Ecosystem Health Assessment of Honghu Lake Wetland of China Using Artificial Neural Network Approach

Honghu Lake,located in the southeast of Hubei Province,China,has suffered a severe disturbance during the past few decades.To restore the ecosystem,the Honghu Lake Wetland Protection and Restoration Demonstration Project(HLWPRDP) has been implemented since 2004.A back propagation(BP) artificial neural network(ANN) approach was applied to evaluatinig the ecosystem health of the Honghu Lake wetland.And the effectiveness of the HLWPRDP was also assessed by comparing the ecosystem health before and after the project.Particularly,12 ecosystem health indices were used as evaluation parameters to establish a set of three-layer BP ANNs.The output is one layer of ecosystem health index.After training and testing the BP ANNs,an optimal model of BP ANNs was selected to assess the ecosystem health of the Honghu Lake wetland.The result indicates that four stages can be identified based on the change of the ecosystem health from 1990 to 2008 and the ecosystem health index ranges from morbidity before the implementation of HLWPRDP(in 2002) to middle health after the implementation of the HLWPRDP(in 2005).It demonstrates that the HLWPRDP is effective and the BP ANN could be used as a tool for the assessment of ecosystem health.

Human impact recorded in the sediment of Honghu Lake, Hubei, China

Vertical profiles of the total organic carbon （TOC）, total nitrogen （TN）, phosphorus, susceptibilities, elements and partical size were analyzed in a short ^137Cs-dated sediment core collected from Honghu Lake, China. The average sedimentation rate was 1.55 mm/a. The results indicated that trophic status of Honghu Lake in the historical period had experienced three stages. Before 1840 the lake was characterized with lower productivity, TOC was less than 9.92 g/kg; TN was 0.902 to 1.24 g/kg. During about 1840-1950, population increased quickly, there was an obvious change in TOC with an average of 13.0 g/kg. Since 1950, human impacts have accelerated the lake eutrophication and nutrients enriched in the sediment with TOC of 21.7 to 93.1 g/kg, TN of 1.77 to 8.78 g/kg. The heavy metal concentration profiles presented similar distribution trends except Pb .and Mn. The results from elements analyses indicated that Honghu Lake had not been polluted by heavy metals except lead.

Trace elements spatial distribution characteristics,risk assessment and potential source identification in surface water from Honghu Lake,China

Five trace elements including Zn, Cu, Cd, Cr and As were investigated in surface water from ten typical sampling sites in Honghu Lake. The consequence indicated that all of the detected trace element levels were within the allowed standard of China’s safe water guideline. The hazard quotients （HQ） and the hazard index （HI） value levels of all the five heavy metals in all sampling sites did not exceed the acceptable risk limits of non-carcinogenic value through the selected assessment method. Pearson’s correlation analysis and principal component analysis （PCA） indicated that Zn and Cu mainly originated from the natural alluviation and non-point agricultural sources, whereas Cr and As were mainly derived from industrial effluents. Moreover, Cd mainly originated from both non-point agricultural and industrial pollution sources. In addition, cluster analysis （CA） implied that cluster 1 （including S3, S5, S6 and S10） was considered the set of high pollution sites and cluster 2 （including S4 and S9） was identified as the set of moderate pollution sites.

Organochlorine pesticides in sediments from Honghu Lake, China

The levels of 13 organochlorine pesticides （OCPs） in sediments of Honghu Lake were investigated in order to evaluate their potential pollution and risk. A total of 30 sediment samples from 15 sampling locations were collected in the lake during July, 2005. The total concentrations in top-sediment samples and sub-sediment samples ranged from 3.52 ng/g to 69.71 ng/g and 0.49 ng/g to 97.37 ng/g, respectively. The HCH isomers, DDT congeners, aldrin, trans-chlordane, cis-chlordane, heptachlor and endrin-ketone were significant in these samples. The concentrations of OCPs in the lakeshore sediments were higher than those sampled across the lake. Distribution of HCHs, DDTs and other OCPs were different, indicating their various contamination sources. Composition analysis in sediments indicated recent usage or discharge of lindane, dicofol into the lake.

Valuation of Air Regulation Service Value in the Honghu Lake Wetland

To assess the value of air regulation in the Honghu Lake Wetland,a quantitative study was conducted based on existing literatures. Results showed that the total service value of air regulation in the Honghu Lake Wetland was 254. 52 million yuan/a,which was 11. 6 times of that by previous studies. The net value of fixed greenhouse gases via wetland plants( including carbon emission value from methane emission conversion into carbon dioxide greenhouse gas effect) was 58. 50 million yuan/a,the data indicated that this lake wetland was a strong carbon sink. The value of oxygen released by the wetland ecosystem was 176. 51 million yuan/a,and the value of regulating air humidity and temperature was 19. 51 million yuan/a. The net value of greenhouse gases fixed by the Honghu Lake Wetland vegetation,the value of released oxygen,and the value of lifting air humidity and temperature regulation accounted for 22. 98%,69. 35%,and 7. 70% of the total value of the air regulation services,respectively.

Numerical simulations of nutrient transport changes in Honghu Lake Basin, Jianghan Plain

Nutrients transported from catchments are one of the most important sources for lake eutrophication. In this study, the Honghu Lake Basin, located at the middle reaches of the Yangtze River, was chosen as the study area, and the watershed hydrological distribution model SWAT (Soil Water Assessment Tool) was applied to evaluate the trajectory of watershed nutrient transportation over time. Based on the analysis of driving factors, three experiments corresponding to natural, traditional and modern agriculture processes respectively were designed to evaluate the changes of nutrient inputs from catchments under the three environments. The simulation results showed that there were variations in nutrient production and changes in the range and rate. For three periods of the experiments, TN concentrations have changed as 0.12→0.31→1.15 mg/L, and production as 420→1650→6522 T/a; while TP concentrations changed as 0.018→0.057→0.117 mg/L, and production as 78→303→665 T/a. The nutrient transportation experienced slowly long-term increases during 1840―1950, then showed a relatively rapid increase during the period of 1950―1980s and the period from 1980 to early 1990s, with increasing rate of 1.4% and 2.4% respectively. And from the later 1990s to now, an obviously increasing trend with 15% increasing rate occurred. The effect from human activities on the watershed nutrient transportation increased rapidly, and had become a dominant factor in changes of the nutrient transportation.

Temporal variation of major nutrients and probabilistic eutrophication evaluation based on stochastic-fuzzy method in Honghu Lake, Middle China

Honghu Lake, which is listed in the Ramsar Convention, was found to be contaminated with elevated nutrients to a certain extent.This study investigated the seasonal variation of major nutrients and probabilistic eutrophic state in surface water from Honghu Lake. Average concentrations of total nitrogen(TN), total phosphorus(TP), chlorophyll-a(Chl-a), chemical oxygen demand(COD_(Mn)) and transparency(SD) in summer and winter generally exceeded Grade III of the Chinese environmental quality standards for surface water(GB 3838-2002), with the exception of COD_(Mn)in winter. Mean concentrations of Chl-a and COD_(Mn) in summer were higher than that in winter, while mean concentrations of TN, TP and SD were slightly higher in winter. The improved probabilistic comprehensive trophic level index(PTLI) method based on stochastic-fuzzy theory was established to evaluate the eutrophic state in Honghu Lake. Compared with the Monte-Carlo sampling method, the Latin Hypercube sampling(LH-TFN) method was selected for the evaluation simulation due to its efficiency and stability. Evaluation results indicated that mean PTLI in summer(69.70) and winter(61.96) were both subordinated to Grade IV(Medium eutrophication). The corresponding reliability of eutrophication level subordinating to Grade IV in summer was of relatively low reliability(51.27%),which might mislead decision makers to some extent and suggest recheck. The probabilistic eutrophication level in summer developed with a trend from medium to severe eutrophication. Sensitivity analysis illustrated that COD_(Mn)and Chl-a were the priority pollutants in summer, with the contributions to PTLI of 43.3% and 22.5% respectively. Chl-a was the priority pollutant in winter, with the contribution to PTLI up to 51.3%.

洪湖流域冬季浮游植物多样性调查与评价

为了解洪湖水体中浮游植物的群落结构特征,于2021年10月在洪湖布设10个采样点进行调查,并采用多样性指数对浮游植物群落进行评价。研究结果表明,洪湖水体中共鉴定出浮游植物6门、49属、66种,其中蓝藻门浮游植物种类最多,其次为硅藻门。洪湖冬季浮游植物生物量变化范围为7.85~42.45 mg/L,平均生物量为22.35 mg/L。根据马格勒夫多样性指数(M)、香农维纳多样性指数(H)、辛普森多样性指数(D)、物种均匀度指数(J)和物种优势度(Y)对水体营养状态进行综合评价,结果表明,洪湖水体为中污染—重污染水平。建议从3个方面改善洪湖水质:①加大洪湖水体保护力度,严格控制下游和周边地区各类水污染物入湖量,对湖区内农村水污染开展及时、高效防治,合理组织水生浮游植物平衡收割;②加强水环境治理,逐渐恢复水体自净能力;③加强宣传力度,定期开展水污染防治教育进农村、进社区、进校园。

洪湖沉积物营养盐分布特征及释放潜力评价

介绍了洪湖及主要入湖河流沉积物中营养盐分布特征和释放潜力,分别测定不同区域不同深度沉积物中总氮(TN)、氨氮(NH_(4)^(+)-N)、总磷(TP)、易释放态磷(Labile-P)的含量。结果表明:沉积物中TN和TP浓度均处于严重污染水平,河流沉积物中的TN含量低于湖泊,而TP则相反;TN污染在湖泊南部、东北部区以及河流中上游最为严重,而TP仅在湖泊中呈中部低、南北高的特征;洪湖沉积物NH_(4)^(+)-N静态释放量约为192.4 t/a,动态释放量为51.18~259.69 t/次;Labile-P静态释放量约为3.37 t/a,动态释放量为18.80~46.58 t/次;TN动态释放量为162.44~1243.34 t/次,TP动态释放量为40.89~64.54 t/次。

Value Assessment of the Lake Hpnghu Wetland and Protection of Its Biodiversity

A wetland ecosystem's value may be considered as the value derived from its natural resources, the value derived from its eco-environment, the value for special protection and values in cultural, research and educational aspects. Lake Honghu, in the heartland of Hubei Province, covers a vast but shallow body of water and surrounding marshlands. It is conducive to farmland irrigation, flooding regulation, adjustment of the local climate and self-purification of the water quality. Because of its benign functions, the native ecosystem of the lake is ecologically sound, and the thriving wildlife in its ecosystem makes it a primordial pool of biodiversity. Besides, it is possible to transform it into a national base for environmental education and an R&D center for freshwater organisms, so that it can play a constructive role in heightening the public's awareness of environmental protection.

洪湖水质问题核心及水质综合提升途径思考

作为长江中游重要的生态敏感区域和节点区,洪湖多年来一直承接江汉平原的调蓄与灌溉功能,剧烈的人类活动导致洪湖水体污染和生态系统退化加剧,洪湖水质的提升现已成为实施长江保护修复攻坚战行动的重点。通过系统剖析发现洪湖水质提升的关键问题在于入湖水质不达标、内源污染较重以及水生态受损严重3个方面。要解决洪湖的水污染问题,应坚持系统思维和流域视角,做好洪湖外源控污截污、底泥清淤、湖区和湖滨带生态修复以及水资源科学调度利用等工作,并推行包括洪湖及其支流流域河湖长制联防联控联治机制、生态补偿机制等在内的综合水质提升管理措施。

基于开放性围栏研究洪湖退垸还湖区沉水植物生长限制因子

为探讨不同退垸还湖区的环境因子对沉水植物恢复的影响,本研究在两种不同类型的退垸还湖区(阳柴湖和八卦洲)内分别建立开放性围栏,选取3种不同生长型(共9种)沉水植物为实验对象,基于不同围栏、围栏内外及不同生长时间(7、30 d)的生长指标差异来评估限制不同沉水植物生长的环境因子并排序。结果显示,保留部分功能的单退垸区域风浪干扰较小,比完全去除圩垸的双退垸区域更适合沉水植物的生长。密刺苦草(Vallisneria denseserrulata Makino)是适合洪湖退垸还湖区沉水植物群落恢复的先锋物种。部分植物如黑藻(Hydrilla verticillata Royle)在围栏内外生长指标的显著差异也表明草(杂)食性鱼类的潜在影响。研究结果表明,退垸还湖工程应在去养殖功能化后保留现有围堤,这样更有利于沉水植被的恢复,此外,构建保护性围栏有助于沉水植物的迅速建群。

洪湖湿地生态系统演变及稳态转换关键驱动因子阈值研究

利用19902020年洪湖水环境监测数据和20112020年洪湖沉水植物调查数据,探讨洪湖湿地生态环境演化规律,识别稳态转换关键驱动因子并确定其阈值。研究结果表明:19902020年以来洪湖水质变化主要总结为5个阶段和3个时期,整体上呈现出不断恶化的趋势;20112020年以来洪湖沉水植物Margalef物种丰富度指数、Shannon-Wiener多样性指数、Simpson和Pielou均匀度指数分别降低32%、59%、60%和46%,特别是2016年洪涝灾害后沉水植物出现严重衰退;洪湖生态系统发生稳态转换的关键时期是2002和2011年,总磷是洪湖湿地生态系统稳态转换的关键驱动因子;清水态向浊水态转换的总磷阈值为0.092 mg/L,浊水态向清水态转化的阈值为0.051 mg/L。本研究可为洪湖入湖污染负荷削减量估算提供参考,为洪湖湿地生态修复的营养盐优先控制策略提供指导。

湖北省洪湖区域旅游资源空间分布特征研究

运用空间聚类分析、核密度分析、最邻近指数、地理集中指数和不平衡指数等方法,对洪湖区域84处旅游资源进行空间分析.结果显示,洪湖区域旅游资源空间分布不均衡,聚类特征明显,总体呈现“一核二带多点”的集聚型分布格局,河流、湖泊、路网和镇区1 km缓冲区是集聚热点区,并在“新堤-滨湖”区域形成分布高密度区.

洪湖底泥特性及生产有机肥的分析研究

为研究洪湖底泥生产有机肥的可行性,对洪湖底泥的有机质、营养物质和重金属含量进行检测分析。研究表明:洪湖底泥有机质平均含量为10.5%,为中度污染;全氮含量为4026 mg/kg,为重度污染;全磷含量为1632 mg/kg,为中度污染。此外,洪湖底泥中重金属汞(Hg)、铅(Pb)、镉(Cd)、铬(Cr)的含量平均值均低于有机肥限量标准,但砷(As)的含量略高于限量标准。全湖范围内Hg、Pb、Cd、Cr、As单因子污染指数Pi均≤1,为无污染状态。南、北部湖区重金属的内梅罗综合污染指数P值分别为0.81、0.80,处于尚清洁状态。以上结果表明洪湖底泥是作为有机肥料的良好资源。

长江中下游湖泊沉积速率的测定及环境意义——以洪湖、巢湖、太湖为例

对长江中下游洪湖、巢湖和太湖沉积物采用^210Pb和^137Cs相结合的方法测定沉积速率。洪湖钻孔中^210Pb、随深度的增加没有呈现指数衰减分布，因此获得的平均沉积速率并不可靠；而根据^137Cs蓄积峰计算得出洪湖钻孔在1963-1986年沉积速率最大，这可能是因为当时大规模开垦导致湖区周围水土流失，大量的侵蚀物质被带入湖中，从而导致沉积速率上升。对巢湖钻孔用^210Pb法和^137Cs得到的沉积速率具有可比性，研究发现20世纪70年代以来随着深度的减少，巢湖钻孔中沉积通量在增加，说明巢湖流域内水土流失逐步加重，可能与土地开发、植被破坏等人为活动有关。对太湖钻孔利用^137Cs 1963年对应的蓄积峰进行校正，采用^210Pb计年的CRS模式获得不同时段的沉积速率发现在80年代末尾沉积物堆积通量最高，达到0．6g·cm^-2·a^-1。两种计年方法的结合有助于认识沉积速率的变化情况。

用鳞片和耳石鉴定鲫年龄的比较研究

两观测者独立观测了分别采自洪湖的 1 75尾和洞庭湖的 1 6 8尾鲫样本的鳞片和耳石 ,结果显示鳞片适于鉴定年龄组成简单、生长较快的洞庭湖鲫种群的年龄 ,两观测者年轮读数的总吻合率可达 90 5% ,与耳石上年轮读数的吻合率也可高达 91 7% ;但用鳞片鉴定年龄结构复杂、生长缓慢的洪湖鲫种群年龄 ,两观测者总吻合率只有 50 9% ,各龄组吻合率随年龄上升而迅速下降 ,与耳石上年轮读数总吻合率也仅为 56 6 % ,存在比耳石低估高龄个体年龄的问题。用耳石鉴定鲫年龄具有易于识别、精确度高的优点 ,用之鉴定洪湖和洞庭湖鲫种群年龄 ,两观测者年轮读数的总吻合率都很高 ,分别为 92 7%和 97 0 % ,且随年龄上升 ,依然可保持较高的精确度。对洪湖鲫种群应用耳石为宜。

洪湖水环境现状及主导因子分析

利用2003年夏季在洪湖采集的20个水体样本的测定结果分析了洪湖目前的水体化学性质。根据分析洪湖夏季为Ⅲ类水,则其他季节的水质等级很有可能在Ⅲ类以下。洪湖水体的理化性质各方面状况有利于水生生物的生长和繁殖。运用模糊数学方法得到的结果表明2003年水质状况以Ⅲ类水为主,表明洪湖近年来的水质呈现下降的趋势,这与人类对洪湖水生资源的过度开发有直接的联系;通过主成分分析方法,得到了目前洪湖水质的三个主要控制因素。洪湖水质主要受到氮盐营养元素和生物活动的控制,其次是悬浮物和水体的离子属性,第三是水体的磷化合物。尽管磷是大多数湖泊水体富营养化的关键物质,但它对洪湖湖水而言,并不是最重要的控制因素,所以洪湖富营养化不是水质变化的主要原因。

长江中游湖泊CDOM光学特性及其空间分布对比

根据2007年秋季洪湖、东湖和梁子湖的调查结果,分析了长江中游3个典型湖泊CDOM光学特性及其空间分布差异.结果表明:(1)CDOM吸收系数在洪湖最高,梁子湖最低;(2)在洪湖,CDOM吸收系数受陆源影响较大,与悬浮泥沙浓度呈现较好正相关关系,而在梁子湖,CDOM吸收系数主要受到浮游植物降解贡献,与叶绿素浓度具有显著的正相关关系;(3)洪湖与东湖指数函数斜率S值变化不大;梁子湖CDOM吸收系数空间分布差异较大,指数函数斜率S值与400nm波段CDOM吸收系数ag(400)显著负相关.在建立梁子湖CDOM遥感反演模型时,应引入上述指数函数斜率S值与400nm波段CDOM吸收系数之间的线性函数,对CDOM吸收系数的指数模型进行优化.