetition frequency of 2.42kHz. In this study, we change the distance between Cr2＋ ：ZnSe and the output mirror to research the pulse characteristic of the PQ, S Ho：SSO laser. The minimum pulse width of 73.5ns is obtained, corresponding to the pulse energy of O. 9 mJ and the pulse repetition frequency of 2.65 kHz.

A single-longitudinal-mode continuous-wave Ho-(3＋)：YVO4 laser at 2.05 μm pumped by a Tm-fibre laser

We present a single-longitudinal-mode continuous-wave Ho^3＋：YVO4 laser at 2.05 μm pumped by a Tm-doped fibre laser. Use of a cavity etalon enables spectral selectivity for single-mode operation. The highest power achieved in the single longitudinal mode at 2052.5 nm is 282 mW at a slope efficiency of 6.9%, corresponding to an optical conversion efficiency of 3.0%. These features demonstrate that this single-longitudinal-mode Ho：YVO4 laser is suitable for use as a seed laser in some Lidar systems（e.g., coherent Lidar or differential absorption Lidar）. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report on such a single-longitudinal-mode Ho：YVO4 laser at 2.05 μm.

High-Power Dual-End-Pumped Actively Q-Switched Ho:YAG Ceramic Laser

We present a high-power Ho：YAG ceramic laser pumped at 1908nm. Using a dual-end-pumped structure, the maximum continuous-wave output power of 48 W is obtained, corresponding to a slope efficiency of 70.4% with respect to the absorbed pump power. At actively Q-switched mode, the maximum average output power of 46 W and the minimum pulse width of 21 ns are achieved at a pulse repetition frequency of 20 kHz, corresponding to a peak power of approximately 109.5kW. In addition, the beam-quality M2 factor is found to be 1.4 at the maximum output power.

Cr2+:ZnS Saturable Absorber Passively Q-Switched Ho:LuVO4 Laser

We report a cw Tm：YAP laser resonantly pumped Ho：LuV04 laser in passively Q-switched （PQS） mode with Cr2＋ ：ZnS as a saturable absorber （SA）. The influence of different transmittances of the output coupler on laser output performance is analyzed. With T = 50%, the max/mum PQS average output power of 2.3 W is ob- tained, corresponding to the slope efficiency and the optical-optical conversion efficiency are 35.1% and 19.8%, respectively. Also, the minimum pulse width of 100ns is achieved at the maximum pulse repetition frequency of 34.2kHz. When the maximum cw output power is 2.7W, the beam quality factor of the horizontal direc- tion Mx2 = 1.04 and the vertical direction M2 = 1.10 are obtained. In addition, the central wavelength of the laser output remains to be 2057.5nm with the output coupler transmittances of 50% and 60% in both cw and PQS operations. The results show that the Cr2＋：ZnS can be used as an SA in a Ho：LuVO4 laser around 2-μm wavelength.

Experimental Study on a Passively Q-Switched Ho:YLF Laser with Polycrystalline Cr2+:ZnS as a Saturable Absorber

Output performance of a continuous-wave TIn：YAP laser pumped passively Q-switched Ho：YLF laser is demon- strated with a polycrystalline Cr2＋ ：ZnS as the saturable absorber. We compare the experimental results at the three different distances L of the polycrystalline Cr2＋ ：ZnS saturable absorber to the output coupler. The pulse width almost remains constant for different L, when the incident pump power is changed in the range of 7.9 27.1 W. The shortest pulse duration of 33.3 ns for L = 105 mm and the highest average output power of 6.8 W for L = 5 mm are obtMned at the incident pump power of 27.1 W. The output wavelength of the passively Q-switched laser shifts to 2045.2nm from 2064.7nm in the cw operation. The beam quality factor of M2 is 1.2.

A Mid-IR Optical Parametric Oscillator Pumped by an Actively Q-Switched Ho:YAG Ceramic Laser

We demonstrate a mid-IR ZnGeP2 （ZGP） optical parametric oscillator （OPO） pumped by a dual-end-pumped actively aeoasto-optie Q-switched Ho：YAG ceramic laser. The maximum average output power of 35 W is obtained at a pulse repetition frequency of 20 kHz from the Ho：YAG ceramic laser. Under the maximum incident pump power of Ho：YAG ceramic laser, the maximum output power of 14 W is obtained from the ZGP OPO, corresponding to the slope efficiency of 49.6% with respect to the incident pump power. The wavelength can be tuned from 3.5 μm to 4.2μm （signal）, corresponding to 5.24.1 μm （idler）. The beam quality M2 is less than 2.3 from the ZGP OPO.

Spectral and laser properties of Yb and Ho co-doped(YLa)_2O_3 transparent ceramic

Highly transparent Yb,Ho doped（YLa）2O3 ceramic was fabricated by conventional ceramic processing with nanopowders.The absorption and emission spectra of the ceramic was investigated.The energy transfer mechanism between Yb3＋ and Ho3＋ was also discussed.The strong emission band around 2 μm indicated that the Yb-Ho：（Y 0.90 La 0.10）2O3 transparent ceramic is a promising gain medium for the generation of 2 μm laser emissions.The laser operation of Yb-Ho co-doped（YLa）2O3 ceramic at 2.1 μm is first reported.

脉冲Ho∶YAG激光对犬多种器官的生物效应

目的 为研究平均功率、照射时间、脉冲能量、脉冲频率等激光参数对Ho∶YAG激光生物效应的影响。方法 我们以犬作为实验对象 ,以不同平均功率、不同照射时间及对相同平均功率的又分为高脉冲能量低脉冲频率 (H)组和低脉冲能量高脉冲频率 (L)组照射皮肤、食管、支气管、胃、膀胱粘膜、卵巢、子宫 ,进行配对研究。结果 肉眼、光镜、电镜观察不同激光参数消融、热凝固作用结果的差异 ,各器官Ho∶YAG激光治疗的安全、有效治疗剂量。结论 脉冲式Ho∶YAG激光的组织表面热凝固作用与平均功率、照射时间成正相关 ;照射时间、脉冲频率恒定时 ,脉冲式Ho∶YAG激光的消融作用与脉冲能量成正比 ;在相同平均功率 ,高脉冲能量低脉冲频率 (H)组的消融作用大于低脉冲能量高脉冲频率 (L)组 ,而热凝固损伤作用小于L组。

1180nm激光抽运Tm,Ho石英光纤激光器理论研究

建立了1200nm带激光抽运下Tm3+,Ho3+共掺石英光纤激光器的理论模型,用数值模拟的方法从理论上对该激光器的性能进行了研究,与实验结果进行了对比分析,以寻求对该激光器性能进行优化的空间。结果表明,在最大入纤抽运功率(3.1W)下,不管是仅Tm3+在3H4,3H6能级之间产生辐射(光纤长度为1m)还是Tm3+,Ho3+之间发生能量转移(光纤长度为3m)时,理论分析所分别获得的1.14W和733mW的输出功率,与930mW和650mW的实验结果比较一致,特别是发生能量转移时。

多路高功率Cr,Tm,Ho:YAG激光器技术

文中介绍了四路Cr,Tm,Ho∶YAG激光器在设定时序下轮流工作,顺序耦合进一根320μm的低OH-石英光纤输出,可以成倍地提高Cr,Tm,Ho∶YAG激光治疗机的输出功率,从而能够适应不同的治疗目的和需要。在三路情况下,当单脉冲最大注入能量为100 J,重频30Hz时,激光器直接输出功率50.17W,光纤末端输出功率35.65W,耦合效率为71%。

重频Cr,Tm,Ho∶YAG激光器输出特性的实验研究

根据对 2 .1 μm波长Cr ,Tm ,Ho∶YAG激光器输出特性的实验研究 ,详细分析了腔长、输出镜透过率、全反镜曲率半径和水温等因素对激光器输出的影响。在镀银腔情况下 ,重频 5Hz时 ,激光阈值为 4 7J,斜效率为 1 .3% ,输入能量为 1 4 4J时 ,最大输出为 7.9W。重频 1 0Hz时 ,激光阈值为 4 5J,斜效率为 1 .1 % ,输入能量为 1 2 1J时 ,最大输出为 9.7W。

Ho:YAG激光治疗膀胱癌

为评价ＨｏＹＡＧ激光照射治疗膀胱癌的疗效，用ＨｏＹＡＧ激光对１２４例膀胱癌患者的９２１只肿瘤作３８２次治疗，其中一次治疗近期痊愈者５３例，一次治疗近期痊愈率４２．７％；二次者２４例，二次治疗近期痊愈率１９．４％；三～四次者２３例，三～四次治疗近期痊愈率１８．５％；五次以上者２１例，五次治疗近期痊愈率１６．９％。平均治疗３．０８次。随访１月～３年，复发率为１０．５％，再生率为２４．３％。无１例出现术后膀胱穿孔、出血和输尿管狭窄等并发症。本方法有手术操作安全、简便。

Cr,Yb,Ho:YAGG可调谐激光晶体生长及开裂研究

本文采用提拉法生长了Cr，Yb，Ho：YAGG可调谐激光晶体，并从理论上讨论了热应力、提拉速度、晶体转速和降温速率等因素对晶体开裂的影响，最后给出了掺铬、镱和钬钇铝镓石榴石激光晶体生长的最佳工艺条件：温度梯度为0．5℃／mm，提拉速度1-2mm／h，晶体转速20-40r／min，冷却速率不超过20℃／h。