Empirical formulae for electric double-layer repulsion between two arbitrarily inclined clay particles

To understand the mesoscopic mechanism of clayey soil in view of macroscopic behavior, it is essential to quantitatively calculate the electric double-layer repulsion between arbitrarily inclined clay particles.However, suitable calculation methods with high efficiency and accuracy are still rare at present in literature. Based on a great number of numerical calculations of the repulsion between two inclined platy clay particles, explicit empirical formulae for estimating electric double-layer repulsion between clay particles are put forward. Comparison between the empirical solutions and corresponding numerical results shows that the proposed formulae have a reasonable accuracy, and application of the presented formula is easy and efficient.

SPAGINS:semiempirical parameterization for fragments in gamma-induced nuclear spallation

From the empirical phenomena of fragment distributions in nuclear spallation reactions,semiempirical formulas named SPAGINS were constructed to predict fragment cross-sections in high-energyγ-induced nuclear spallation reactions(PNSR).In constructing the SPAGINS formulas,theoretical models,including the TALYS toolkit,SPACS,and Rudstam formulas,were employed to study the general phenomenon of fragment distributions in PNSR with incident energies ranging from 100 to 1000 MeV.Considering the primary characteristics of PNSR,the SPAGINS formulas modify the EPAX and SPACS formulas and efficiently reproduce the measured data.The SPAGINS formulas provide a new and effective tool for predicting fragment production in PNSR.

In-Tunnel Blast Pressure Empirical Formulas for Detonations External, Internal and at the Tunnel Entrance

In order to define the loading on protective doors of an underground tunnel, the exact knowledge of the blast propagation through tunnels is needed. Thirty-three scale high-explosive tests are conducted to obtain in-tunnel blast pressure for detonations external, internal and at the tunnel entrance. The cross section of the concrete model tunnel is 0.67 m2. Explosive charges of TNT, ranging in mass from 400 g to 4 600 g, are detonated at various positions along the central axis of the model tunnel. Blast gages are flush-installed in the interior surface of the tunnel to record side-on blast pressure as it propagates down the tunnel. The engineering empirical formulas for predicting blast peak pressure are evaluated, and are found to be reasonably accurate for in-tunnel pressure prediction.

Research on Empirical Formula of Displacement Efficiency in Bohai Oilfield

Displacement efficiency is an important index of water drive oilfield. This article takes water drive oilfield as the object to analyze the influence factors of displacement efficiency in limit water cut stage of water drive oilfield. The displacement efficiency experimental data of 99 cores which come from 65 development wells of 34 oilfields have been collected. The authors use the method of multiple linear regression analysis to establish a new empirical formula of displacement efficiency. The relative error of the empirical formula is less than 7% compared to the experimental data.

A Simple Empirical Formula for Predicting the Ultimate Strength of Ship Plates with Elastically Restrained Edges in Axial Compression

An investigation is conducted on the static ultimate limit state assessment of ship hull plates with elastically restrained edges subjected to axial compression.Both material and geometric non-linearities were considered in finite element(FE)analysis.The initial geometric imperfection of the plate was considered,while the residual stress introduced by welding was not considered.The ultimate strength of simply supported ship hull plates compared well with the existing empirical formula to validate the correctness of the applied boundary conditions,initial imperfection and mesh size.The extensive FE calculations on the ultimate strength of ship hull plates with elastically restrained edges are presented.Then a new simple empirical formula for plate ultimate strength is developed,which includes the effect of the rotational restraint stiffness,rotational restraint stiffness,and aspect ratios.By applying the new formula and FE method to ship hull plates in real ships,a good coincidence of the results between these two methods is obtained,which indicates that the new formula can accurately predict the ultimate strength of ship hull plates with elastically restrained edges.

Research and Experimental Application of Empirical Formulas to Calculate Riverbank Erosion in Tien River in the Mekong Delta

In recent years,the problem of riverbank and coastal erosion in the MD(Mekong Delta)is very complicated;landslides occur in most of the inland and coastal provinces.Most riverbank landslides occur gradually,but in contrast to sudden landslides that cause great damage,occur with increasing frequency.This shows that the trend of riverbank erosion will be more complicated and more frequent,especially in the context of extreme weather changes and changes in hydrological regime in the next time.Statistics from the authorities show that,if in 2010 the whole region had nearly 100 landslide points;by 2020 it had increased to more than 680 points;in which Dong Thap in the Tien River is one of the two localities with the most serious riverbank erosion.Currently,there are many methods used to assess and forecast the level of riverbank erosion in specific areas,such as:method of document analysis,measurement data;physical model;mathematical models and empirical formulas.In this study,the empirical formula is used to calculate the landslide level for the Tien River section in Cao Lanh,Dong Thap province.The calculation results according to the empirical formula have a certain agreement with the actual data,the correlation coefficient is 0.90 and the Nash coefficient is 0.78,the relative error of less than 15%is 80%of the cross-section.Such results have shown the possibility of applying empirical formulas to establish and calculate for other landslide areas along the banks of Hau River and MD.

Empirical Neutron Cross Section Formulae for (n, p) and (n, d) Reactions of He-3 Target

In this work, new cross section formulae for (n, p) and (n, d) reactions of He-3 have been investigated as a function of incident neutron energy. The new Empirical formulae were produced by using the least squares method to the experimental cross sections data, which were taken from Experimental Nuclear Reaction Data EXFOR Database Version of 2021. Several functions were examined to choose the best one that fits the data. Statistical hypothesis testing was used to insure how well the suggested equations fit the set of data. Two statistical indicators were used for each case for goodness-of-fit. Very high compatibility was found between the empirical values and the experimental data for both reactions.

A semi-empirical formula for evaluating residual strain of soils under earthquake loading

A new semi-empirical formula for evaluating the residual strain of soils under earthquake loading is presented in this paper based on the incremental method and the increment model proposed by the authors.When the incident loading is uniform,the results calculated by the new formula are nearly the same as those by the existing formula.For excitation of the random earthquake loading,the results calculated by the new formula are compared to the results obtained by dynamic triaxial tests.The dynamic triaxial tests had been performed considering different seismic waves,confining stresses, consolidation ratios,and types of cohesive soils.The comparison between the calculated and tested results indicate that the presented formula can efficiently and practically describe the time-dependent process of the soil residual strains under actual seismic loads.

ON LINE COMPUTATION OF EMPIRICAL FORMULA BY MEANS OF ELEMENTAL ANALYSIS AND ITS PROGRAM DESIGN

On line determination of empirical formula for organic compounds with an automatic elemental analyzer and its program design method were investigated. The computational results shews that the reliability of computational results depends on the accuracy of the analytical data and the organic compound itself.

基于Hoek-Brown准则的岩体力学参数确定

国内外岩体力学参数测定的方法多不胜数,其中室内岩石力学参数试验法能较准确地确定岩体各类参数。以昆阳某磷矿为工程背景,进行现场采样并制备标准试件,分别对顶板、磷矿层以及底板岩样进行室内岩石物理力学参数试验。为提高参数结果的准确性,以及使数据更接近工程实际情况,将采用Hoek-Brown准则对参数计算结果进行折减,并进一步对经验准则中引入的扰动系数D、地质强度指标GSI以及完整岩石材料常数mi的取值进行分析。经过折减后,其结果表明,经折减后的力学参数综合考虑了更多的现场因素,使试验结果更准确,提高了后续现场相关工作的准确性。

基于遗传算法的磨削力模型系数优化及验证

在磨削力模型求解问题中,目前大多使用分段计算法或列方程组直接计算各个待求系数,不仅计算量大且其精度也无法保证。另外,传统的回归模型容易陷入局部最优,难以描述非线性关系。为此,将遗传算法引入到非线性优化函数参数优化中,基于外圆横向磨削力模型、平面磨削力模型、外圆纵向磨削力模型等现有的模型数据,开展磨削力理论模型的系数优化方法研究。相关性分析结果表明:通过计算得到的3种模型磨削力的预测精度提高了14.69%~42.54%,且3种模型所预测的法向磨削力的平均误差分别为5.9%、9.13%、3.23%,切向力平均误差分别为6.78%、8.36%、3.69%。经对比知,优化后的模型拟合度较好,模型预测精度显著提高。遗传算法优化后的非线性优化函数GA-LSQ算法更适合磨削力模型的求解,可对磨削力的预测及实际加工生产中的参数优化提供参考。

基于回归分析法的矩形槽圆管吸能特性研究

为了研究矩形槽圆管吸能特性规律,提出了一种基于回归分析法的结构参数与吸能特性关系的拟合方法。针对轴向冲击下的圆管动态响应,首先,建立了6005A-T6材料的Cowper-Symonds本构模型,并验证了仿真模型的准确性;其次,设计了正交试验,建立了吸能特性与结构参数之间的计算模型;然后,利用多元线性与非线性回归分析方法对计算模型参数求解,并对比了两种拟合结果,得到了峰值力和吸能量的经验公式;接着,对比经验公式与有限元数值计算值表明,经验公式在研究范围内具有较高准确性,误差在8%以内;最后,引入吸能性能指标并使用遗传算法对圆管进行了结构优化,优化结果表明,在研究范围内当直径和槽端距最小、壁厚和槽宽最大、槽深最浅时,矩形槽圆管的吸能性能最优。

基于CEL法熔滴冲击基板的TPF/FSI数值模拟

航空发动机和燃气轮机的高温工作环境会对其热端金属部件造成不可逆损伤,热障涂层(thermal barrier coatings,TBCs)能够承受高温和高压的侵蚀性环境,从而保证金属部件使用的安全性及可靠性。以空心Y_(2)O_(3)-ZrO_(2)(yttrium-stabilized zirconia,YSZ)粒子在等离子焰流中的2种形态,即全熔熔滴和空心熔滴为研究对象对其冲击铺展过程进行了模拟。基于ABAQUS/EXPLICIT耦合欧拉-拉格朗日(coupled Eulerian-Lagrangian,CEL)有限元方法,首先针对ABAQUS缺少相变模型,导致使用CEL方法计算熔滴铺展形貌失真的问题,给出了适用的动力黏度随温度变化的经验公式。此外,考虑周围空气对熔滴铺展过程的影响,提出了“两相流(two phase flow,TPF)/流-固耦合(fluid-structure-interaction,FSI)”2.5D模型,对熔滴冲击基板凝固成型及空气卷入的过程进行了模拟,并揭示了2种熔滴铺展形貌存在较大差异的机理,对制备隔热性能更优的热障涂层具有指导意义。

考虑SSI效应的升降作业平台惯容减振优化设计

升降作业平台在野外工地、河滩等环境中高空作业时,其支腿底盘的明置基础与软土地基会发生动力相互作用,从而改变作业平台系统的动力特性。提出了考虑土与结构相互作用效应下的含3种不同惯容减振系统(SIS,SPIS-1,SPIS-2)的升降作业平台动力学模型,推导了作业平台在简谐激励下的振幅放大因子以及在随机激励下的响应均方值的解析表达式。利用遗传算法分别求解了位于中硬土、中软土以及软弱土3种地基表面的作业平台在H_(∞)和H_(2)优化准则下,惯容减振系统的最优设计刚度比和阻尼比。对最优状态下的各减振系统进行减振效果分析,结果表明:SPIS-2减振系统效果最佳,不仅最大程度地抑制了升降作业平台的共振效应,而且更有效地拓宽频带范围;SSI效应可以降低简谐激励下作业平台的位移振幅放大因子和随机激励下作业平台绝对位移的均方值;SSI效应对简谐激励和随机激励下惯容减振系统的最优设计参数影响很小,因此针对3种惯容减振系统位于不同地基表面下的最优设计参数拟合出经验公式,为升降作业平台的研发和减振设计奠定了理论基础。

高强钢高效车削切削参数对切削力影响研究

D6AC高强度钢强度高、韧性好,是一种在众多领域应用广泛的难加工材料。文章从实现D6AC高强钢粗加工高效切削的角度,采用正交试验方法,研究其高效车削加工时切削用量三要素对切削力影响的显著性,根据试验结果利用极差分析和灰色关联分析获得了各个切削用量对切削力影响的显著性顺序,建立了各个切削分力及切削合力的经验公式并进行了检验,结果表明切削力经验公式具有良好的准确性。

会宝岭铁矿爆破振动危害控制研究

随着国民对美好生活的向往,矿山需要更加重视爆破振动给人和建(构)筑物造成的不良影响。基于会宝岭铁矿爆破振动实测数据,利用萨道夫斯基经验公式研究矿山爆破振动衰减规律,分析爆破振动安全距离,确定不同中段开采的允许最大段药量,为矿山的安全开采提供理论依据和指导意见。结果表明:距离工作面1197.21 m之外的房屋建筑不存在爆破振动安全问题,而矿区内保护对象一般离爆源400~500 m,若要达到0.2 cm/s的爆破振动速度,允许最大段药量需控制在200 kg左右。

表皮效应对井筒内地下水流速影响数值模拟研究

通常井内的地下水流速是由单井示踪试验或Aqua Vision流速流向仪测定得来,用以计算含水层中的地下水流速。由于表皮结构的影响,导致井筒附近的地下水流场发生变化,引起井筒内的流速与含水层中的流速存在偏差。为了探究表皮效应对井筒内地下水流速的影响,利用COMSOL Multiphysics软件,建立考虑表皮效应的地下水流数值模型,系统分析表皮厚度以及渗透系数对井筒中地下水流速的影响机制,根据模拟结果进一步评估利用井筒内地下水流速换算含水层地下水达西流速已有经验公式的可靠性。结果表明:(1)井筒附近表皮区域渗透系数越大,井筒内的地下水流速越大,且利用经验公式计算的地下水达西流速相对误差均小于0.23%,具有较高可靠性;(2)表皮区域渗透系数小于含水层渗透系数时,随着表皮厚度增大,井筒内地下水流速越小,经验公式计算结果的相对误差呈现增大趋势;(3)表皮区域渗透系数大于含水层渗透系数时,随着表皮厚度增大,井筒内地下水流速增大,计算结果相对误差总体上呈现减小的趋势,但其误差波动性较大,表明在该条件下经验公式计算的稳定性较差。结果显示表皮结构对井筒内地下水流速影响较大,在实际应用中要关注表皮结构的影响。

基于近场动力学的船用钢受破片冲击研究

为了研究船用钢在非接触式爆炸产生破片冲击下的相关响应模式,更好地提高舰船船体抵抗破片冲击能力,基于近场动力学方法对船用钢受立方体破片冲击的工况进行研究。首先,结合近场动力学理论改进损伤数指标,建立符合船用钢材料规范的船用钢受立方体破片冲击模型;其次,对船用钢在受到不同速度和冲击方式的立方体破片冲击的工况进行物理冲击试验和近场动力学数值模拟,结合数值模拟后的优化损伤图和物理冲击试验后的失效图分析各工况下钢板的失效模式,同时选取船用钢被贯穿失效后的应力图进行各贯穿阶段应力变化分析;最后,使用无量纲法结合线性回归法分析船用钢受破片冲击的临界贯穿速度影响规律。在破片冲击方式对船用钢影响程度方面,立方体破片以棱边对船用钢冲击的工况中钢板损伤程度比以面和尖角冲击的工况分别高出44.6%和29.9%;在破片临界贯穿速度影响规律研究方面,分别得出误差率小于4%的立方体破片以棱边、面、尖角冲击钢板的极限贯穿速度经验公式,并得出在同样条件下立方体破片以棱边对船用钢冲击所需临界贯穿速度最小。采用该近场动力学方法进行破片冲击船用钢的数值模拟研究具有高适用性和准确性,在对船用钢板强度分析时应注重研究立方体破片以棱边冲击钢板的工况。

船用空调阻性消声器消声量计算方法优化的实验研究

在船用空调系统中,由于已有的阻性消声器消声量的经验公式忽视了高频失效效应的影响,使得原有的消声量计算方法在高频段不再适用,为了探究出一个符合船用空调阻性消声器消声量的计算公式,通过分析实验数据,选择一个与模型相适应的经验公式,最终在此基础上结合实际工况对经验公式进行修正与检验。结果表明:当频率处于中低频时,罗杰斯公式的消声量计算值与插入损失值的变化趋势十分接近,误差在4dB左右,但在高频段,由于高频失效效应,经验公式不再适用;其次拟合出来的经验公式修正式,在倍频程下的消声量值与实际工况相互一致,误差低于3dB,满足实验预期要求。

长江漫滩区软土渗透系数计算方法对比分析

软土(弱透水层)是地下水系统的重要组成部分,主要由黏土、亚黏土及粉质黏土等渗透系数较小的土体组成,其渗透系数在实际工程渗流计算中具有重要意义。以长江软土地区海太过江通道工程南岸弱透水层为研究对象,采用经验公式法(室内土工颗分试验)、微水试验配线法以及数值模拟反演法,对于弱透水层的渗透系数进行计算,所得结果分别为7.196×10^(-5)、1.50×10^(-5)、8.10×10^(-5)cm/s;多方法相互验证,降低了单一方法影响范围小、取样存在偶然性等因素的影响。根据工程最不利原则,研究区弱透水层渗透系数建议取值为8.1×10^(-5)cm/s。