Genetic Diversity of SSR Markers in Cultivated Hordeum vulgare L.in Qinghai Province

[Objective]The aim was to analyze genetic diversity of SSR markers in Hordeum vulgare L.in Qinghai Province and lay a foundation for screening and protecting some excellent H.vulgare cultivars.[Method]SSR markers were used to evaluate the genetic diversity of 42 cultivated H.vulgare from Qinghai Province.[Result]42 H.vulgare showed polymorphism in 7 SSR markers locus.A total of 24 alleles were identified,and the number of alleles per locus ranged from 1 to 6,with an average of 3.0.According to SSR markers polymorphism,42 H.vulgare could be divided into 4 groups,namely I,II,III and IV.[Result]The study indicated that cultivated H.vulgare from Qinghai Province is rich in genetic diversity,which will provide reference for selecting parent of H.vulgare breeding.

QTL analysis of flag leaf in barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) for morphological traits and chlorophyll content

To understand genetic patterns of the morphological and physiological traits in flag leaf of barley, a double haploid （DH） population derived from the parents Yerong and Franklin was used to determine quantitative trait loci （QTL） controlling length, width, length/width, and chlorophyll content of flag leaves. A total of 9 QTLs showing significantly additive effect were detected in 8 intervals on 5 chromosomes. The variation of individual QTL ranged from 1.9% to 20.2%. For chlorophyll content expressed as SPAD value, 4 QTLs were identified on chromosomes 2H, 3H and 6H; for leaf length and width, 2 QTLs located on chromosomes 5H and 7H, and 2 QTLs located on chromosome 5H were detected; and for length/width, I QTL was detected on chromosome 7H. The identification of these QTLs associated with the properties of flag leaf is useful for barley improvement in breeding programs.

Assessing the product quality and biological activities of barley(Hordeum vulgare L.)grasses at different harvest times

Barley(Hordeum vulgare L.)grasses(BG)have attracted considerable interest due to their multiple physiological activities and health benefits.In this paper,eight BG at four different growth stages were collected:seedling,tillering,stem elongation,and heading,and their product qualities and biological activities were examined and studied.Results demonstrated that harvest time obviously influenced proximate composition,surface color,and amino acid profile.Z21 and Z23 harvested at the seedling and early tillering stages,respectively,had higher total phenolic content(TPC)and total flavonoid content(TFC)than the other BG.Moreover,Z21 and Z23 possessed better DPPH radical-scavenging ability,antioxidant capacity,andα-glucosidase inhibitory activity,which were positively correlated with TPC,TFC,and protein and total amino acid contents.Our findings suggested that the early tillering stages were the preferable harvest times for BG with good product quality and biological properties.

Genetic Diversity and Population Structure Analysis of Barley Landraces from Shanghai Region Using Genotyping-by-Sequencing

Barley(Hordeum vulgare L.)is an important economic crop for food,feed and industrial raw materials.In the present research,112 barley landraces from the Shanghai region were genotyped using genotyping-by-sequencing(GBS),and the genetic diversity and population structure were analyzed.The results showed that 210,268 Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms(SNPs)were present in total,and the average poly-morphism information content(PIC)was 0.1642.Genetic diversity and population structure analyses suggested that these barley landraces were differentiated and could be divided into three sub-groups,with morphological traits of row-type and adherence of the hulls the main distinguishing factors between groups.Genotypes with similar or duplicated names were also investigated according to their genetic backgrounds and seed appearances.This study provided valuable information on barley landraces from the Shanghai region,and showed that all these barley landraces should be protected and used for future breeding programs.

EMS诱变对大麦种子萌发及M_(1)代植株成熟期主要性状的影响

为探究甲基磺酸乙酯(EMS)对大麦种子萌发及M_(1)代植株成熟期主要表型性状突变的影响,以啤酒大麦品种新啤6号为材料,分别用0.00%、0.05%、0.10%、0.15%和0.20%的EMS浸种10 h,分析各浓度EMS处理对种子发芽势、发芽率、致死率、畸变率、幼苗叶绿素含量、根系活力和形态指标的影响,记录0.10%EMS诱变后M_(1)代成熟期植株主要性状的突变类型和突变频率。结果表明,EMS明显抑制种子萌发和幼苗生长,并产生了大量的性状突变。与对照相比,0.10%EMS浸种显著降低了种子发芽势、发芽率、幼苗叶绿素含量和根系活力,致死率和畸变率显著提高;0.15%和0.20%EMS浸种显著降低了幼苗根和芽的长度、鲜重和干重,胚芽鞘干重显著提高。田间统计发现,0.10%EMS处理的M_(1)代植株主要突变性状集中在茎秆、叶片、穗形和育性等方面,产生了红秆、矮秆、红叶、芒卷、穗畸形、结实率低和分蘖少等性状,突变频率分别20.17%、4.87%、1.08%、16.67%、0.94%、14.00%和6.02%。因此,通过EMS诱变构建大麦突变体库和创制种质资源。

大麦种子萌发lncRNA-miRNA-mRNA差异表达分析及ceRNA调控网络构建

为解析长链非编码RNA(lncRNA)、microRNA(miRNA)和mRNA如何在ceRNA互作模式下调控大麦种子萌发,揭示大麦(Hordeum vulgare L.)种子萌发转录水平分子调控机制,基于大麦种子萌发相关的RNA-Seq数据,共鉴定出6447个差异表达的mRNA,661个差异表达的lncRNA,310个差异表达的miRNA;对差异表达的mRNA和lncRNA进行加权基因共表达网络(WGCNA)分析,各鉴定到1个与大麦种子萌发高度相关的共表达模块。模块内相关基因涉及水分响应、胚发育等生物学过程,以及MAPK信号转导、植物激素信号转导等信号通路。通过对lncRNA/mRNA和miRNA进行靶基因预测,得到168个miRNA-mRNA靶基因对以及310个miRNA-lncRNA靶基因对,进而构建了包含2个子网络的ceRNA调控网络,发现有16个miRNA、38个lncRNA以及18个mRNA可能具有ceRNA功能。最后,利用qRT-PCR验证了2个关系对:HORVU0Hr1G039470-miR2611-MSTRG.21252以及HORVU6Hr1G031480-miR1858-MSTRG.23227。

Evaluation of Chlorophyll Content and Fluorescence Parameters as Indicators of Drought Tolerance in Barley

Drought is a major abiotic stress that severely affects food production worldwide. Agronomic and physiological traits associated with drought tolerance are suitable indicators for selection of drought tolerance genotypes to reduce the impact of water deficit on crop yield in breeding program. The objective of this study was to identify indicators related to drought tolerance through analysis of photosynthetic traits in barley （Hordeum vulgare L.）. These traits included chlorophyll content, initial fluorescence （Fo）, maximum primary yield of photochemistry of photosystem Ⅱ （Fv /Fo） and maximum quantum yield of photosystem Ⅱ （Fv/Fm）. Four genotypes （Tadmor, Arta, Morocco9-75 and WI2291） variable in drought tolerance were used to investigate the correlation between these traits and drought tolerance. The results reflected that all of these traits were affected negatively in the four genotypes at different levels of post-anthesis drought stress, but the decrease in drought tolerant genotypes was much less than that of drought sensitive genotypes. The results further revealed that the components of the photosynthetic apparatus could be damaged significantly in drought sensitive genotypes, while drought tolerant genotypes were relatively less affected. On the other hand, the values of chlorophyll content, Fo, Fv/Fo and Fv/Fm in drought tolerance genotypes were significantly higher than those in drought sensitive genotypes under drought stress. It was concluded that chlorophyll content, Fo, Fv/Fo and Fv/Fm could be considered as reliable indicators in screening barley germplasm for drought tolerance.

Alleviation of Al Toxicity in Barley by Addition of Calcium

The potential mechanism by which Ca alleviates Al toxicity was investigated in barley seedlings. It was found that 100 Al-alone treatment inhibited barley plant growth and thereby reduced shoot height and root length, and dry weights of root, shoot and leaf; promoted Al accumulation but inhibited Ca absorption in plant tissues; and induced an increase in the activities of superoxide dismutase （SOD）, catalase （CAT）, and peroxidase （POD） and in the level of lipid peroxidation （MDA content） in leaves. Except for the increase in Ca concentration in plant tissues, treatment with 0.5 mM Ca in the absence of Al had less effect on the above-mentioned parameters, compared with the control. Addition of Ca efficiently reduced Al toxicity, which is reflected by the promotion of plant growth, reduction in Al concentration and MDA content, increase in Ca concentration and in SOD, POD, and CAT activities compared with the Al-alone-treatment; with increase in Ca level （3.0 raM）, the ameliorative effect became more dominant. This indicated that the alleviation of aluminum toxicity in barley seedlings with Ca supplementation could be associated with less absorption of Al and the enhancement of the protective ability of the cell because of increased activity of the antioxidative enzyme.

Protein and hordein fraction content in barley seeds as affected by sowing date and their relations to malting quality

The effect of sowing date on grain protein, hordein fraction content and malting quality of two-rowed spring barley was investigated by using ten commercial cultivars with different grain protein content and the relationships among these traits were examined. The results showed that grain protein content and B hordein content increased as the sowing date postponed and were significantly affected by sowing date, while C and D hordein contents were less influenced by sowing date. There were significant differences in grain protein and hordein fraction content among the ten cultivars. The coefficient of variation of D hordein content was much larger than that of B and C hordein contents, suggesting its greater variation caused by different sowing dates. Beta-amylase activity and diastatic power were also significantly affected by sowing date, with malt extract being less affected. Significant differences in measured malt quality were found among the ten cultivars. Grain protein was significantly correlated with B hordein and malt extract positively and negatively, respectively. There was no significant correlation between beta-amylase activity or diastatic power and grain protein content. B hordein was negatively and significantly correlated with malt extract, but no significant correlations between C hordein, D hordein and malting quality traits.

Effects of Waterlogging on Photosynthesis and Antioxidant Enzyme Activities of Six Barley Genotypes with Different Waterlogging Tolerance

A field experiment was carried out to study genotypic difference in the effect of waterlogging on photosynthesis, chlorophyll content and antioxidative enzyme activities in barley. Waterlogging caused a rapid decline in net photosynthetic rate (Pn) and stomatal conductance (gs), and little change in chlorophyll content during early days of the treatment. A dramatic increase in malondialdehyde (MDA) content, superoxide dismutase (SOD) and peroxidase (POD) in waterlogged plants in the early days of the experiment was found, indicating the occurrence of oxidative stress in barley plants exposed to waterlogging. There was a highly significant difference in the changed extent of all these parameters among genotypes. Franklin and Yongjiahong Liuleng Damai, which were relatively sensitive to waterlogging in terms of growth, photosynthesis and chlorophyll content, accumulated much more MDA than the other two relatively tolerant genotypes (93-3143 and QS). After removal of waterlogging, the genotypic difference became much greater in recovering of these examined parameters. Yongjiahong Liuleng Damai showed higher recovery, while Franklin only recovered to 50% of the control at the 14 day after waterlogging removal. It may be concluded that it is the difference in anti-oxidative stress caused by waterlogging that account for the major difference in photosynthesis among barley genotypes.

Genotypic and Environmental Variations of Arabinoxylan Content and Endoxylanase Activity in Barley Grains

Arabinoxylan （AX） content in barley grains is an important quality determinant when barley is used as raw material of malt or beer production. The cultivar and environmental variations of total arabinoxylan （TAX）, water extractable arabinoxylan （WEAX） and endoxylanase activity （EA） were investigated using eight barley cultivars growing at seven locations with diverse environmental conditions. The results showed that both barley cultivar and location significantly affected the TAX, WEAX and EA levels, but the variations of TAX content and EA were mainly attributed to cultivar, while the impact of location on WEAX content was greater than that of cultivar. Correlation analysis indicated that TAX was significantly correlated to WUAX.

Genotypic Difference in Plant Growth and Mineral Composition in Barley Under Aluminum Stress

Four barley genotypes (Tiantaiyangdamai, Xiyin2, Mimaill4 and Tai94-Ce6) were exposed to 0, 50, 100, and 150μM of Al-containing solution with pH 4.5, to determine the differences in growth inhibition , Al concentration and accumulation and mineral composition among genotypes. The results showed that Mimaill4 and Tai94-Ce6 had significantly higher Al concentration and accumulation than Tiantaiyangdami and Xiyin2, especially in roots, and the growth traits including root and shoot dry weights, shoot height, root length and tillers per plant were more inhibited in the former two genotypes. Al treatments caused a significant reduction of N, P, K, Ca, Mg and Mn content in both roots and shoots, of Cu in shoots; and a significant increase in Fe and Zn content in both roots and shoots, of Cu in roots. The changed rates of mineral content caused by Al treatments, in terms of the content in 150μM Al divided by the content in the control, differed significantly among four genotypes. Two Al-sensitive genotypes, Mimaill4 and Tai94-Ce6 had much greater changes in mineral content than other two Al-tolerant genotypes Tiantaiyangdamai and Xiyin2 when subjected to Al stress in comparison with the control. It is indicated that the Al-tolerant genotype is characterized by less uptake and accumulation of Al in roots and smaller disorders in mineral metabolism and ion homeostasis.

Variation of Grain and Malt Qualities in Barley as Affected by Cultivars and Environments

Inferior and unstable quality of malt barley in China has limited its wide use in malting and brewing industries. In this research, eight two-rowed barley cultivars were planted at 7 locations with different ecological conditions in southern China, to investigate the cultivar and environmental effect on grain and malt qualities. The results showed that grain protein content differed dramatically among locations, but there were no significant differences among cultivars. For four malt qualities including diastatic power, wort viscosity, Kolbach index and malt extract, significant differences were found among cultivars and locations, except for diastatic power among cultivars. Coefficients of variance(CV)caused by location were greater than those caused by cultivar for each quality parameter, especially for diastatic power and Kolbach index, indicating the predominant influence of environment on malt quality. The analysis showed that grain protein content was positively related to diastatic power and wort viscosity, and negatively to malt extract. Kolbach index was positively related to malt extract, and negatively to diastatic power and wort viscosity. Diastatic power showed positive and negative correlation with wort viscosity and malt extract, respectively.

Genotypic and environmental variation in barley limit dextrinase activity and its relation to malt quality

Variation in the limit dextrinase activity of barley malt, and the relationships between limit dextrinase activity and malt quality parameters were investigated using eight cultivars grown at seven diverse locations in China for two successive years. Limit dextrinase activity varied with genotype and location, with the levels ranging from 0.245 U/g to 0.980 U/g. The results showed that the variation in limit dextrinase activity was more attributable to the environment (location and year) than to the genotype. The response of limit dextrinase activity to the environment differed markedly among cultivars, and was reflected by large difference in coefficient of variation of cultivars across diverse locations. Regression analysis showed that limit dextrinase activity was negatively correlated with malt viscosity (r=?0.52, P<0.01), positively correlated with Kolbach index (r=0.38, P<0.01) and malt extract (r=0.30, P<0.05), but had no significant correlation with malt protein content and diastatic power.

Cultivar and Environmental Effects on p-glucanase Activity in Both Barley Grain and Malt and Its Function in β-glucan Degradation

Eight two-rowed barley cultivars were grown at seven locations in the southern winter-barley zone of China. Mean grainβ-glucanase activity ranged from 39.89 U kg-1 for Suyin2 to 49.75 U kg-1 for Xi-umai3 in 8 cultivars grown at 7 locations, and from 38. 74 U kg-1 in Zhengzhou to 57. 96 U kg-1 in Putian among 7 locations on an average of all cultivars. Correspondingly, mean malt β-glucanase activity of 8 cultivars ranged from 313.33 U kg-1 for ZAU3 to 489. 89 U kg-1 for Daner Barley, and of 7 locations from 330.40 U kg-1 in Yancheng to 418. 24 U kg-1 in Putian. There were significant differences among cultivars and locations in maltβ-glucanase activities. The locations showed much larger variation in maltβ-glucanase activities than cultivars. The reduction of total β-glucan content after malting varied in both cultivars and locations, with a mean of 78.31%. The analysis of correlations showed that maltβ-glucan content was significantly positively and negatively correlated with grain β-glucan content and malt β-glucanase activity, respectively, and malt β-glucanase activity was significantly positively correlated with grain β-glucanase activity.

The influence of drought stress on malt quality traits of the wild and cultivated barleys

As a major abiotic stress,drought causes instability and deterioration of malt barley quality.There is distinct difference among barley cultivars in the responses of the main malt quality traits to drought stress.In the previous study,we identified some Tibetan wild barley accessions with relatively less change of malt quality traits under drought.In this study,we examined the impact of drought stress during grain filling stage on grain weight and several important malt quality traits,including total protein content,β-glucan content,limit dextrinase activity,β-amylase activity,and protein fractions in four barley genotypes(two Tibetan wild accessions and two cultivars).Drought treatment reduced grain weight,β-glucan content,and increased total protein content,β-amylase activity.These changes differed among barley genotypes and treatments,and are closely associated with grain filling process and kernel weight.All the results indicated Tibetan wild barley had great potential for developing drought tolerant barley cultivars.Relatively stable kernel weight or filling process under water stress should be highlighted in malt barley breeding in order to reduce the effect of water stress on malt barley quality.

Relationship of Grain Fructan Content to Degree of Polymerisation in Different Barleys

Fructans are important in the survival of plants and also valuable for humans as potentially health promoting food ingredients. In this study fructan content and composition were determined in grains of 20 barley breeding lines and cultivars with a wide variation in chemical composition, morphology and country of origin, grown at one site in Chile. There was significant genotypic variation in grain fructan content ranging from 0.9% to 4.2% of grain dry weight. Fructan degree of polymerisation (DP) was analysed using high-performance anion-exchange chromatography with pulsed amperometric detection (HPAEC-PAD). Changes in the distribution of different chain lengths and the pattern of structures of fructan were detected with increasing amount of fructan in the different barleys. A positive correlation was found between fructan content and the relative amount of long chain fructan (DP > 9) (r = 0.54, p = 0.021). Our results provide a basis for selecting promising barley lines and cultivars for further research on fructan in barley breeding with the aim to produce healthy food products.

云南省啤酒大麦新品系适应性评价

为筛选适宜云南省种植的啤酒大麦(Hordeum vulgare L.)新品系,以云南省啤酒大麦区试品种S500为对照,对新选育的11个啤酒大麦新品系进行产量、农艺性状和抗逆性评价。结果表明,20YD(二)-3产量居第一位,抗逆性好,综合性状优,可以推荐进入啤酒大麦区域试验,并可作为优良亲本进一步加强利用。

不同硅处理方式对干旱胁迫下大麦萌发的影响

【目的】研究不同处理方式下不同浓度的硅对干旱胁迫下大麦萌发的影响,综合评价各处理下大麦幼苗的抗旱性,确定最佳处理。【方法】分别在种子发芽前使用硅溶液浸种(A处理)和在种子发芽的培养过程中向发芽盒里加硅培养液(B处理)两种方式处理新啤6号大麦种子,两种方式均设置0.0、0.5、1.0、1.5和2.0 mmol/L Na_(2) SiO_(3)·9H_(2)O浓度水平,研究对干旱胁迫下大麦发芽指标、形态指标和生长量的影响。【结果】A处理下随着硅浓度的增加发芽势、发芽指数、活力指数、根长、芽长、芽鞘长、根数、根和芽的鲜重与干重均呈现先增加后降低的趋势,而根芽比呈先降低后增加的趋势,发芽率无显著变化。B处理下0.0和0.5 mmol/L Na_(2) SiO_(3)·9H_(2)O浓度下各指标均无显著差异,1.0~2.0浓度区间内根芽比随硅浓度增加呈降低趋势,其他各指标随硅浓度增加而增加。【结论】1.0 mmol/L Na_(2) SiO_(3)·9H_(2)O浸种处理的大麦幼苗抗旱性最佳。

青藏高原种植业碳排放量测度——以青海省青稞种植业为例

为研究青藏高原种植业碳排放量测度问题,以青海省青稞(Hordeum vulgare L.var.nudum Hook.f.)种植业产生的碳排放量、碳排放强度、碳成本为测算目标进行测定。通过对青海省1997—2019年的碳排放总量和农业碳排放量现状进行分析,发现青海省碳排放总量仍居高不下,农业碳排放量也始终处于较高水平。基于1997—2019年青海省农业碳排放数据,使用Matlab软件中GUI工具箱搭建非线性次回归神经网络模型,并使用神经网络时序工具对青海省农业2020—2026年碳排放进行多步预测,结果显示2020—2026年青海省农业碳排放量仍呈高位波动增长的趋势,迫切需要开展“双碳”减排。依据青稞种植业碳排放来源,建立了农用柴油、人工、化肥、农药、农膜、N2O排放6个测算指标。并基于2015—2020年各测算指标的数据建立IPCC清单估算模型,最终测得青海省青稞种植业2015—2020年碳排放总量、碳排放强度和碳成本,结果显示,2015—2020年青海省青稞种植业碳排放总量并未随着青稞种植面积的增大而出现大幅度增长,而青稞种植业碳排放强度和碳成本随着青稞种植面积的增大而有所降低。