Electrokinetic-mechanism of water and furfural oxidation on pulsed laser-interlaced Cu_(2)O and CoO on nickel foam

The electrocatalytic oxidation of biomass-derived furfural(FF)feedstocks into 2-furoic acid(FA)holds immense industrial potential in optics,cosmetics,polymers,and food.Herein,we fabricated Co O/Ni O/nickel foam(NF)and Cu_(2)O/Ni O/NF electrodes via in situ pulsed laser irradiation in liquids(PLIL)for the bifunctional electrocatalysis of oxygen evolution reaction(OER)and furfural oxidation reaction(FOR),respectively.Simultaneous oxidation of NF surface to NiO and deposition of CoO and/or Cu_(2)O on NF during PLIL offer distinct advantages for enhancing both the OER and FOR.CoO/NiO/NF electrocatalyst provides a consistently low overpotential of~359 m V(OER)at 10 m A/cm^(2),achieving the maximum FA yield(~16.37 m M)with 61.5%selectivity,79.5%carbon balance,and a remarkable Faradaic efficiency of~90.1%during 2 h of FOR at 1.43 V(vs.reversible hydrogen electrode).Mechanistic pathway via in situ electrochemical-Raman spectroscopy on CoO/NiO/NF reveals the involvement of phase transition intermediates(NiOOH and CoOOH)as surface-active centers during electrochemical oxidation.The carbonyl carbon in FF is attacked by hydroxyl groups to form unstable hydrates that subsequently undergo further oxidation to yield FA products.This method holds promise for large-scale applications,enabling simultaneous production of renewable building materials and fuel.

Impact of ethanol on the flotation efficiency of imidazolium ionic liquids as collectors:Insights from dynamic surface tension and solvation analysis

To conduct extensive research on the application of ionic liquids as collectors in mineral flotation,ethanol(EtOH)was used as a solvent to dissolve hydrophobic ionic liquids(ILs)to simplify the reagent regime.Interesting phenomena were observed in which EtOH exerted different effects on the flotation efficiency of two ILs with similar structures.When EtOH was used to dissolve 1-dodecyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride(C12[mim]Cl)and as a collector for pure quartz flotation tests at a concentration of 1×10^(−5)mol·L^(−1),quartz recovery increased from 23.77%to 77.91%compared with ILs dissolved in water.However,quartz recovery of 1-dodecyl-3-methylim-idazolium hexafluorophosphate(C12[mim]PF6)decreased from 60.45%to 24.52%under the same conditions.The conditional experi-ments under 1×10^(−5)mol·L^(−1)ILs for EtOH concentration and under 2vol%EtOH for ILs concentration confirmed this difference.After being affected by EtOH,the mixed ore flotation tests of quartz and hematite showed a decrease in the hematite concentrate grade and re-covery for the C12[mim]Cl collector,whereas the hematite concentrate grade and recovery for the C12[mim]PF6 collector increased.On the basis of these differences and observations of flotation foam,two-phase bubble observation tests were carried out.The EtOH promoted the foam height of two ILs during aeration.It accelerated static froth defoaming after aeration stopped,and the foam of C12[mim]PF6 de-foaming especially quickly.In the discussion of flotation tests and foam observation,an attempt was made to explain the reasons and mechanisms behind the diverse phenomena using the dynamic surface tension effect and solvation effect results from EtOH.The solva-tion effect was verified through Fourier transform infrared(FT-IR),X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy(XPS),and Zeta potential tests.Al-though EtOH affects the adsorption of ILs on the ore surface during flotation negatively,it holds an positive value of inhibiting foam mer-ging during flotation aeration and accelerating the defoaming of static foam.And induce more robust secondary enrichment in the mixed ore flotation of the C12[mim]PF6 collector,facilitating effective mixed ore separation even under inhibitor-free conditions.

Liquid-solid mass transfer in a rotating packed bed reactor with structured foam packing

A rotating packed bed(RPB) reactor has substantially potential for the process intensification of heterogeneous catalytic reactions. However, the scarce knowledge of the liquid–solid mass transfer in the RPB reactor is a barrier for its design and scale-up. In this work, the liquid–solid mass transfer in a RPB reactor installed with structured foam packing was experimentally studied using copper dissolution by potassium dichromate. Effects of rotational speed, liquid and gas volumetric flow rate on the liquid–solid mass transfer coefficient(kLS) have been investigated. The correlation for predicting kLSwas proposed, and the deviation between the experimental and predicted values was within±12%. The liquid–solid volumetric mass transfer coefficient(kLSaLS) ranged from 0.04–0.14 1^-1, which was approximately 5 times larger than that in the packed bed reactor. This work lays the foundation for modeling of the RPB reactor packed with structured foam packing for heterogeneous catalytic reaction.

Low gas-liquid ratio foam flooding for conventional heavy oil

The recovery of heavy oil by water flooding is 10% lower than that of conventional crude oil, so enhanced oil recovery （EOR） is of great significance for heavy oil. In this paper, foam flooding with a gas-liquid ratio （GLR） of 0.2：1 for the Zhuangxi heavy oil （325 mPa.s at 55 ℃） was performed on cores, sand packs and plate model. In sand pack tests, polymer enhanced foam flooding increased oil recovery by 39.8%, which was 11.4% higher than that for alkali/surfactant/polymer （ASP） flooding under the same conditions. Polymer enhanced foam flooding in plate models shows that the low GLR foam flooding increased oil recovery by about 30%, even when the extended water flooding was finished at 90% water cut. Moreover, it was discovered by microscopy that foam was more stable in heavy oil than in light oil. These results confirm that low GLR foam flooding is a promising technology for displacing conventional heavy oil.

Shape formation of closed-cell aluminum foam in solid–liquid–gas coexisting state

The mold pressing process was applied to investigate the formability of closed-cell aluminum foam in solid–liquid–gas coexisting state.Results show that the shape formation of closed-cell aluminum foam in the solid–liquid–gas coexisting state was realized through cell wall deformation and cell movement caused by primary α-Al grains that slid,rotated,deformed,and ripened within cell walls.During formation,characteristic parameters of closed-cell aluminum foam were almost unchanged.Under proper forming conditions,shaped products of closed-cell aluminum foam could be fabricated through mold pressing.

Optimal Concentration of the Bubble Drainage Agent in Foam Drainage Gas Recovery Applications

Foam drainage is theflow of liquid through the interstitial spaces between bubbles driven by capillarity and grav-ity and resisted by viscous damping.The so-called foam drainage gas recovery technology is a technique tradi-tionally used to mitigate the serious bottom-hole liquid loading in the middle and late stages of gas well production.In this context,determining the optimal concentration of the bubble drainage agent is generally cru-cial for the proper application of this method.In this study,a combination of indoor experiments and theoretical analysis have been used to determine the pressure drop related to the foam-carrying capacity in a representative gasfield.Dynamic and static experiments were designed with a bubble drainage agent concentration varying in the range 0.3%–0.6%.Using thefield formation water data,the optimal soaking agent concentration was obtained and pressure drop test experiments on the foam carrying capacity were conducted accordingly.These tests have revealed that the optimal foam displacement agent concentration is 0.5%,and the foam quality at the optimum concentration is between 0.78–0.98.A theoretical method for calculating the pressure drop at the optimum soak-away concentration based on experimental data has also been introduced.The error of the proposed method is within 15%compared to the experimental measured value,demonstrating that it is highly accurate and simple.

抗高温液膜强化型泡沫凝胶研制及性能评价

针对常规泡沫在高温、高矿化度条件下稳定性差,无法满足哈拉哈塘油藏条件的问题,研制了一种稳定性较好的泡沫凝胶体系,并对其进行了稳定性及微观结构评价。其基础配方为:1.0%纳米材料+1.0%SAV333聚合物+0.6%醛类交联剂+0.4%酚类交联剂+1.5%APG0814-CHSB(2:1)。通过显微镜分析其稳定机理,泡沫凝胶增加了泡沫液相黏度及液膜厚度,泡沫凝胶体系的液膜厚度较泡沫体系增加了32%,大幅度降低泡沫析液速率,减缓消泡速度,进而提高泡沫的稳定性。本文为泡沫凝胶提高高温、高矿化度油藏水驱后剩余油的采收率提供理论依据及指导。

硫酸铝对高掺量流化床粉煤灰基泡沫混凝土性能的影响

随着新型循环流化床燃煤技术的发展,循环流化床粉煤灰(CFBFA)的排放量日益增加。结合我国北方地区冬季严寒时保温隔热材料需求量大的现状,采用高掺量CFBFA制备具有保温隔热性能的泡沫混凝土。针对泡沫混凝土存在的凝结时间长以及早期强度低等问题,本工作掺入硫酸铝进行改性,研究并分析了硫酸铝掺量对泡沫混凝土密度、强度和导热系数的影响。利用X射线衍射(XRD)、热重分析(TG)以及扫描电子显微镜(SEM)等研究了硫酸铝作用下CFBFA基泡沫混凝土的水化产物和微观形貌。此外,还利用3D轮廓仪分析了泡沫混凝土的孔隙结构。结果表明,硫酸铝促进了本体系早期AFt的生成,与基准组(硫酸铝掺量为0%(质量分数,下同))相比,15%硫酸铝掺量的CFBFA基泡沫混凝土的初凝时间缩短了470 min,10%硫酸铝掺量的泡沫混凝土3 d强度可达到10.43 MPa,导热系数为0.31 W·m^(-1)·K^(-1)。这种泡沫混凝土具有较快批量化生产的潜力。

Study on Optimization of Polymer Enhanced Foam Formulation System

Taking the pilot test area of polymer enhanced foam flooding in Y oilfield as the prototype, a numerical core model was established, and the polymer enhanced foam formulation system was optimized by analyzing the resistance factor and the change rule of oil recovery of different formulation systems. Research shows that the higher the polymer concentration, the greater the resistance factor, and the more obvious the sealing effect formed in the formation. The concentration of surfactant has a greater impact on the resistance factor. With the increase of surfactant concentration, the resistance factor increases significantly, and the plugging effect of foam agent on core is significantly enhanced. With the increase of gas-liquid ratio, the resistance factor first increases and then decreases. When the gas-liquid ratio is 1:1, the resistance is the largest, and the foam agent has the strongest plugging effect on the core. The optimal formula system of polymer enhanced foam flooding in Y oilfield is: polymer concentration is 1200 mg/L, surfactant concentration is 0.25 wt%, gas-liquid ratio is 1:1.

甜菜碱/AOS/Gemini季铵盐三元复合型泡排剂的研制与性能评价

泡沫排液技术是保障气井产量的重要手段,研发高性能的泡排剂极其关键。为适应高矿化度、高凝析油含量及高温等苛刻气井环境,以椰油酰胺丙基羟基磺基甜菜碱(CHSB)作为主剂,α-烯基磺酸钠(AOS)和合成的Gemini阳离子表面活性剂CAGB作为辅剂制备了一种高效环保的三元泡排体系。结果表明,三元复配体系AOS/CAGB/CHSB在摩尔比为12∶3∶35、总量为20 mmol/L时性能最优,泡沫体积和半衰期分别达到360 mL和30.27 min;在含有30%甲醇的泡排剂溶液中,测得的携液率最高可达31%,发泡率为95%;在含有0%~50%凝析油的泡排剂溶液中,三元泡沫体系表现出良好的性能,其中在凝析油含量为20%时,测得的携液率最高可达38%,发泡率为95%;优选的三元复配体系AOS/CAGB/CHSB对盐离子耐受性较差,加入螯合剂(氨三乙酸三钠(NTA))后,三元复配体系在矿化度为150 g/L的溶液中仍能稳定发泡和携液;温度大于50℃时,泡沫的携液率也逐渐增加,温度在90℃时,携液率在95%以上。此外,通过表面张力测试、泡沫微观结构观察也证实了该泡排剂体系存在的协同效应使其起泡、稳泡和泡沫携液能力得到有效提升。

泡沫铜导离气泡强化流动沸腾换热实验研究

流动沸腾作为一种高效的换热方法,被广泛应用于高热流设备的冷却。在流动沸腾换热过程中可通过设置多孔疏水结构促进沸腾气泡脱离,为强化沸腾换热提供新思路。在截面为6 mm×4 mm的矩形通道顶部添加浸润角为140°的多孔泡沫铜;并在液相入口温度70、75和80℃,流速为6.94、10.42和13.89 cm/s的不同工况下,观测通道内沸腾两相流流型变化以及泡沫铜的吸气过程对流动沸腾换热性能的影响;基于气泡受力分析获得泡沫铜吸气强化流动沸腾的换热机理。结果显示,在本实验工况范围内添加脱气泡沫铜后,壁面过热度下降可达20.7%;泡沫铜的吸气率为0.81时,热通量可提高至152%;增大入口流速,泡沫铜强化效果显著增大,而入口温度对泡沫铜的吸气效果影响不明显。

浮选槽液位高度和泡沫层厚度测量系统设计

在金矿浮选过程中,矿浆液位高度和泡沫层厚度是一个关键的技术参数,对金矿的出金率有很大影响。针对浮选槽中泡沫层厚度难以测量的问题,设计了一种基于阻抗测量的金矿浮选槽液位高度及泡沫层厚度测量系统。该系统使用32个电极测量31组阻抗数据,根据浮选槽矿浆与泡沫导电性能不同的特点,通过阻抗分析仪判断各电极所处位置并计算得出液位高度和泡沫层厚度。经实验验证,该系统可直接测量出液位高度和泡沫层厚度且效果理想,为金矿浮选中液位的实时控制提供了基础。

邻井气举辅助泡沫排水采气工艺起效时间探究

为了提升常规泡沫排水采气的效果,在对积液气井环空加注泡排剂的同时,使用邻井天然气对积液气井环空进行注气,即邻井气举辅助泡排新工艺。新工艺泡排剂起效时间决定关井时间和采气时率,对气井生产有重要的影响,目前行业内对此研究处于空白状态。在已有致密气井间歇泡排注剂后关井时间探究的基础上,依据注入泡排剂之后井口压力、气量和温度变化趋势来判定泡排剂下行时间和扩散时间,从而确定泡排剂的起效时间,并与常规泡排剂加注方式进行对比,分析了新工艺的优点及其原因。研究结果表明:①常规环空泡排注剂和邻井气举辅助泡沫排水采气工艺注剂后泡排剂的流动形态不一样,前者泡排剂呈“线状”,沿“静态”环空的油套管壁下行;后者泡排剂会以“液滴状”,在进入积液气井“动态”环空之后,随着邻井天然气迅速下行;②新工艺可以显著缩短泡排剂的起效时间,从8.2 h缩短至1.1 h,效率提高了86.6%,因借助注入的天然气对积液气井进行气举,排液效果更好,常规注剂不能复产的低产、低压气井借助新工艺可以正常恢复生产。为低产低压气井的排水采气提供了一种新思路,值得进一步推广应用。

基于苹果叶片与药液界面特性的果园农药精准喷雾量计算模型的建立

为保证果树精准施药,减少药剂流失,本研究结合果树叶片冠层参数、界面性质和果园农药去向,建立了苹果园农药精准喷雾量的计算模型,以指导不同植保机械在不同果园栽种模式下的农药喷施方式。选取不同发育期‘富士’苹果叶片为研究对象,通过测定叶片表观表面自由能与冠层参数(叶面积指数、平均叶倾角),建立药液表面张力与苹果叶片最大持液量之间的关系,基于叶片最大持液量与果树冠层参数计算全树最大持液量,结合苹果园农药去向,建立了苹果园农药精准喷雾量计算模型。以担架柱塞泵式机动喷雾机在乔化稀植苹果园和风送式自走履带喷雾机在矮砧密植苹果园的施药行为为例,验证所建模型的实用性。结果表明:乔化稀植苹果园于苹果生长前期,使用担架柱塞泵式机动喷雾机,按计算用药液量施药,较常规用药液量节省药液量37.40%,生长后期则节省药液量18.75%。矮砧密植苹果园于苹果生长后期,使用风送式自走履带喷雾机,按计算用药液量施药,较常规用药液量节省药液量28%。且防效与常规药液用量无显著性差异。此模型将苹果叶片界面性质与施药器械相结合,不仅可根据果园实际情况对果园施药量进行精准计算,还可对果园某一时期农药药液的适用性进行评价,并基于实际情况调控药液量、喷雾机械参数,从而达到精准施药的目的。

有机硅-碳氢表面活性剂复配发泡剂性能研究

针对氟碳表面活性剂作为水成膜泡沫灭火剂的核心组分,因其难以被生物降解且对环境危害严重而被严格限制使用的问题,研制出有机硅-碳氢表面活性剂复配的无氟环保型性能优良的发泡剂。选取市售绿色易降解的几种有机硅表面活性剂和碳氢表面活性剂,利用泡沫扫描仪和界面流变仪研究其表面活性和泡沫性能,采用单因素试验法对单一表面活性剂进行优选,通过正交试验法将优选的有机硅表面活性剂Silok 8022和碳氢表面活性剂AOS、LAMC进行复配试验,并对结果进行极差分析得到最佳发泡剂组合。结果表明:优选出的3种有机硅-碳氢表面活性剂最佳复配组合作为发泡剂具有优异的泡沫性能,相对于含氟碳表面活性剂FS-61发泡剂,有机硅-碳氢表面活性剂复配发泡剂的最大泡沫体积增加了7 mL、最大泡沫含液量增加了2.28 mL及300 s析液率降低了3%;无氟泡沫灭火剂灭火时间较商用3%水成膜泡沫灭火剂缩短4 s。因此,复配发泡剂在环境友好的同时且具有较好的泡沫性能及灭火效果。

正交试验法优化铂催化液体硅橡胶导电发泡材料

液体硅橡胶(LSR)除了具有硅橡胶的优势,还具有良好的流动性,易于加工,绝缘性限制了其在电子领域的应用。目前已有许多导电固体硅橡胶的研究,但国内关于导电LSR的研究较少,且都有一些共性问题,比如导电填料过多、硬度太高、密度过大等。为了降低铂催化LSR的导电填料添加量,并降低其密度和硬度,采用乙炔炭黑(CB)作为导电填料并将材料进行发泡,制备LSR导电发泡材料。但是,铂催化LSR还有无法使用常规含氮有机发泡剂以避免铂中毒的问题,因此需要采用其他发泡方法。因而采用羟基硅油(Si-OH)和水作为化学及物理发泡剂,蒙脱土(MMT)作为补强剂,为了得到综合性能良好的硅橡胶导电发泡材料,利用正交试验法,并进行单因素方差分析,研究了Si-OH,CB,MMT和水对材料发泡和力学性能及电导率的影响。结果表明,正交试验法可快速得到CB/LSR导电发泡最优配比:当LSR质量分数为56.1%,Si-OH为28.1%,CB为7%,MMT的质量分数为5.3%,水的质量分数为3.5%时,制备的发泡材料电导率为3.36×10^(-6)S/m,液体硅橡胶比纯LSR提高了9个数量级,密度为0.67 g/cm^(3),相比纯LSR降低了43%,邵C硬度为36,比纯LSR降低了33%。

表面活性聚集体稳定非水相泡沫的实验研究

非水相泡沫在化妆品、多孔材料、生物医药、油气开发等方向具有广泛的应用,然而表面张力较低等原因导致发泡困难,稳定性差,因此与泡沫相关的领域,一直是被攻克的难点。表面活性聚集体具有密度高,有序性良好等性质,可有效降低界面张力,被广泛应用于相关领域。文章以十二烷基磺酸钠、十二烷基苯磺酸钠为主剂,与甲酰胺和癸醇融合,制备出不同的表面活性聚集体并对其表征,观察非水相溶剂的起泡性和稳定性能。结果表明:表面活性聚集体均为层状液晶结构,属于非牛顿流体,有剪切-稀释的流变现象,并且表面活性剂的含量越高,表面活性聚集体层状液晶的结构越稳定,泡沫随层状液晶质量含量上升呈现出先增大后减少的趋势。SDBS/癸醇/甲酰胺的稳泡能力优于SDS/癸醇/甲酰胺,以甲酰胺为非水相时,SDBS/癸醇/甲酰胺中层状液晶为60%(w/%)时,泡沫稳定时长55 h以上。当非水相为癸醇时,SDBS/癸醇/甲酰胺中层状液晶为60%(w/%)时,泡沫稳定时长6 h以上。

芬顿氧化法处理氧化性泡沫去污废液中的有机物

氧化性泡沫去污废液因含有大量有机物而无法被直接处理。针对该问题,将芬顿氧化法用于降解泡沫去污废液中的有机物,为泡沫去污废液的预处理提供了一种新思路。采用芬顿氧化法以及两步联合降解工艺对氧化性泡沫去污废液进行了预处理,探索了过氧化氢用量、亚铁离子用量、反应时间、反应温度、紫外光照等工艺参数对氧化性泡沫去污废液化学需氧量去污率的影响规律,以及每步降解实验的适宜操作条件。结果表明:在初次降解的最佳工艺条件下,芬顿氧化法可将废液的化学需氧量从(37000±1850)mg/L降至(2064±95)mg/L(n=3),化学需氧量去除率高达(94.40±0.54)%(n=3),但化学需氧量为(2064±95)mg/L的残液仍不符合既有废液处理方法的条件;在二次降解的最佳工艺条件下,芬顿联合紫外法可继续将残液的化学需氧量从(2064±95)mg/L降至(478±12)mg/L,满足了既有废液处理方法的条件。结果说明,芬顿氧化法以及两步联合降解工艺适宜作为氧化性泡沫去污废液的预处理方法。

可燃液体储罐区固定式灭火系统管网布置方式的探讨

为充分发挥固定式灭火系统的作用,有效缩短灭火时间,提高可燃液体储罐火灾的灭火效率,降低火灾对消防人员生命安全的威胁,本文系统调研了国内已建成的固定顶储罐、外浮顶储罐的固定式泡沫灭火系统管网的布置方式和消防冷却水系统的管网布置方式,分析了不同布置方式的优缺点,提出了可燃液体储罐区固定式灭火系统设计及改进的建议。

基于石墨烯泡沫的电增强固相微萃取-高效液相色谱法测定鱼肉中3种磺胺类的残留

为提高鱼肉中磺胺类抗生素(sulfonamides,SAs)残留的富集效果,建立了基于氮掺杂三维石墨烯泡沫功能化整体柱(monolith@nitrogen-doped three-dimensional graphene foam,M@NGF)的电增强固相微萃取(electroenhanced solid phase microextraction,EE-SPME)方法,结合高效液相色谱技术,快速、灵敏地测定鱼肉中SAs残留。本研究采用原位聚合法,以离子液体为功能单体,NGF为导电增强剂,在不锈钢丝表面制备多孔M@NGF,建立EE-SPME方法,从鱼肉中萃取磺胺噻唑(sulfathiazole,ST)、磺胺二甲基嘧啶(sulfamethazine,SM_(2))和磺胺二甲氧嘧啶(sulfadimethoxypyrimidine,SMM)。对吸附时间、搅拌速度、吸附电压、离子强度、样品溶液p H值、解吸时间、解吸电压和解吸液组成进行了优化。结果表明,基于M@NGF的EE-SPME法对ST、SM_(2)和SMM的富集倍数分别为74、58和64,吸附平衡时间缩短至35 min。在5~5000μg/kg线性范围内,本方法对ST、SM_(2)和SMM的检出限分别为1.78、3.16μg/kg和1.84μg/kg,定量限均为5μg/kg,线性回归分析的决定系数(R^(2))均大于0.9990,加标回收率为79.2%~110.1%,相对标准偏差范围为1.4%~9.8%(n=5)。本方法解决了鱼肉中SAs残留萃取效率低、基质干扰严重的问题,实现了鱼肉中SAs残留的快速、灵敏检测。