FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS IN THE DIGITAL ERA, HORIZONTAL EFFECT AND THE DISTINCTION BETWEEN ＂STATE＂ AND ＂SOCIETY＂ IN GERMAN AND EUROPEAN CONSTITUTIONAL THEORY

The article discusses the proposal for a ＂Charter of Digital Fundamental Rights of the European Union,＂ whose central element is a binding effect of its fundamental rights not only to state authorities, but also to powerful private intemet companies, which have a potential similar to that of the state to infringe on fundamental rights in the digital era. The article outlines the traditional German approach to fundamental rights and its underlying distinction between state and society, which makes it difficult for German scholars to handle a so-called horizontal effect of fundamental rights. Finally, the article discusses the main objections to such a horizontal effect and shows some practical problems it has the potential to cause in German and European constitutional law.

The effect of the horizontal structure for symmetric tropical cyclones on their movement

In this paper, using Holland's method, the effect of the horizontal structure of tropical cyclones on their motion is investigated. The 'characteristic radius', r0 characterized as the horizontal structure of a tropical cyclone,in which m and p are the parameters of the vortex, has been found by the author. And then it has been shown that there is but one 'characteristic radius' for each cyclone with horizontal structure. Two direct analytic solutions for the uniform and non-uniform basic flows in steady situations are presented with rc Results show that the change in the horizontal structure of the tropical cyclone itself will have obvious effect on the cyclone motion, on both its direction and speed. Therefore it must be considered in the research on the tropical cyclone motion.

The Phenomena of Bifurcation and Catastrophe of Large-Scale Horizontal Motion in the Atmosphere under the Effect of Rossby Parameter

The stability question of large-scale horizontal motion in the atmosphere under the effect of Rossby parameter is discussed in this paper by using the qualitative analysis theory of ordinary differential equations. The following aspects are reviewed: The stability of large-scale horizontal motion in the atmosphere accords with the common inertial stability criterion when the effect of Rossby parameter is not considered (Yang, 1983), and that, on the other hand, the motion will bifurcate two times with the variation of absolute vorticity of basic Zephyr flow at the initial position under the effect of Rossby parameter. Furthermore, in the inertial stable region, if the effect of geostrophic deviation at the initial position is considered, the motion will not only bifurcate but also generate a catastrophe.

The effects of the uneven bottom on horizontal longitudinal correlations of acoustic field in deep water

The spatial coherence of sound field in the reflection area of deep-water bottom is studied by analyzing the data of an acoustic propagation experiment conducted in the South China Sea. Some different oscillation patterns of the measured horizontal longitudinal correla- tions of acoustic field are observed for two different tracks in the flat bottom and the uneven bottom environments when the source distance ranges from 29 km to 35 km. Numerical analysis based on the ray theory is carried on to explain the causes of the differences. The experimental and mlmerical results show that the travel time differences between the one-bottom-reflection （1BR） rays, which make a major contribution to the sound field of the 1BR area in flat bottom environment, decrease gradually with increasing horizontal distance. Then the phase of the interference cyclically changes within 27r, leading to the correlations＇ periodical oscillation in deep water with flat bottom. In the uneven bottom environment, however, due to the reflection- blockage effects of the sea hill on the 1BR sound beams, the sound transmission losses （TLs） in- crease significantly in the reflection area of the sea hill. What＇s more, the horizontal-longitudinal correlations decreasing slightly in general don＇t show obvious cyclical oscillation any longer in the corresponding reflection area because of the complex interference of the relatively more eigenrays. This work is of significance to analyze the detection performance of the sonar array in deep water with the complicated bathymetry environment.

Formation of air-entraining vortices at horizontal intakes without approach flow induced circulation

The aim of this experimental study is to investigate the effects of hydraulic parameters on the formation of air-entraining vortices at horizontal intake structures without approach flow induced circulation. Six intake pipes of different diameters were tested in the study. The intake pipe to be tested was horizontally mounted to the front side of a large reservoir and then for a wide range of discharges experiments were conducted and critical submergences were detected with adjustable approach channel sidewalls. Empirical equations were derived for the dimensionless critical submergence as a function of the relevant dimensionless parameters. Available data is also checked for the possible scale effect. Then, these obtained equations were compared with the similar ones in the literature which showed a quite good agreement.