Theoretical Transplantation into Translation Studies——An Analysis on the Pragmatic Application of Hofstede’s

The deepening process of globalization has given rise to restless cultural exchanges among people from different regions of the world through newspapers,books,and other written media.However,the significant differences in languages and cultures have become an insurmountable gap in intercultural communication.To lubricate cultural exchanges,new translation theories that focus on the transformation of different cultural concepts shall be introduced and adopted.This paper aims to extract applicable notions from Hofstede’s Cultural Dimensions for pragmatic translation studies by laying emphasis on its pragmatic value through case study.By such theoretical transplantation,valuable suggestions are proposed to tackle cultural misunderstandings and conflicts encountered amid cultural exchanges.

The Asian Dimension Reflection of Hofstede’s Cultural Theory—Based on the Consumption Cognitive Characteristics of Chinese Post-90s College Students

This article is based on Hofstede’s cultural theory,taking the post-90s college students as the research object,and through a small-scale survey method,uses the cultural conflicts of the post-90s college students’cognition of“frugality”and“consumption”to explore the characteristics of their consumption outlook.The consumption behavior of post-90s college students presents a diversified structure,lacks planning,and has short-term orientation tendencies such as light luxury and impulsive consumption.At the same time,it displays an obvious living within its means and a wait-and-see attitude towards advanced consumption,focusing on the long-term orientation of its own investment in the future.The Confucian cultural characteristics of the contradictory but complementary consumption outlook of college students born in the 1990s provide Hofstede with a new perspective beyond the long-term and short-term dualistic orientation.

Kluckhohn and Strodbeck＇s value model in Chinese and American culture

Culture is the holistic interrelationship of a group＇s identity, beliefs, values, activities, rules, customs, communication patterns, and institutions （Dodd, 1998）. Values are important components of a given culture accepted by individuals sharing that culture. They are deep and hidden elements of the cultural iceberg that are seldom questioned or defended but can reflect different characteristics of different cultures. Kluckhohn and Strodbeck＇s value model is used here to analyze distinct Chinese and American culture.

A Case Study on Coca-Cola Company's Advertisements in China:Based on Hofstede's Cultural Dimensions

Globalization changes the business style of corporations.In modern society,entrepreneurs believe that it is important for companies to expand their business all over the world.However,an inevitable problem comes to managers' sight-cultural differences.Citizens in different countries have different norms,rules,symbols and values,which influence the business expansion of corporations in foreign countries.Therefore,it is crucial for translational corporations to introduce their products or services to foreign customers in proper ways and make customers accept them.Advertising plays an important role in this process because it delivers corporate image and corporate culture to customers.Meanwhile,Hofstede's cultural dimensions help managers analyze and deal with cultural differences when they are assigned to foreign countries for managing.In this paper,an analysis on the application of Hofstede's cultural mode based on a case study of Coca-Cola's advertisements will be conducted.It will be organized as follows:a literature review on Hofstede's cultural mode will be arranged in section one.Then,section two will discuss the application of Hofstede's cultural mode in China,and a case study of Coca-Cola's advertisements in China will be followed.In the end,a conclusion based on above findings will be summarized in section three.

The Cultural Implication of Brick Carving Model Calligraphy in Shanxi Chang's Manor

Focusing on the unique style of brick carving model calligraphy in Shanxi Chang's manor,this research analyses the content and feature of the different parts of brick carving,and discuses the presenting cultural deposits.It reflects the deep Confucian culture of Shanxi Chang's manor,with the peculiar charming in culture and aesthetic value.

国家文化特性差异验证研究——对Hofstede模型的检验

基于Hofstede国家文化维度假设,首先利用统计聚类分析方法对34个主要代表性国家的文化数据进行分析,然后基于聚类中分属不同类别的四个主要国家包括韩国及其主要贸易伙伴日本、中国、美国的国家文化维度建立雷达图进行了比较,并结合实际商贸中最为紧密的四个国家之间的实际情况,对hofstede文化模型进行了检验。结果显示,每个国家都有其特殊的文化特性,韩国文化倾向于群体决策与避免不确定性,中国是具有严格的论资排辈和关系型文化,日本的文化特征则是典型的竞争与成就导向文化,美国文化是具有强烈的个人主义和冒险创新精神。从上述四个实际分析看出,hofstede模型对文化深层的伦理价值分析尚需进一步改进。因此,在未来的商务谈判中,我们应该更加关注不同文化背后的伦理价值特征。

基于S-O-R模型的视觉营销对消费者购买意愿的影响研究——以红色文创网店为例

为提高红色文创网店的点击转化率,文章从消费者视角出发,研究影响消费者购买意愿的视觉因素。基于S-O-R模型理论,构建红色文创网店视觉营销对消费者购买意愿因素的理论模型。利用S-O-R模型分析了红色文创网店视觉营销中的商品形象、界面形象以及品牌视觉形象对顾客感知价值及顾客购买意向的影响。通过设计量表和调查问卷进行实证研究,并结合结构方程模型加以论证,得出品牌视觉形象和界面形象是影响消费者购买意愿的关键因素,为设计师和红色文创品牌进行网店设计提供了一定的理论参考和建议。

Cultures and Subcultures

A cross-cultural analysis of an extract of the book Lost in Translation is provided in the essay. Definitions of culture and subculture are discussed and different theories from Hofstede and Schwartz are referred to in order to validate the analysis.

Hofstede理论下中美旅游网站城市宣传语比较

在网络日渐普及的今天,各国之间的交流与合作不断的加深。城市宣传语展现的是一个城市的对外形象,让人们对其有一个初步的了解。由于中美不同的文化背景,各旅游网站中的城市宣传语也传达着不同的文化价值观。从Hofstede的五大文化维度论出发,对网站中的福建及美国各城市旅游宣传语中所蕴含的文化取向进行对比分析,有助于大家在旅游过程体验异国文化,获得最佳的旅游效果。

Cultural Differences Between China and the West Behind“neijuan”

Over recent years,our society has plunged into the phenomenon of“neijuan”(in English“involution”,a kind of meaningless competition).And it even becomes a social dilemma that many people are forced to make more efforts to compete for limited social resources.This phenomenon has,of course,attracted the attention of many researchers.There are many researches about“neijuan”varying from its popularity reasons and its trend to its application,but there is very little research about the cultural differences between China and the West behind this phenomenon.Therefore,based on Hofstede’s cultural dimensions theory,this paper analyses the different manifestations of“neijuan”in China and the West and explores the cultural differences between the two.

The Impact of Employees＇ National/Regional Culture on the Adaptation to Organizational Culture

In respect of all forms of enterprises, whether it is a private or public institution, labor cohesion and productivity is one of the most emphasized issues. Culture, on the other hand, can be characterized as one of the inextricable and hardly ever alterable features of human kind. Whether the profession cohesion and accordingly productivity of those employed within a culture discrepant from their culture of origin both due to the effect of globalization and domestic conditions are culturally affected is a question of importance, which must be answered with regard to state, institution, and employee. The occupational obligation to work in various regions, encountered in public employees at a national scale, particularly in the fields of education and health, and identified with legislative regulations, has become a reason of preference due to economic justifications for private sector employees. Hofstede （1990）, who divides culture, in general, into two, national and organizational, has presented five parameters for the elucidation of cultures. These are ＂power distance＂, ＂individualism vs. collectivism＂, ＂masculinity vs. femininity＂, ＂uncertainty avoidance＂, and ＂long and short term orientation＂. By means of power distance, the conception by an organization or social structure of power distribution of its members is queried. In other words, the difficulty or simplicity in people establishing communication with more influential individuals of the society is evaluated. Individualism vs. collectivism is with regard to whether individuals consider themselves as a distinct individual or a member of a group. Masculinity vs. femininity is the parameter, explanatory of the mentality, rather than a form of gender discrimination. Masculine cultures attach more importance to competition, force, and achievement whereas feminine societies place emphasis on emotions and life quality. Uncertainty avoidance is associated with the attitude of societies towards uncertainties. While some may not pay attention to uncertainties, for others, situations without clear boundaries may be registered as a threat. Long and short term orientation is related to long or short term planned by＇ people and accordingly bearing expectations and in other respects, displays the past, present, and future oriented thinking tendency. Within the scope of this study, it is aimed to identify the positive or negative impact of the culture of origin of university staff, to be designated in Istanbul/Turkey, on the organizational culture. By means of the results of the aforementioned study, the comparison of cohesion is in terms of ability to communicate and accordingly productivity, within the frame of Hofstede＇s cultural dimensions, between those employed within their culture （of origin） and those employed in different cultures. In pursuant of the results obtained from this study, an opinion can be formed for the regulations to be issued on the matter on national scale. At institutional scale, contributions can be made in the assessment of employee productivity from the aforesaid perspective and in terms of the employee, awareness can be raised on the impact of working within the body of different cultures.

Differential development and electrophysiological activity in cultured cortical neurons from the mouse and cynomolgus monkey

In vitro cultures of primary cortical neurons are widely used to investigate neuronal function.However,it has yet to be fully investigated whether there are significant differences in development and function between cultured rodent and primate cortical neurons,and whether these differences influence the utilization of cultured cortical neurons to model pathological conditions.Using in vitro culture techniques combined with immunofluorescence and electrophysiological methods,our study found that the development and maturation of primary cerebral cortical neurons from cynomolgus monkeys were slower than those from mice.We used a microelectrode array technique to compare the electrophysiological differences in cortical neurons,and found that primary cortical neurons from the mouse brain began to show electrical activity earlier than those from the cynomolgus monkey.Although cultured monkey cortical neurons developed slowly in vitro,they exhibited typical pathological features-revealed by immunofluorescent staining-when infected with adeno-associated viral vectors expressing mutant huntingtin(HTT),the Huntington’s disease protein.A quantitative analysis of the cultured monkey cortical neurons also confirmed that mutant HTT significantly reduced the length of neurites.Therefore,compared with the primary cortical neurons of mice,cultured monkey cortical neurons have longer developmental and survival times and greater sustained physiological activity,such as electrophysiological activity.Our findings also suggest that primary cynomolgus monkey neurons cultured in vitro can simulate a cell model of human neurodegenerative disease,and may be useful for investigating time-dependent neuronal death as well as treatment via neuronal regeneration.All mouse experiments and protocols were approved by the Animal Care and Use Committee of Jinan University of China(IACUC Approval No.20200512-04)on May 12,2020.All monkey experiments were approved by the IACUC protocol(IACUC Approval No.LDACU 20190820-01)on August 23,2019 for animal management and use.

Culture and Leadership in the 21 st Century

Some factors that have contributed to the need for organizational leaders to adapt, and adjust to other national cultures are the globalization of the workforce, the expansion of international companies, and exposure of many national organizations to increased business competition. The increased competition has forced organizational leaders to engage in the understanding of the cultural limitations of organizations and their leadership practices. In addition, cross-cultural leadership researchers in 21st century are cognizant of the fact that culture is a condition, and a boundary to previous leadership theories and practices. Using Gerte Hofstede＇s cultural dimension model, culture and organizational leadership as they relate to the leadership practices of participants, and National and Family Cultures are examined in this revised paper.

Cross-culture Communication Patterns-Chinese and North American Communications:A case study

This study used a case study methodology and qualitative approach to discover cross-culture communication patterns between Chinese and North American.

基于Hofstede文化模型分析跨文化人力资源管理——以美国通用公司为例

本文通过Hofstede文化模型,分析中美文化的差异,以及对人力资源管理中4P流程(招聘、培训、薪酬和绩效考核)的影响,概括介绍美国通用公司跨文化人力资源管理的策略,并且寻求中国企业在跨文化人力资源管理中的借鉴意义。

Metastatic human hepatocellular carcinoma models in nude mice and cell line with metastatic potential

Metastatic human HCC model is needed for the studies on mechanism and intervention of metastatic recurrence. By using orthotopic implantation of histologically intact tissues of 30 surgical specimens, a patient-like metastatic model of human HCC in nude mice (LCI-D20) and a low metastatic model of human HCC in nude mice (LCI-D35) have been established. All mice with transplanted LCI-D20 tumors exhibited extremely high metastatic ability including spontaneous metastasis to liver, lungs, lymph nodes and peritoneal seeding. Remarkable difference was also found in expression of some of the invasiveness related genes and growth factors between the LCI-D20 and LCI-D35 tumors. PAI-1 increased gradually following tumor progression in LCI-D20 model, and correlated with tumor size and AFP level. Phasic expression of tissue intercellular adhesion molecule-1 in this model was also observed. Using corneal micropocket model, it was demonstrated that the vascular response induced by LCI-D20 tumor was stronger than that induced by LCI-D35 tumor. Similar report on metastatic human HCC model in nude mice and human HCC cell line with metastatic potential was rarely found in the literature. This LCI-D20 model has been widely used for the studies on intervention of metastasis, including anti-angiogenesis,antisense approach, metalloproteinase inhibitor, differentiation inducer, etc. It is concluded that the establishment of metastatic human HCC model in nude mice and human HCC cell line with metastatic potential will provide important models for the in vitro and in vitro study of HCC invasiveness, angiogenesis as well as intervention of HCC recurrence.

An Acceptance Model of Using Mobile-Government Services(AMGS)

In recent years,the telecommunications sector is no longer limited to traditional communications,but has become the backbone for the use of data,content and digital applications by individuals,governments and companies to ensure the continuation of economic and social activity in light of social distancing and total closure inmost countries in the world.Therefore,electronic government(e-Government)andmobile government(m-Government)are the results of technological evolution and innovation.Hence,it is important to investigate the factors that influence the intention to use m-Government services among Jordan’s society.This paper proposed a new m-Government acceptance model in Jordan(AMGS);this model combines the Information System(IS)Success Factor Model and Hofstede Cultural Dimensions Theory.The study was conducted by surveying different groups of the Jordanian community.Astructured questionnaire was used to collect data from203 respondents.Multiple regression analysis has been conducted to analyze the data.The results indicate that the significant predictors of citizen intention to use m-Government services in Jordan are Information Quality,Service Quality,Uncertainty Avoidance,and Indulgence vs.restraint.While,the results also suggest that Power Distance is not a significant predictor of citizen intention to use m-Government services.

Toyota Motor Corporation： Organizational Culture

This paper investigates the organizational culture of one of the largest auto manufacturers in the world Toyota Motor Corporation using various corporate culture and management models. The investigation was conducted in 2009 using qualitative analysis with the help of various secondary sources. The study reveals that the company＇s management style can be characterized as the Family type that implies collectivistic society with male domination, strict rules and laws at work, and long-term orientation. It is also based on several essential principles, such as continuous improvement and learning, respect for people, mutual trust, and teamwork. Two core elements of the Toyota＇s success are technological innovations and qualified human resources.

A Cross-Cultural Analysis of Disaster News in Chinese and American Media

Mass media has become an important platform for countries to connect with the outside world and exchange information.However,due to the differences in values,beliefs,and conventions of each country,misunderstandings are likely to occur in the processes of reading,translation,and communication.Catastrophic news,as an indispensable part of news reporting,is worth studying,especially the differences in this kind of news between China and American,to find out the cultural reasons leading to inconsistencies.This study selects some of the disaster reports in People’s Daily and Washington Post to examine what are reported and how they are reported,and then uses Hofstede’s Theory of Cultural Dimension to explore the cultural values reflected in the different features of Chinese and American catastrophic news.The results show that China and the US are quiet different in power distance,collectivism or individualism,and uncertainty avoidance.

Motivations of Individuals Participating in Social Media： A Cultural Perspective

Social media is an information technology that allows users to communicate and share information. With steadily rising number of users across the globe, individuals participate in various activities, like connecting with friends and community members, sharing information, posting political messages, disaster recovery activities, reading daily news, learning, and entertainment, each driven by different sets of motivations. Culture has an influence on the kind of motivation―pro-social and personal needs oriented―that drives social media usage by individuals. Using Hofstede’s （1984b） cultural dimensions, the paper suggests that each of the dimensions will have influences on the social media behaviors differently. Such a cultural perspective helps future social media users to plan the kind of activity and information sharing based on the kind of motivation driving the target audience and the platform providers to design and market accordingly.