The three areas of China: Inland in China, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, and Taiwan Province, are among the largest exporters of textiles and apparel in the world. They are the largest suppliers to the Unit...The three areas of China: Inland in China, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, and Taiwan Province, are among the largest exporters of textiles and apparel in the world. They are the largest suppliers to the United States, which is the largest importing market in the world. In this research, export performances of the three areas to the United States are investigated. Analyses indicate that since the 1980s, textile and apparel exports of Inland in China to the US and its market share grew rapidly, while exports of Hong Kong and Taiwan grew much slower, and their market shares declined. Product prices of the three areas in the US market were generally higher than the market average. Especially for apparel, while export compositions of all three areas somewhat leaned towards the lower end of the market, actual product prices were substantially higher than those in the market.展开更多
This paper reports observations of flocking behavior of birds in a well-protected secondary forest in Tai Po Kau Nature Reserve, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China. A total of 1025 flocks including 5255 bi...This paper reports observations of flocking behavior of birds in a well-protected secondary forest in Tai Po Kau Nature Reserve, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China. A total of 1025 flocks including 5255 birds and 48 species were observed between October 2002 and November 2003. Most flocks consisted of only one species. The observed flocks averaged 1.79 +/- 0.05 (SE) species and 5.13 +/- 0.18 (SE) birds. The Japanese White-eye was the most numerous species and was present in 21.6% of the observed flocks. Seasonal trends in both flock size and number of species were similar to those in overall bird density and species richness in the study area reported in a previous study.展开更多
This paper tries to apply a new and more comprehensive method to urban tourism research in an expanded field instead of only partially, unilaterally and separately focusing on the city itself. Taking the urban tourism...This paper tries to apply a new and more comprehensive method to urban tourism research in an expanded field instead of only partially, unilaterally and separately focusing on the city itself. Taking the urban tourism of Guangdong, Hong Kong and Macao as an example, it aims at presenting a new spatial system of urban tourism research and pointing out the new orientation of urban tourism research in combination of macro level and micro level, from description to explanation. The meanings of the spatial framework construction for urban tourism study are to make clear how urban tourism studies vary with the changes of dimensions of time and space. This is a meaningful discussion because it will bring great changes to the using of literatures, the opening of research perspectives on urban tourism and the upgrading of theories, so as to create a new stage for urban tourism study.展开更多
The main hazard-causing factors of tropical cyclones are strong wind,heavy rainfall,and storm surge.Evaluation of the hazard-causing degree of a tropical cyclone requires a joint intensity analysis of these hazard-cau...The main hazard-causing factors of tropical cyclones are strong wind,heavy rainfall,and storm surge.Evaluation of the hazard-causing degree of a tropical cyclone requires a joint intensity analysis of these hazard-causing factors.According to the maximum hourly mean wind speed,total rainfall,and maximum tide level at various observation stations in Hong Kong during these tropical cyclones,three hazard-causing indices for tropical cyclones are introduced:the strong-wind index(VI),total-rainfall index(RI),and tide-level index(LI).Through a joint probability analysis of VI,RI,and LI for a tropical cyclone affecting Hong Kong,the joint return period is calculated to evaluate its joint hazard-causing intensity.A limit state function of Hong Kong’s resistance to tropical cyclones is developed and used to evaluate the regional risk of tropical cyclones affecting Hong Kong.The results indicate that the joint return period of VI,RI,and LI can reflect the joint hazard-causing intensity of strong wind,heavy rain,and storm surge caused by tropical cyclones;if the overall design return periods of the regional structures decrease,the regional ability to defend against tropical cyclone disasters is degraded.展开更多
Study of Air Quality Objectives(AQOs)and long-term changes of air pollution plays a decisive role in formulating and refining pollution control strategies.In this study,10-year variations of six major air pollutants w...Study of Air Quality Objectives(AQOs)and long-term changes of air pollution plays a decisive role in formulating and refining pollution control strategies.In this study,10-year variations of six major air pollutants were analyzed at seven monitoring sites in Hong Kong region.The continuous decrease of annual averaged concentrations of NO_(2),SO_(2),CO,PM_(2.5)and PM_(10)and numbers of days with severe pollution conditions validated the efficiency of the series of air pollution control schemes implemented by the Hong Kong region government.However,there is still a big gap to meet the ultimate targets described by the World Health Organization.Besides,the concentration of O_(3)at roadside and urban stations increased by 135%±25%and 37%±18%from 2011 to 2020,respectively,meanwhile the highest 8 hr averaged O_(3)concentration was observed as 294μg/m^(3)at background station in 2020,which pointed out the increasing ozone pollution in Hong Kong region.There was a great decrease in the annual times of air quality health index(AQHI)laying in“high”,“very high”and“serious”categories from 2011 to 2020 with the decrease rate of 89.70%,91.30%and 89.74%at roadside stations,and 79.03%,95.98%and 72.73%at urban stations,respectively.Nevertheless,the number of days categorized as“high”or above at roadside station was twice more than that in the urban station during the past ten years.Thus,more policies and attentions should be given to the roadside air quality and its adverse health effect to pedestrians on street.展开更多
This article attempts a preliminary exploration of the intraregional cohesion and division between British Hong Kong and the Lingnan macroregion. A deliberately overlooked locale in Skinner＇s macroregional model, Hon...This article attempts a preliminary exploration of the intraregional cohesion and division between British Hong Kong and the Lingnan macroregion. A deliberately overlooked locale in Skinner＇s macroregional model, Hong Kong developed from a periphery zone on the far eastern outskirt of Lingnan in its precolonial days to a thriving metropolis at the end of British rule. The transformation of British Hong Kong attests to the economic fundamentals of intraregional cohesion. More significantly it highlights the decisive power of political intervention, underestimated in Skinner＇s approach, which brought enduring changes to the shape as well as the internal and external relations of the macroregion.展开更多
A typhoon passed through Hong Kong region suddenly and unexpectedly on 18 September 1906(the“Typhoon 1906”)and had a disastrous impact on Victoria Harbour and its surroundings in just a couple of hours.Since the yea...A typhoon passed through Hong Kong region suddenly and unexpectedly on 18 September 1906(the“Typhoon 1906”)and had a disastrous impact on Victoria Harbour and its surroundings in just a couple of hours.Since the year 1906 was the“Bingwu”year in the Chinese calendar,the typhoon is also known historically as the“Bingwu Typhoon”.Tremendous loss of lives and property resulted,and the shipping and fishing communities were devastated.Two mysteries arising from this calamitous typhoon have existed to date:1)Why the Hong Kong region Observatory was not able to provide any forewarning?2)whether the storm surge reported in some contemporary records is entirely credible?This paper will focus on both of these.In this paper,we re-analyse historical weather observations recorded in various historical documents and estimate the possible storm size,intensity and track of Typhoon 1906 using tropical cyclone models.Based on the re-analyses,the storm surges,storm tides and wave heights in Hong Kong region are also estimated using storm surge and wave models.The results reveal that Typhoon 1906 was a midget typhoon,with a radius of maximum winds of 11 km or smaller,during its passage through Hong Kong region.This explains why it was technically impossible for a forewarning to be given at that time when real-time weather observations from ships,meteorological satellites and radars were non-existent.We also estimate that the maximum storm surges(storm tides)in Hong Kong region were not higher than 0.82 m(2.43 mCD)and 1.98 m(4.15 mCD)in Victoria Harbour and Tolo Harbour respectively.These figures are found to be limited by the intensity and the storm size of the typhoon.Therefore,we conclude that the previously documented storm surge figures are not supported by the present study.展开更多
文摘The three areas of China: Inland in China, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, and Taiwan Province, are among the largest exporters of textiles and apparel in the world. They are the largest suppliers to the United States, which is the largest importing market in the world. In this research, export performances of the three areas to the United States are investigated. Analyses indicate that since the 1980s, textile and apparel exports of Inland in China to the US and its market share grew rapidly, while exports of Hong Kong and Taiwan grew much slower, and their market shares declined. Product prices of the three areas in the US market were generally higher than the market average. Especially for apparel, while export compositions of all three areas somewhat leaned towards the lower end of the market, actual product prices were substantially higher than those in the market.
文摘This paper reports observations of flocking behavior of birds in a well-protected secondary forest in Tai Po Kau Nature Reserve, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China. A total of 1025 flocks including 5255 birds and 48 species were observed between October 2002 and November 2003. Most flocks consisted of only one species. The observed flocks averaged 1.79 +/- 0.05 (SE) species and 5.13 +/- 0.18 (SE) birds. The Japanese White-eye was the most numerous species and was present in 21.6% of the observed flocks. Seasonal trends in both flock size and number of species were similar to those in overall bird density and species richness in the study area reported in a previous study.
基金Under the auspices of the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No .40201017)
文摘This paper tries to apply a new and more comprehensive method to urban tourism research in an expanded field instead of only partially, unilaterally and separately focusing on the city itself. Taking the urban tourism of Guangdong, Hong Kong and Macao as an example, it aims at presenting a new spatial system of urban tourism research and pointing out the new orientation of urban tourism research in combination of macro level and micro level, from description to explanation. The meanings of the spatial framework construction for urban tourism study are to make clear how urban tourism studies vary with the changes of dimensions of time and space. This is a meaningful discussion because it will bring great changes to the using of literatures, the opening of research perspectives on urban tourism and the upgrading of theories, so as to create a new stage for urban tourism study.
基金The National Natural Science Foundation of China—Shandong Joint Fund under contract No.U1706226the National Natural Science Foundation of China under contract No.52171284。
文摘The main hazard-causing factors of tropical cyclones are strong wind,heavy rainfall,and storm surge.Evaluation of the hazard-causing degree of a tropical cyclone requires a joint intensity analysis of these hazard-causing factors.According to the maximum hourly mean wind speed,total rainfall,and maximum tide level at various observation stations in Hong Kong during these tropical cyclones,three hazard-causing indices for tropical cyclones are introduced:the strong-wind index(VI),total-rainfall index(RI),and tide-level index(LI).Through a joint probability analysis of VI,RI,and LI for a tropical cyclone affecting Hong Kong,the joint return period is calculated to evaluate its joint hazard-causing intensity.A limit state function of Hong Kong’s resistance to tropical cyclones is developed and used to evaluate the regional risk of tropical cyclones affecting Hong Kong.The results indicate that the joint return period of VI,RI,and LI can reflect the joint hazard-causing intensity of strong wind,heavy rain,and storm surge caused by tropical cyclones;if the overall design return periods of the regional structures decrease,the regional ability to defend against tropical cyclone disasters is degraded.
基金supported by the Research Grants Council of Hong Kong Government(Project No.T24/504/17 and T31-603/21-N)he Environment and Conservation Fund of Hong Kong Governmentt(Project No.ECF 63/2019).
文摘Study of Air Quality Objectives(AQOs)and long-term changes of air pollution plays a decisive role in formulating and refining pollution control strategies.In this study,10-year variations of six major air pollutants were analyzed at seven monitoring sites in Hong Kong region.The continuous decrease of annual averaged concentrations of NO_(2),SO_(2),CO,PM_(2.5)and PM_(10)and numbers of days with severe pollution conditions validated the efficiency of the series of air pollution control schemes implemented by the Hong Kong region government.However,there is still a big gap to meet the ultimate targets described by the World Health Organization.Besides,the concentration of O_(3)at roadside and urban stations increased by 135%±25%and 37%±18%from 2011 to 2020,respectively,meanwhile the highest 8 hr averaged O_(3)concentration was observed as 294μg/m^(3)at background station in 2020,which pointed out the increasing ozone pollution in Hong Kong region.There was a great decrease in the annual times of air quality health index(AQHI)laying in“high”,“very high”and“serious”categories from 2011 to 2020 with the decrease rate of 89.70%,91.30%and 89.74%at roadside stations,and 79.03%,95.98%and 72.73%at urban stations,respectively.Nevertheless,the number of days categorized as“high”or above at roadside station was twice more than that in the urban station during the past ten years.Thus,more policies and attentions should be given to the roadside air quality and its adverse health effect to pedestrians on street.
文摘This article attempts a preliminary exploration of the intraregional cohesion and division between British Hong Kong and the Lingnan macroregion. A deliberately overlooked locale in Skinner＇s macroregional model, Hong Kong developed from a periphery zone on the far eastern outskirt of Lingnan in its precolonial days to a thriving metropolis at the end of British rule. The transformation of British Hong Kong attests to the economic fundamentals of intraregional cohesion. More significantly it highlights the decisive power of political intervention, underestimated in Skinner＇s approach, which brought enduring changes to the shape as well as the internal and external relations of the macroregion.
文摘A typhoon passed through Hong Kong region suddenly and unexpectedly on 18 September 1906(the“Typhoon 1906”)and had a disastrous impact on Victoria Harbour and its surroundings in just a couple of hours.Since the year 1906 was the“Bingwu”year in the Chinese calendar,the typhoon is also known historically as the“Bingwu Typhoon”.Tremendous loss of lives and property resulted,and the shipping and fishing communities were devastated.Two mysteries arising from this calamitous typhoon have existed to date:1)Why the Hong Kong region Observatory was not able to provide any forewarning?2)whether the storm surge reported in some contemporary records is entirely credible?This paper will focus on both of these.In this paper,we re-analyse historical weather observations recorded in various historical documents and estimate the possible storm size,intensity and track of Typhoon 1906 using tropical cyclone models.Based on the re-analyses,the storm surges,storm tides and wave heights in Hong Kong region are also estimated using storm surge and wave models.The results reveal that Typhoon 1906 was a midget typhoon,with a radius of maximum winds of 11 km or smaller,during its passage through Hong Kong region.This explains why it was technically impossible for a forewarning to be given at that time when real-time weather observations from ships,meteorological satellites and radars were non-existent.We also estimate that the maximum storm surges(storm tides)in Hong Kong region were not higher than 0.82 m(2.43 mCD)and 1.98 m(4.15 mCD)in Victoria Harbour and Tolo Harbour respectively.These figures are found to be limited by the intensity and the storm size of the typhoon.Therefore,we conclude that the previously documented storm surge figures are not supported by the present study.
