Horizontal crustal deformation in Chinese Mainland analyzed by CMONOC GPS data from 2009-2013

In this study, we analyze the regional GPS data of Crustal Movement Observation Network of China （CMONOC） observed from 2009-2013 using the BERNESE GPS software, and then the preliminary results of horizontal velocity field and strain rate field are presented, which could reflect the overall deformation features in the Chinese mainland from 2009-2013. Besides, the velocity error and the probable factors that could influence the estimate of long-term deformation are also discussed.

Establishment of the GPS Monitoring Network in North China, the Relation of Horizontal Crustal Movement to Stress Field and Seismicity

In the paper, the establishment, measurement, data-processing program and monitoring accuracy of the GPS seismic monitoring network in North China, especially in the Capital-Circle area, have been presented briefly. The relation of horizontal crustal deformation to tectonic movement, stress-field variation and seismicity has been analyzed in detail. The results indicate that the accuracy of GPS measurement has reached the order of 10-9 and the annual rate of horizontal crustal deformation in North China is about 4 ~5 mm. Horizontal crustal movement is a direct indication of the regional stress field. Therefore, by monitoring the time-sequence variation of horizontal crustal motion, it would be possible to investigate the change in the stress field, to analyze the tendency of seismicity and to determine the seismogenic zones.

Study on the Horizontal Deformation Strain Field in the Central and Northern Parts of Yunnan Province

Based on the horizontal deformation field and the strain field derived from the GPS data over the period of 1999～2001 in the Yunnan area, the characteristics of deformation and strain in the northern part of Yunnan Province have been studied. The results indicate that the central part of the studied area is rather stable with little crustal displacement, while the western and eastern parts are active with larger displacement. The strain field reveals that the orientations of the principal compressive strain axis of the crust and the sub blocks in the area are NW SE, while the orientations of the principal tensile strain axis is NE SW. In the studied area, the tensile strain is predominatly in the northern part and the compressive strain is predominatly in the central and southern parts. The stretching direction of the shear strain contour is basically consistent with the strike of the active fault. The strain and stress fields of the fault activity are related to the structure where the fault is located, while the activity properties of the faults are different.

Horizontal crustal movement before the great Wenchuan earthquake obtained from GPS observations in the regional network

The great Wenchuan earthquake of M8.0 on May 12, 2008, occurred in an area with dense GPS observation stations in the regional network of the Crustal Movement Observation Network of China （CMONOC）. Non-continuous observations were carried out at the 1 000 GPS stations of the regional network in 1999, 2001, 2004 and 2007. The horizontal displacements at GPS stations in the regional network before the Wenchuan earthquake show that the main driving tectonic force of the earthquake was the northward pushing of the Indian plate, added at the same time by the pushing of plates on the east and south. In comparison to the displacements in other regions, the horizontal displacements near and around the seismic area is characterized by diverging eastward displacements, that is, the stations to the north of the epicenter moved in the ENE direction while those to the south of epicenter moved in ESE direction with smaller displacements at stations near the epicenter. The accuracy of the estimated strain results is briefly discussed. In order to obtain the anomalous information before the earthquake, the methods of both best fits by trend surface and statistics have been used in the study for finding the future epicentral area from the strain accumulations in the regional network observed from 1999 to 2007 before the Wenchuan earthquake. Besides the epicentral area of the western Kunlun mountain pass earthquake of M8.1 in 2001, the results of best fits by trend surfaces of the strain accumulations from 1999 to 2007 in the regional network show that the Wenchuan earthquake occurred at the eastern fringe of a large area with relatively large accumulations of the first shear strains and also at the northeastern fringe of a smaller area with significant accumulated areal compressions. The statistics of the accumulations of the strain components demonstrates that they also showed anomalous distribution pattems in this area and its neighborhood with increasing accumulations of both shear strains and areal compressions.

GPS数据揭示的喜马拉雅东构造结地区现今应变特征及其动力学机制

喜马拉雅东构造结位于印度与欧亚板块碰撞的前缘,是地壳缩短和构造旋转变形十分强烈的部位。本文收集东构造结及其周边区域大范围、长时段的最新GPS速度场资料,采用“二维张力样条”方法计算获得区域构造应变场,研究其现今地壳运动与构造变形特征。结果显示,高应变率区集中在喜马拉雅主逆冲断裂、实皆-阿帕龙断裂、鲜水河-小江断裂、东构造结的环形地区和印度东北部及缅甸西部的巴坎-若开山脉地区,而在跨嘉黎断裂和红河断裂区域并无显著的应变。区域最大剪切应变率主要沿着实皆-阿帕龙断裂、鲜水河-小江断裂等构造带分布,区域最大面压缩率发生在阿萨姆东北部一带(N28°~29°、E95.5°~96.5°),最高量值为151.8×10^(-9)a^(-1);反映喜马拉雅东构造结的最强变形核心部位已经由南迦巴瓦峰地区向其东南方向发生了转移,移至位于阿萨姆东北部地区的喜马拉雅主边界逆冲断裂与阿帕龙断裂的交汇处。综合分析认为,喜马拉雅东构造结地区在印度板块强烈的楔入挤压作用下,大陆变形以地壳增厚为主,深部以黏塑性为特征的下地壳和上地幔物质的流动驱动着上覆脆性上地壳地块。

Aseismic negative dislocation model and deformation analysis of crustal horizontal movement during 1999--2001 in the northeast margin of Qinghai-Xizang block

Through numerical simulation for GPS data, aseismic negative dislocation model for crustal horizontal movement during 1999~2001 in the northeast margin of Qinghai-Xizang block is presented, combined with the spatial distribution of apparent strain field in this area, the characteristics of motion and deformation of active blocks and their boundary faults, together with the place and intensity of strain accumulation are analyzed. It is shown that: a) 9 active blocks appeared totally clockwise motion from eastward by north to eastward by south. Obvious sinistral strike-slip and NE-NEE relative compressive motion between the blocks separated by Qilianshan-Haiyuan fault zone was discovered; b) 20 fault segments (most of them showed compression) locked the relative motion between blocks to varying degrees, among the total, the mid-east segment of Qilianshan fault (containing the place where it meets Riyueshan-Lajishan fault) and the place where it meets Haiyuan fault and Zhuanglanghe fault, more favored accumulation of strain. Moreover, the region where Riyueshan-Lajishan fault meets north boundary of Qaidam block may have strain accumulation to some degree. c) Obtained magnitude of block velocities and locking of their boundaries were less than relevant results for observation in the period of 1993~1999.

The Dynamic Characteristics of Strain Fields and Crustal Movement before the Wenchuan Earthquake (M_S=8.0)

In this paper, we analyze the crustal movements, strain field changes and large scale dynamic characteristics of horizontal deformation before the Wenchuan earthquake （ Ms = 8.0） using GPS data obtained from the Crustal Movement Observation Network of China. The following issues are discussed. First, the strain fields of the Longmeushan fault zone located at the epicenter show slow accumulation, because of the tectonic dynamics process subjected to the eastward movement of the Bayan Har block. Second, the different movements between the Longmenshan fault and South China block are smaller than the errors of GPS observation. Third, the high value of compressive strain （2004 - 2007） is located at the epicenter, which shows that the local squeezing action is stronger than before. Fourth, the data from GPS reference stations in the Chinese Mainland show that crustal shortening is faster than before in the north-eastern direction, which is part of the background of the local tectonic dynamics increase in the Longmenshan fault zone.

Numerical analysis of contemporary hori-zontal tectonic deformation fields in China from GPS data

Assuming that the contemporary tectonic activity in China can be treated as continuous, we have simulated 1245 present-day multiple-epoch GPS velocity solutions in the range of Chinese mainland, Mongolia, Myanma, India, Nepal and Himalayas with a bi-cubic spline interpolation function to inverse the integral horizontal velocity with the fitting accuracy less than 3 mm and obtained the strain rate fields in Chinese mainland. We have also analyzed the characteristics of spatial distribution of horizontal deformation and strain rate fields in Chinese mainland. The result shows that the analysis on the continuous deformation in the large-scale and dense GPS velocity fields can reveal not only the integral tectonic characters of Chinese mainland but also the tectonic characters in local regions. Generally, the magnitude and intensity of horizontal tectonic deformation have a mutation in the South-North Seismic Belt (95°E-102°E), which is stronger in the west than the east and stronger in the south than the north. Large strain rates are found in the areas as Kunlun block, Xianshuihe fault zone and central Yunnan, and the variation of velocity is very rapid. At the same time, the tectonic activity is relatively calm on Altyn Tagh fault zone, and extensive strain is found in the eastern part of central Tianshan.

Dynamic evolution of crustal horizontal deformation before the Ms6.4 Menyuan earthquake

An Ms6.4 earthquake occurred in the Menyuan county of Qinghai Province on Jan 21, 2016. In order to recognize the development of horizontal deformation and distinguish precursory deformation anomalies, we obtained coordinates time series, velocity and strain model around the seismic zones from processing of continuous observations from 2010 and 6 times of surveying Global Positioning System （GPS） data since 2009. The results show that, before the earthquake, the eastern segmentation of the Qilian tectonic zone where the Lenglongling Fault located is in strong crustal shortening and compressional strain state with dilatational rates of -15 to -25 ppb. The Lenglongling Fault has a strike-slip rate of 3.1 mm/a and a far-field differential orthogonal rate of 7 mm/a, while differential rate is only 1.2 mm/a near the fault, which reflects its locking feature with strain energy accumulation and high seismic risks. Dynamic evolution of deformation model shows that preevent dilatational rates around the seismic zones increases from 15 ppb/a to -20 ppb/a with its center moving to the source areas. Time series of N components of G337 station, which is 13.7 km away from the Lenglongling Fault, exhibit a 5 mm/a acceleration anomaly. Time series of base-station QHME （in Menyuan） displays a reverse acceleration from the end of Sep. to Dec., 2016 when it comes to a largest deviation, and the accumulative displacement is more than 4 mm and the value reverse till the earthquake. In our results, coseismic displacement of N, E, U components in QHME site are 3.0 mm, 3.0 mm, -5.4 mm, respectively. If we profile these values onto the Lenglongling Fault, we can achieve a 1.1 mm of strike slip and 4.1 mm updip slip relative to the hanging wall.

Preliminary Study on the Horizontal Crustal Deformation in Chinese Continent

In the paper, the current strain field and stress field in Chinese continent have been discussedbased on the processed data from two GPS campaigns of national GPS network carried out inthe years of 1994 and 1996. With a principal compressional strain direction of NNE, thewestern and castern parts of Qinghai-Xizang subplate are dominated by extensional straiu andthe central Part by compressional strain. Along the southwestern segment of southeastern partof Qinghai-Xizang subplate, i. e. Yunnan area, the princiPal compressional strain direction isNW and the compressional strain is equivalent to the extensional strain in magnitude. Theprincipal compressional strain of Xinjiang subplate is mainly NNE and NE with a difference inthe strain magnitude. The principal compressional strain in North China subplate is quite effective in NE and nearly EW directions with differences along some segments. However, thecompressional strain is corresponding to the extensional strain in magnitude in most areas.

Construction of GPS MonitoringNetwork,Characteristics of RecentCrustal Movement,and Relationbetween Stress Field andEarthquake Activity in the NingxiaRegion

GPS observation network is deployed in the central part of Ningxia, which is the juncture of the Alxa block, Ordos block and Qinghai-Xizang (Tibet) block. Using the data of five phases of repeated survey sine 1996, the current state of crustal movement in the central part of Ningxia is analyzed. From the result, we can know the following. (1) In the period from Dec. 1996 to May 1999, the central part of Ningxia had the phenomenon of left-lateral movement about the west margin of Ordos (measuring station P2) and the Lingwu fault on the east of the Yinchuan basin displayed the mode of left-lateral reverse strike slip movement. In that region, the direction of the principal stress field was NNE-SSW (with an azimuth of 29.8?; the central part to the south of the measuring station P2 displaced eastward; the vertical deformation was obviously greater than the horizontal deformation in order of magnitude; the Yinchuan basin and Qinghai-Xizang (Tibet) block were in a state of rising; the measuring station P1 in the hinterland of Ordos showed a trend of subsiding year by year; and there may be a hidden fault to exist between the measuring points P3 and P4. (2) About one year before the occurrence of moderately strong earthquakes in the vicinity of the measuring region, deformation anomalies and abnormal changes of principal stress direction can be observed by the GPS measuring stations in that region; before moderately strong earthquakes near the measuring region and before strong earthquakes in adjacent regions, the simulated GPS deformation vector field ofthat region can betoken the approximate position of the coming earthquake. These results can be regarded as the eigenvalues of earthquake prediction for consideration.

GPS观测到的2004年印度洋9.3级等大地震前后地壳运动

2004—2012年印尼西部海域发生多次大地震,其中2004年印度洋9.3级巨震为21世纪以来全球最强。利用印尼及其邻近区域35个GPS连续观测站和中国内地北京附近的GPS连续观测站BJFS站全球参考框架坐标时间序列,可得到以BJFS作为核心站的区域参考框架下这些观测站大地震震前位移积累、同震和震后位移,特别是震前水平位移积累和同震水平位移。该区大地震时空间隔密,且分布范围较大,观测站相互间与地震相关的地壳运动影响明显,地壳运动极为复杂。本文重点讨论了5次8级以上大地震前后地壳运动的特点、成因和相互影响。GPS观测结果显示,研究区域内7.5级以上地震的同震水平位移是震前水平位移积累的(弹性)回跳,震前水平位移积累是前兆。9.3级与2005年8.7级地震震级与时空相近,有重合与不重合的前兆形变区,是前者触发后者的主要条件;而9.3级与8.7级震后强烈地壳水平运动与2012年8.6级和8.2级地震的发生直接有关;2007年8.4级地震的发生与9.3级和8.7级地震无明显关系,但其震后水平位移影响了赤道南8.6级和8.2级地震的同震水平位移。尽管所采用的GPS连续观测站数量少、密度低,但仍为研究地震预测中多次地震前后地壳运动的复杂性提供了有意义的震例。研究表明,印尼西部地区是全球最有意义的地震预测探索区之一。

Contemporary crustal tectonic movement in the southern Sichuan-Yunnan block based on dense GPS observation data

We analyzed 360 permanent and campaign GPS data from 1999 to 2017 in the southern Sichuan-Yunan block, and obtained crustal horizontal deformation in this region.Then, we derived the strain rate using a multi-scale spherical wavelet method.Results reveal a complex pattern of tectonic movement in the southern Sichuan-Yunnan block.Compared to the stable Eurasian plate, the maximum rate of the horizontal deformation in the southern Sichuan-Yunnan block is approximately 22 mm/a.The Xiaojiang fault shows a significantly lower deformation—a left-lateral strike-slip movement of 9.5 mm/a.The Honghe fault clearly shows a complex segmental deformation from the north to south.The northern Honghe fault shows 4.3 mm/a right strike-slip with 6.7 mm/a extension; the southern Honghe fault shows 1.9 mm/a right strike-slip with 1.9 mm/a extension; the junction zone in the Honghe and Lijiang–Xiaojinhe faults shows an obvious clockwise-rotation deformation.The strain calculation results reveal that the maximum shear-strain rate in this region reaches 70 nstrain/a, concentrated around the Xiaojiang fault and at the junction of the Honghe and Lijiang–Xiaojinhe faults.We note that most of the earthquakes with magnitudes of 4 and above that occurred in this region were within the high shear strain-rate zones and the strain rate gradient boundary zone, which indicates that the magnitude of strain accumulation is closely related to the seismic activities.Comparison of the fast shear-wave polarization direction of the upper-crust with the upper-mantle anisotropy and the direction of the surface principal compressive strain rate obtained from the inversion of the GPS data reveals that the direction of the surface principal compressive strain is basically consistent with the fast shear-wave polarization direction of the upper crust anisotropy, but different from the polarization direction of the upper mantle.Our results support the hypothesis that the principal elements of the deformation mechanism in the southern Sichuan-Yunnan block are decoupling between the upper and lower crust and ductile flow in the lower crust.

2022年门源6.9级地震的GPS形变特征

利用1999~2021年的GPS观测资料研究2022年门源6.9级地震震中附近区域的地壳形变特征。速度场在祁连山-海原地震带两侧呈现出明显的“南大北小”特性。发震断层速度剖面结果显示,断层两侧挤压速率为3.1 mm/a,走滑速率为3.9 mm/a,这与走滑为主的震源机制解一致。门源地震位于主应变率场和面膨胀率场高值区向低值区过渡的梯度带上,发生在最大剪应变率场和应变率第二张量不变量高值区边缘地区。同震库仑应力触发了大部分的余震,对冷龙岭断裂到海原断裂的地区有一定的应力加载作用。综合地壳形变特征和库仑应力等分析结果认为,冷龙岭断裂到海原断裂地区的地震危险性有所提高。

Active tectonic deformation around the Tarim Basin inferred from dense GPS measurements

The surrounding area of the Tarim Basin is featured by active tectonic deformation and intense seismic activity.The study of the crustal deformation characteristics of this area will help revealing the role of the Tarim Basin in the crustal evolution.In order to accurately obtain the deformation characteristics of this area,we firstly obtained the highly detailed and accurate three-dimensional(3D)crustal deformation velocities of the Tarim Basin and its surrounding areas through high-precision processing of existing Global Positioning System(GPS)data.Thereafter,the slip rate and strain rate fields of the main faults in the region were calculated based on the updated velocity results.The strain rate of the Altyn Tagh fault is dominated by shear strain and the strike slip rate is 8-10 mm/yr.The strain rate between the Tien Shan and Tarim Basin is dominated by extrusion strain,and the extrusion rate is 4-6 mm/yr.In addition to the large shear strain,there is also a certain tensile strain in the Tibetan Plateau.Geodetic results show that the main driving force for the deformation of the Tien Shan is the northward thrust of the Tarim Basin.The relative movement mode between the Tarim Basin and Tibetan Plateau mainly comprises the strike slip movement along the strike direction of the Altyn Tagh fault,with a small extrusion deformation.Therefore,the Tarim Basin has little influence on the northesouth shortening deformation of the Tibetan Plateau.

利用GPS数据研究中缅边界地区现今地壳形变特征

中缅边界地区位于缅甸弧东缘—青藏高原东南缘—巽他板块的衔接地带,地质构造复杂,区内多条活动断裂横跨中缅两国.为了研究中缅边界地区现今地壳形变特征,本文收集处理1998至2020年中国和缅甸的GPS数据,获得了中缅边界地区高空间分辨率的GPS速度场,并采用多尺度球面小波方法计算了多尺度应变率场.结果表明:(1)印度板块向缅甸块体东侧强烈挤压俯冲作用导致位于缅甸弧的GPS测站以约30 mm/a的速度沿NNE向随着印度板块向青藏高原推挤,缅甸弧地区剪切应变积累明显,主压应变率在弧外侧表现为垂直构造走向的近东西向挤压,在弧内侧与伊洛瓦底江盆地表现为平行构造的近南北向挤压.实皆断裂处于主应变率与剪应变率的高值区,存在分段活动性:北段两侧的速度呈现明显的差异,剪切应变积累显著,呈现右旋剪切运动和缩短;中段以约20 mm/a的速度向NNW向运动,具有右旋走滑兼拉张特征.(2)川滇块体围绕东喜马拉雅构造结顺时针旋转,GPS速度方向从构造结北侧的近东西向运动偏转到川滇菱形块体为向南或东南运动,并在滇西南地区呈弥散型分布,速率向东南逐渐减小.其中,小江断裂带总体为左旋走滑.红河断裂中段具有较低的走滑速率,而北段和南段具有较高的剪切速率.大盈江断裂呈现出东西向拉张的特点,表现出明显的左旋走滑特征.龙陵—瑞丽断裂呈右旋走滑兼拉张特征.南汀河断裂、孟连断裂、景洪—打洛断裂等均处于低剪切状态,以左旋走滑为主.西北—东南走向的澜沧断裂、无量山断裂则表现出右旋走滑特征,北西走向的龙陵—澜沧断裂带表现为右旋走滑为主兼具拉张性质.(3)实皆断裂、畹町断裂、南汀河断裂、无量山断裂中部等地区应变积累较快,其地震危险性值得关注.本研究对于认识中缅边界地区的构造动力学特征,评估该区的地震灾害具有科学意义和现实需求.

Characteristics of regional crustal deformation before 2016 Menyuan Ms6.4 earthquake

On January 21, 2016, a strong earthquake with a magnitude of Ms6.4 happened at Menyuan, Qinghai Province of China. In almost the same place, there was another strong earthquake happened in 1986, with similar magnitude and focal mechanism. In this paper, we analyze the characteristics of regional crustal deformation before the 2016 Menyuan Ms6.4 earth- quake by using the data from 10 continuous Global Positioning System （GPS） stations and 74 campaign-mode GPS stations within 200 km of this event： （a） Based on the velocity field from over ten years GPS observations, a regional strain rate field is calculated. The results indicate that the crustal strain rate and seismic moment accumulation rate of the Qilian- Haiyuan active fault, which is the seismogenic tectonics of the event, are significantly higher than the surrounding regions. In a 20 km~ 20 km area around the seismogenic region, the maximum and minimum principal strain rates are 21.5 nanostrain/a （NW-SE extension） and -46.6 nanostrain/a （NE-SW compression）, respectively, and the seismic moment accumulation rates is 17.4 Nm/a. The direction of principal compression is consistent with the focal mechanism of this event. （b） Based on the position time series of the continuous GPS stations for a time-span of about 6 years before the event, we calculate the strain time series. The results show that the dilatation of the seismogenic region is continuously reduced with a ＂non-linear＂ trend since 2010, which means the seismogenic region has been in a state of compression. However, about 2-3 months before the event, both the dilatation and maximum shear strain show significant inverse trends. These abnormal changes of crustal deformation may reflect the non-linear adjustment of the stress-strain accumulation of the seismogenic region, when the accumulation is approaching the critical value of rupture.

华北地区GPS地壳应变能密度变化率场及其构造运动分析

利用GAMIT软件将华北地区GPS地壳形变监测网 1 995、1 996及 1 999年 3期观测数据同全球IGS跟踪站资料进行了统一处理 ,并采用基线向量单天解及其全协方差矩阵和武汉大学PowerAdjVer3 .0软件在ITRF97框架下进行了GPS网整体平差 ,得出了相对于欧亚板块的水平运动速度场 ;进一步利用GPS速度场计算华北地区GPS地壳应变率场及应变能密度变化率场 .GPS结果表明 :华北地区现以 (3— 1 2mm/a)± 3 .4mm/a速度相对于稳定的欧亚板块向东或东南方向运动 ;唐山—河间—磁县是一个压缩活动边界 ,大同—太原则是一拉张活动边界 ,呈略带右旋的拉张运动 ;北京—天津—渤海湾地区 ,以及邢台地区是高剪应变率地区 ;张家口—北京—天津—渤海湾地区 ,以及济南地区是高应变能密度变化率地区 ,地壳积累能量高 ,且渤海湾地区处于面膨胀变化率正、负值过渡带 ,那里可能存在与地震危险性有关的应变能积累背景 .

基于多种GPS数据研究福建及其邻近海域1994-1997年地壳水平运动

为研究中国大陆东南部的边缘海动力学，基于中国大陆和福建区域的ＧＰＳ观测网 以及环绕中国大陆的ＩＧＳ（Ｉｎｔｅｒｎａｔｉｏｎａｌ ＧＰＳ Ｓｅｒｖｉｃｅ）跟踪站在１９９４—１９９７年间的测量数据， 建立块体运动和块内变形两种力学模型，研究了福建及其邻近海域现今地壳水平运动速度场 和应变率场．结果表明：无论在中国大陆还是在中国大陆周边框架内，或相对于台湾而言，福 建及其邻近海域均整体地向着东南或东偏南方向，即指向海洋的方向作水平运动．运动平均 速率为１１．２±３．０ｍｍ／ａ（福建网）或１４．０±４．０ｍｍ／ａ（全国网）．然而在福建区域内还存在着 一种由海洋指向大陆内部的北西向运动，其运动平均速率为 ３．０± ２．６ｍｍ／ ａ．区域应变率场 主压应变方位为ＮＷ（ＮＷＷ）－ＳＥ（ＳＥＥ）．印度板块对欧亚板块的碰撞通过中国大陆内部各 块体间的侧向传递和菲律宾海板块对台湾（欧亚大陆东南沿）的仰冲与挤压，同时作用到福建 及其邻近海域。此种联合作用现今仍在继续进行中，前者的影响比后者更强烈，但前者形成的 速率场均匀，而后者不均匀。

利用GPS资料分析南天山地区的地壳形变特征

利用 1998年和 2 0 0 0年南天山地区的区域性 GPS监测网的两期观测数据 ,并结合中亚天山地区的全球站数据 ,利用 GAMIT/ GL OBK软件对这些数据进行了分析处理 ,首次获得了较为详尽和准确的南天山地区的地壳形变特征。