From the Hubble Constant to the Black Hole Model. Universe Expansion with Matter Creation and a New Perspective on Dark Energy Observations

Comparison of the Hubble parameter with cosmological quantities strongly supports the black hole model for the description of the Universe evolution. Such evolution requires matter creation and has implications for what is currently referred to as “dark energy” and the “cosmological constant”.

Implications for Discovery of Strong Radial Magnetic Field at the Galactic Center—Challenge to Black Hole Models

The black hole model will be excluded by a very strong radial magnetic field near the Galactic Center which has been detected in 2013. Following it, the explosion mechanism, for both supernova and the hot big bang of the Universe, driven by magnetic monopoles is proposed in this paper.

On Our Peculiar Black Hole Universe

The black hole model of the Universe evolution, accompanied by matter creation, already successfully accounting for many features of the past is discussed and further justified. It is once more stressed that even a very large object but with a big mass is in its own right a black hole. As a consequence, the extrapolation of the past predicts for the future no big crunch, nor big bounce but a steady expansion with smaller matter density.

Black Hole Complementarity in Terms of the Outsider and Insider Perspectives

A complementarity hypothesis concerning outsider and insider perspectives of a gargantuan black hole is proposed. The two thought experiments presented herein are followed by a brief discussion of a new interpretation of black hole interior “space-and-time-reversal”. Specifically, it is proposed that the “singularity” space of the black hole interior is time-like and the expansion time of the black hole interior is space-like. The resemblance of this new insider interpretation to our own expanding and redshifting big bang universe is compelling.

BP neural network model on the forecast for blasting vibrating parameters in the course of hole-by-hole detonation

According to the neural network theory, combined with the technical characteristicsof the hole-by-hole detonation technology, a BP network model on the forecast forblasting vibration parameters was built.Taking the deep hole stair demolition in a mine asan experimental object and using the raw information and the blasting vibration monitoringdata collected in the process of the hole-by-hole detonation, carried out some training andapplication work on the established BP network model through the Matlab software, andachieved good effect.Also computed the vibration parameter with the empirical formulaand the BP network model separately.After comparing with the actual value, it is discoveredthat the forecasting result by the BP network model is close to the actual value.

Experimental study of a simple pressure loss coefficient model for multi-hole orifice

A throttling experiment for the multi-hole orifice (MO) using water was conducted based on the conclusion of key parameters affecting the MO throttling performance. Testing MOs and standard orifice plates (SOs) were designed for the throttling experiment to compare the throttling effect using the equivalent diameter ratio (RED) and diameter ratio (RD) as key parameters, respectively. Meanwhile, effective metrical conditions were provided for experimental accuracy. The throttling model form was determined according to the theoretical throttling model of SO. Then the unknown parameters involved were identified by experimental data. A good concordance between the modeling computation and experimental results shows a validation of the MO throtting model.

Vector modeling of robotic helical milling hole movement and theoretical analysis on roughness of hole surface

To avoid the machine problems of excessive axial force, complex process flow and frequent tool changing during robotic drilling holes, a new hole-making technology (i.e., helical milling hole) was introduced for designing a new robotic helical milling hole system, which could further improve robotic hole-making ability in airplane digital assembly. After analysis on the characteristics of helical milling hole, advantages and limitations of two typical robotic helical milling hole systems were summarized. Then, vector model of helical milling hole movement was built on vector analysis method. Finally, surface roughness calculation formula was deduced according to the movement principle of helical milling hole, then the influence of main technological parameters on surface roughness was analyzed. Analysis shows that theoretical surface roughness of hole becomes poor with the increase of tool speed ratio and revolution radius. Meanwhile, the roughness decreases according to the increase of tool teeth number. The research contributes greatly to the construction of roughness prediction model in helical milling hole.

Non-equilibrium Landauer transport model for Hawking radiation from a Reissner-Nordstrom black hole

The recent work of Nation et al., in which the Hawking radiation energy and entropy flow from a black hole is considered to be produced in a one-dimensional Landauer transport process, is extended to the case of a Reissner- Nordstrom black hole. The energy flow contains not only the contribution of the thermal flux but also that of the particle flux. It is found that the charge can also be transported via the one-dimensional quantum tunnel. Because of the existence of the electrostatic potential, the entropy production rate is shown to be smaller than that of the Schwarzschild black hole.

Black Holes—Information Models

Estimation of the volume of information in black holes is necessary for generation of restrictions for their formation, development and interconversion. Information is an integral part of the Universe. By its physical essence information is heterogeneity of matter and energy. The universal measure of physical heterogeneity of information is the Shannon in- formation entropy. It is important to note that the Neumann entropy cannot be applied as the universal measure of het- erogeneity because it is equal to zero for structured pure state. Therefore information is inseparably connected with matter and energy. The informatics laws of nature are: the basic law of Zeilinger’s quantum mechanics postulates that the elementary physical system (in particular, fundamental particles: quarks, leptons,…) bears one bit of information, the law of simplicity of complex systems, the law of uncertainty (information) conservation, the law of finiteness of complex systems characteristics, the law of necessary variety by W. Ashby, and the theorem of K. Gödel. The law of finiteness of complex systems characteristics and the principle of necessary variety by W. Ashby impose restrictions on the topology and symmetry of the universe. The author’s works testify about the practicality of information laws simultaneously with physical rules for cognition of the Universe. The results presented in this paper show the effectiveness of informational approach to studying the black holes. The article discusses the following questions: The volume of information in the black hole, Emission and absorption of usual substance by a black hole, Formation and development (changing) of black holes, Black hole merger. Black hole is called optimal if information content is minimal at the University region. Optimal black holes can exist when at least the two types of substance are available in the Universe: with non-linear and linear correspondence between information content and mass. Information content of optimal black hole is proportional to squared coefficient correlating information content with mass in usual substance and in inverse proportion to coefficient correlating information content with black hole mass. Concentration of mass in optimal black hole minimizes information content in the system “usual substance—black holes”. Minimal information content of the Universe consisting of optimal black holes only is twice as less as information content available of the Universe of the same mass filled with usual substance only. An information approach along with a physical one allows obtaining new, sometimes more general data in relation to data obtained on the ground of physical rules only.

A Simple Explanation of the Information Paradox by the Information Model of a Black Hole

The information paradox first surfaced in the early 1970s when Stephen Hawking of Cambridge University suggested that black holes are not totally black. Hawking showed that particle-antiparticle pairs generated at the event horizon—the outer periphery of a black hole—would be separated. One particle would fall into the black hole while the other would escape, making the black hole a radiating body. Characteristics of the emission and absorption of usual substance by a black hole can be described by information models. Estimation of the volume of information in black holes is necessary for generation of restrictions for their formation, development and interconversion. Information is an integral part of the Universe. By its physical essence information is heterogeneity of matter and energy. Therefore information is inseparably connected with matter and energy. An information approach along with a physical one allows to obtain new, sometimes more general data in relation to data obtained on the ground of physical rules only. The author’s works, testify about the practicality of information laws usage simultaneously with physical rules for cognition of the Universe. The results presented in this paper show the effectiveness of informational approach for studying the black holes. The article discusses the following questions: The volume of information in the black hole;Information model of a black hole;Characteristics of the emission and absorption of usual substance by a black hole describes the information model of a black hole;The information paradox;A simple explanation of the information paradox by the information model of a black hole.

Quantum Mechanics and General Relativity Identify Standard Model Particles as Black Holes

The Standard Model of particle physics does not account for charged fermion mass values and neutrino mass, or explain why only three particles are in each charge state 0, -e/3, 2e/3, and -e. These issues are addressed by treating Standard Model particles with mass m as spheres with diameter equal to their Compton wavelength l =ħ/mc, where ħis Planck’s constant and c the speed of light, and any charge in diametrically opposed pairs ±ne/6 with n = 1, 2, or 3 at the axis of rotation on the sphere surface. Particles are ground state solutions of quantized Friedmann equations from general relativity, with differing internal gravitational constants. Energy distribution within particles identifies Standard Model particles with spheres containing central black holes with mass m, and particle spin resulting from black hole angular momentum. In each charge state, energy distribution within particles satisfies a cubic equation in l, allowing only three particles in the charge state and requiring neutrino mass. Cosmic vacuum energy density is a lower limit on energy density of systems in the universe, and setting electron neutrino average energy density equal to cosmic vacuum energy density predicts neutrino masses consistent with experiment. Relations between charged fermion wavelength solutions to cubic equations in different charge states determine charged fermion masses relative to electron mass as a consequence of charge neutrality of the universe. An appendix shows assigning charge ±e/6 to bits of information on the event horizon available for holographic description of physics in the observable universe accounts for dominance of matter over anti-matter. The analysis explains why only three Standard Models are in each charge state and predicts neutrino masses based on cosmic vacuum energy density as a lower bound on neutrino energy density.

Modeling the Interior of Black Holes Utilizing a 4-D Spatial Blackbody Radiation Model with an Exponential Distribution

This is a second follow up paper on a model, which treats the black hole as a 4-D spatial ball filled with blackbody radiation. For the interior radiative mass distribution, we employ a new type of truncated probability distribution function, the exponential distribution. We find that this distribution comes closest to reproducing a singularity at the center, and yet it is finite at 4-D radius, . This distribution will give a constant gravitational acceleration for a test particle throughout the black hole, irrespective of radius. The 4-D gravitational acceleration is given by the expression, , where R is the radius of the black hole, MR is its mass, and is the exponential shape parameter, which depends only on the mass, or radius, of the black hole. We calculate the gravitational force, and the entropy within the black hole interior, as well as on its surface, identified as the event horizon, which separates 3-D from 4-D space. Similar to a truncated Gaussian distribution, the gravitational force increases discontinuously, and dramatically, upon entry into the 4-D black hole from the 3-D side. It is also radius dependent within the 4-D black hole. Moreover, the total entropy is shown to be much less than the Bekenstein result, similar to the truncated Gaussian. For the gravitational force, we obtain, , where Mr is the radiative mass enclosed within a 4-D volume of radius r. This unusual force law indicates that the gravitational force acting upon a layer of blackbody photons at radius r is strictly proportional to the enclosed radiative energy, MrC2, contained within that radius, with 0.1λ being the constant of proportionality. For the entropy at radius, r, and on the surface, we obtain an expression which is order of magnitude comparable to the truncated Normal distribution. Tables are presented for three black holes, one having a mass equal to that of the sun. The other two have masses, which are ten times that of the sun, and 106 solar masses. The corresponding parameters are found to equal, , respectively. We compare these results to the truncated Gaussian distribution, which were worked out in another paper.

基于落石模型试验的棚洞垫层力学响应及优化设计

结合边坡落石灾害现状,基于落石模型试验,系统分析落石质量、下落高度、垫层厚度、加筋位置、加筋材料等因素对落石冲击力及其动态演化的影响,揭示落石冲击棚洞的动力响应规律,结合垫层自重与落石冲击作用双因素影响确定垫层最优厚度,并对垫层设计提出优化建议。结果表明:随着垫层厚度增加,棚洞所受落石冲击力呈非线性减小,减小幅度先大后小而后趋于稳定;在同一垫层厚度下,棚洞所受落石冲击力随落石高度和落石质量近似呈线性增大;当复合垫层设计为“5 cm河砂+聚苯乙烯泡沫(EPS)+10 cm河砂”时,落石中心处土压力峰值相较于纯河砂垫层降低约60%,缓冲耗能效果最佳;通过多元回归分析得到了落石冲击力计算公式,且计算结果与实验数据吻合良好。

On the Internal Structure of a Black Hole Utilizing a 4-D Spatial Blackbody Radiation Model

A black hole is treated as a self-contained, steady state, spherically symmetric, 4-dimensional spatial ball filled with blackbody radiation, which is embedded in 3-D space. To model the interior distribution of radiation, we invoke two stellar-like equations, generalized to 4-D space, and a probability distribution function (pdf) for the actual radiative mass distribution within its interior. For our purposes, we choose a truncated Gaussian distribution, although other pdf’s with support, r ∈[0, R], are possible. The variable, r = r(4), refers to the 4-D radius within the black hole. To fix the coefficients, (μ,σ), associated with this distribution, we choose the mode to equal zero, which will give maximum energy density at the center of the black hole. This fixes the parameter, μ = 0. Our black hole does not have a singularity at the center, and, moreover, it is well-behaved within its volume. The rip or tear in the space-time continuum occurs at the event horizon, as shown in a previous work, because it is there that we transition from 3-D space to 4-D space. For the shape parameter, σ , we make use of the temperature just inside the event horizon, which is determined by the mass, or radius, of the black hole. The amount of radiative heat inflow depends on mass, or radius, and temperature, T2 ≥ 2.275K , where, T2, is the temperature just outside the event horizon. Among the interesting consequences of this model is that the entropy, S(4), can be calculated as an extrinsic, versus intrinsic, variable, albeit in 4-D space. It is found that S(4) is much less than the comparable Bekenstein result. It also scales not as, R2 , where R is the radius of the black hole. Rather, it is given by an expression involving the lower incomplete gamma function, γ(s,x), and interestingly, scales with a more complicated function of radius. Thus, within our framework, the black hole is a highly-ordered state, in sharp contrast to current consensus. Moreover, the model-dependent gravitational “constant” in 4-D space, Gr(4), can be determined, and this will depend on radius. For the specific pdf chosen, Gr(4)Mr = 0.1c2(r4/σ2), where Mr is the enclosed radiative mass of the black hole, up to, and including, radius r. At the event horizon, where, r = R, this reduces to GR(4) = 0.2GR3/σ2, due to the Schwarzschild relation between mass and radius. The quantity, G, is Newton’s constant. There is a sharp discontinuity in gravitational strength at the 3-D/4-D interface, identified as the event horizon, which we show. The 3-D and 4-D gravitational potentials, however, can be made to match at the interface. This lines up with previous work done by the author where a discontinuity between 3-D and 4-D quantities is required in order to properly define a positive-definite radiative surface tension at the event horizon. We generalize Gauss’ law in 4-D space as this will enable us to find the strength of gravity at any radius within the spherically symmetric, 4-D black hole. For the pdf chosen, gr(4) = Gr(4)Mr/r3 = 0.1c2r/σ2, a remarkably simple and elegant result. Finally, we show that the work required to assemble the black hole against radiative pressure, which pushes out, is equal to, 0.1MRc2. This factor of 0.1 is specific to 4-D space.

基于管柱动力学的特深井通井组合刚度评价方法与应用

我国特深井钻井正处于快速发展阶段,受井眼尺寸大和深度深的影响,钻井过程中极易出现微井斜、扩径缩径和井壁台阶等,导致套管下入困难,因此通井钻具组合评价尤为重要。目前,现场使用的评价方法常忽略了管柱下入过程中与井壁的碰撞和变形,导致通井效果时好时坏。为了辅助现场施工,文章基于全井管柱动力学模型和HHT-α数值计算方法提出了一种能够模拟管柱下入的动态过程的通井钻具组合的评价方法,该方法考虑了实测井眼轨迹、井眼扩大率和下入阻力等要素。通过某特深井三开下套管前的钻具组合进行实例计算分析,表明井眼扩大率和套管串下入阻力对通井能力和套管下入影响较大,当井眼扩大率较小且套管串下入阻力较大时,需要使用刚度较大的多扶正器通井钻具组合。本方法可以实现实测井况条件下比较精准的刚度对比模拟,也成功指导了案例井?486 mm套管的安全下入。

微细金属Z-pin对复合材料开孔板压缩性能的影响

通过开孔板压缩试验和建立的参数化多尺度有限元模型,获得微细(φ0.11 mm)金属Z-pin植入体积分数和排布方式对开孔板压缩力学性能和失效行为的影响规律.采用离散实体单元代表Z-pin,选用3D Hashin失效准则判断面内起始损伤,可以有效地模拟结构失效过程中扭结现象的不稳定扩展.结果表明,所有加Z-pin开孔板的压缩强度均低于无Z-pin试样.随着Z-pin植入体积分数的增加,Z-pin与层合板之间的桥联作用增强,加Z-pin开孔层合板压缩强度增加,开孔周围分层损伤区域受到抑制,损伤区域面积最高减小了67%.在相同的体积分数下,Z-pin排布变化对开孔板压缩强度没有显著影响.加Z-pin开孔板有限元模型的模拟结果与试验结果之间的最大相对误差为8.6%.

S135钻杆接头螺纹三维参数化建模及力学特性分析

S135钢级钻杆在矿井勘探、探放水、瓦斯抽采等钻孔施工中得到了广泛使用。然而,由于钻杆接头螺纹承受轴向拉压、扭转、弯曲及其复合载荷的循环作用,导致接头螺纹的使用寿命远远低于其设计寿命,是整个钻杆结构中最薄弱的环节。因此,通过万能拉伸试验获得钻杆接头材料的力学性能参数,经计算转化得到其本构参数,对钻杆接头进行有限元分析。为了提高有限元分析效率,推导垂直于钻杆接头轴线的螺纹截面轮廓几何表达式,基于旋转、抬升、缩径和连接节点的设计思路,提出了一种考虑钻杆接头锥度和台肩的三维螺纹参数化建模方法,并根据单元和节点之间的关系开发了钻杆接头连接的参数化三维六面体网格建模程序,通过与交互式建模方法计算结果的对比验证了其有效性和可行性。此外,对上扣扭矩、压扭及压弯扭复合载荷作用下接头外螺纹的力学特性进行了分析。结果表明:3种工况下钻杆接头外螺纹上的应力近似呈现“浴盆”形态,第1螺纹牙上的应力最大;随着圈次的增加,螺纹牙上的应力迅速下降,最后一圈螺纹牙上的应力呈现上升趋势;在弯矩的作用下,螺纹牙上的应力具有非对称特征。在接头螺纹设计时,必须考虑井眼曲率的影响并且需要重点关注接头压缩边第1螺纹牙上的应力。

基于RGB-D双目视觉的苗期玉米三维模型重构方法研究

以玉米幼苗为对象,研究基于RGB-D双目视觉的苗期玉米三维模型重构方法,实现了部分重构参数的优化。首先,针对目标进行固定步距角环绕图像采集,依据RGB图像中目标区域分割结果,对深度图像进行目标区域深度数据分割,并采用改进后的均值滤波对苗期玉米区域内深度数据孔洞进行自适应填充;其次,针对苗期玉米各角度的深度点云数据,采用先粗后精完成多角度点云配准与融合;最后,对比两种体素精简方法对点云的精简平滑效果,实现苗期玉米三维模型的重构。通过试验对比步距角对苗期玉米模型的重构效率与精度,结果表明:采用八叉树滤波精简效果较好,60°步距角建模误差最小,重构的模型与苗期玉米株高精度误差为4.4 mm,茎粗平均精度误差为0.62 mm,能满足苗期玉米的三维重构形态测量需求。

氧化物中存在O2p空穴的典型实验结果和磁性氧化物的O2p巡游电子模型

负二价氧离子具有满壳层价电子结构(2s^(2)2p^(6)).负一价氧离子的价电子结构为2s^(2)2p^(5),相当于存在1个O2p空穴.传统的凝聚态物理和材料化学研究中都假设氧化物中的氧离子全部为负二价离子,在迄今为止的绝大多数研究氧化物磁性和电输运性质的报道中,采用关于磁有序的超交换和双交换作用模型,都没有考虑O2p空穴的影响.然而,许多价电子状态实验证明,在氧化物中存在不可忽略的O2p空穴,即存在不可忽略的负一价氧离子,其占比可达30%或更多.基于这些实验结果,对传统磁有序模型进行改进,英美学者首先进行了探讨,笔者所在课题组与中国科学院物理研究所磁学国家重点实验室合作进行了系统的研究.介绍了相关的典型实验结果和理论模型.

油气悬架阻尼数学模型对比分析

当前针对油气悬缸动力学特性的研究中,弹性力主要采用多变气体状态方程建模,阻尼力则采用薄壁小孔理论建模,由于真实情况中阻尼孔和单向阀的过流厚度都并非薄壁,而是具有一定的厚度,采用薄壁理论会导致模型在一定程度上失真,所以采用短孔过流理论建立阻尼模型,并考虑入口和出口的局部水头损失,重新构建油气悬缸动力学模型。通过施加真实道路采集的振动信号,对比了1/4悬架系统的两种阻尼力模型下的响应与真实的悬缸上支点加速度数据的平均绝对误差MAE和均方根误差RSME,验证了两个模型在低频范围都能较好模拟悬架振动,但中高频存在明显缺失,而短孔过流理论模型在频域上更逼近真实值。