A new edge recognition technology based on the normalized vertical derivative of the total horizontal derivative for potential field data

Edge detection and enhancement techniques are commonly used in recognizing the edge of geologic bodies using potential field data. We present a new edge recognition technology based on the normalized vertical derivative of the total horizontal derivative which has the functions of both edge detection and enhancement techniques. First, we calculate the total horizontal derivative （THDR） of the potential-field data and then compute the n-order vertical derivative （VDRn） of the THDR. For the n-order vertical derivative, the peak value of total horizontal derivative （PTHDR） is obtained using a threshold value greater than 0. This PTHDR can be used for edge detection. Second, the PTHDR value is divided by the total horizontal derivative and normalized by the maximum value. Finally, we used different kinds of numerical models to verify the effectiveness and reliability of the new edge recognition technology.

First-order Derivative Spectrophotometry for the Determination of Vitamin C in Medicament

A novel method for the determination of vitamin C（Vc） is proposed in this article. After the reaction with Folin-Ciocalteau reagent at ambient temperature, Vc solution was scanned at 750--1100 nm, and its first-order derivative spectrum were obtained from the original spectrum. The values of derivative selected at 995 nm were used for determination. It was proved that Vc could quickly react with Folin-Ciocalteau reagent within 5 min and the product was quite stable for a long time. The conditions required for this method is not very complicated, its precision and accuracy are similar to those of the iodometric titration described in Chinese Pharmacopoeia, and the limit of detection is 0.312 μg/mL. The determination of the results of vitamin C tablet, pill, and injection demonstrates that this method has wide pharmaceutical applications.

Diagnostic Method and Adaptability Analysis of Multiple Water Breakthroughs in Horizontal Well in Combined Well Pattern

The combined well pattern has been widely used in reservoir development, with a common pattern being a horizontal well in the center for oil production and multiple vertical wells around for water injection. For this type of well pattern, determining the horizontal well is affected by which injection wells, especially when the injecting water breaks through, accurately determining the direction of water inflow will provide an important basis for targeted water well measures. Based on the production performance data of horizontal wells, the semi logarithmic relationship curves of water-oil ratio, derivative water-oil ratio, and cumulative production were used for the first time to determine the breakthrough problem of water injection in the surrounding water injection wells of horizontal wells based on their response characteristics. The adaptability of this method under different influencing factors was analyzed. Introducing the parameter of cumulative production not only preserves the variation trend of the derivative of water-oil ratio with time, but also facilitates the processing of actual production data.

Normalized edge detection, and the horizontal extent and depth of geophysical anomalies

Edge detection is an image processing technique for finding the boundaries of objects within images. It is typically used to interpret gravity and magnetic data, and find the horizontal boundaries of geological bodies. Large deviations between model and true edges are common because of the interference of depth and errors in computing the derivatives; thus, edge detection methods cannot provide information about the depth of the source. To simultaneously obtain the horizontal extent and depth of geophysical anomalies, we use normalized edge detection filters, which normalize the edge detection function at different depths, and the maxima that correspond to the location of the source. The errors between model and actual edges are minimized as the depth of the source decreases and the normalized edge detection method recognizes the extent of the source based on the maxima, allowing for reliable model results. We demonstrate the applicability of the normalized edge detection filters in defining the horizontal extent and depth using synthetic and actual aeromagnetic data.

HORIZONTAL WELL PRESSURE ANALYSIS IN BOX-BOUNDED RESERVOIRS

In this paper, solutions to the 3D transient flow mathematical model for horizontal wells in box-rounded reservoirs are presented. The solutions are derived in Laplace transform domain by employing integral transform and point-source superposition. Both efficient computation of pressure responses and practical technology of oil field application mentioned here may be used to interpret the data from unsteady-state horizontal well testing.

Identification of the Caroline Plate boundary:constraints from magnetic anomaly

The Caroline Plate is located among the Pacific Plate,the Philippine Sea Plate,and the India Australia Plate,and plays a key role in controlling the spreading direction of the Philippine Sea Plate.The Caroline Submarine Plateau(or Caroline Ridge)and the Eauripik Rise on the south formed a remarkable T-shaped large igneous rock province,which covered the northern boundary between the Caroline Plate and the Pacific Plate.However,relationship between these tectonic units and magma evolution remains unclear.Based on magnetic data from the Earth Magnetic Anomaly Grid(2-arc-minute resolution)(V2),the normalized vertical derivative of the total horizontal derivative(NVDR-THDR)technique was used to study the boundary of the Caroline Plate.Results show that the northern boundary is a transform fault that runs 1400 km long in approximately 28 km wide along the N8°in E-W direction.The eastern boundary is an NNW-SSE trending fault zone and subduction zone with a width of tens to hundreds of kilometers;and the north of N4°is a fracture zone of dense faults.The southeastern boundary may be the Lyra Trough.The area between the southwestern part of the Caroline Plate and the Ayu Trough is occupied by a wide shear zone up to 100 km wide in nearly S-N trending in general.The Eauripik transform fault(ETF)in the center of the Caroline Plate and the fault zones in the east and west basins are mostly semi-parallel sinistral NNW-SSE–trending faults,which together with the eastern boundary Mussau Trench(MT)sinistral fault,the northern Caroline transform fault(CTF),and the southern shear zone of the western boundary,indicates the sinistral characteristics of the Caroline Plate.The Caroline hotspot erupted in the Pacific Plate near the CTF and formed the west Caroline Ridge,and then joined with the Caroline transform fault at the N8°.A large amount of magma erupted along the CTF,by which the east Caroline Ridge was formed.At the same time,a large amount of magma developed southward via the eastern branch of the ETF,forming the northern segment of the Eauripik Rise.Therefore,the magmatic activity of the T-shaped large igneous province is obviously related to the fault structure of the boundary faults between the Caroline Plate and Pacific Plate,and the active faults within the Caroline Plate.

海上多段生产水平气井试井解释方法及其应用

以南海北部海域X气田1H气井为例,建立了多段水平气井模型,进行试井解释研究。通过对该井实际试井解释的应用效果对比,分析多段水平气井模型相对于常规水平井模型的优势。研究表明,应用多段水平气井模型可对水平气井的有效段数、长度、间隔等参数进行合理解释,解释结果更符合储层实际。

重磁勘探地质异常体边界识别方法研究及对比

地质异常体边界识别是重磁资料处理中的重要步骤。通过设置3种不同的理论重磁模型(地下单一地质异常体模型,地下两个规模相同但埋深不同的地质异常体模型,添加随机噪音的单一地质异常体模型),使用自行编制的重磁处理软件对垂向一阶导数法、解析信号法、总水平方向导数法、倾斜角法、Theta图法、归一化标准差法、解析信号倾斜角法、广义导数算子法、增强型倾斜角法、平面全张量倾斜角法以及改进二阶倾斜角法等11种地质异常体边界识别方法的优缺点进行了详细的研究和对比。通过一系列正演计算,结合上述不同方法对噪音的敏感程度,研究得出了不同方法各自具有的优缺点以及在不同的实际情况下应选择哪种或哪些方法。总体上看,总水平方向导数法、增强型倾斜角法和归一化标准差法3种方法,对地质异常体边界识别效果最好。

基于重力数据的断裂构造识别及其在武威地区的应用

为查明青藏高原东北缘武威地区沙漠腹地区域断裂构造展布特征,笔者采用区域性断裂在重力异常场和剩余重力异常场的识别标志,结合小子域滤波联合总水平导数法,对武威地区区域性断裂的浅部信息进行提取,精细刻画断裂发育特征,并通过地震反射剖面结果进行验证。结果表明,研究区整体发育北西向、北西西向和北东向3组断裂构造,其中新识别出F_(1)、F_(2)两条北东向断裂,并对F_(4)断裂西段走向进行了修正。断裂的空间展布特征约束了武威盆地的断裂构造格架,为该区域盆地划分及成矿等提供基础地质信息。

位场数据线性特征提取技术在扎河坝地区构造划分中的应用

为精细解译划分新疆扎河坝地区地质构造,指导地质找矿工作,在介绍研究区地质背景、布格重力异常、航磁异常特征的基础上,分别采用水平方向导数和总水平梯度倾角法(TAHG)对研究区布格重力异常数据进行线性构造提取对比分析。结果表明,后者较传统方向导数法,提取构造的连续性更强,能识别出不同规模层次的断裂,精度更高。通过综合研究,共识别区内一级断裂(深大断裂)5条,二级断裂25条,取得了较好的应用效果。

A Comparative Structural Study of Southern Region Shallow Basement of the North-Kivu Province (DR Congo) by Gravity and Magnetic Data Analysis

The aim of this study is to characterize the subsoil in the southern region of the North-Kivu province (DR Congo). Gravity and geomagnetic data were used in this study. Five different filters—the horizontal gradient magnitude, the analytic signal, the tilt derivative, the horizontal derivative of tilt derivative and the tilt angle of horizontal gradient—enabled us to delineate the gravity and magnetic anomaly sources present in the shallow subsurface of the study area. The plains of the Rutshuru territory are dominated by sources of weak gravity anomalies and sources of very weak magnetic anomalies located almost in the same places. The southern part of Rutshuru territory and a large part of Masisi territory are underlain by shallow sources of high gravity and magnetic anomalies. Gravity and magnetic anomaly sources are almost identical in the study area. The shallow sources of gravity and magnetic anomalies encountered in our study area are more or less linear and connected. The numerous gravity and magnetic lineaments present in our study region have three major directions: oriented East-West, North-South and North-East-South-West.

Structural Study of the Kakobola Area and Its Surroundings by Detecting the Edges of Gravity Anomaly Sources

The area covered by this study is the county of Kakobola and its surroundings. Previous studies show that those related to the study of depths by the gravity method, using other techniques, are not always carried out until now. The main goal of this article is the gravimetric characterization of our area by other approach. The interest is not only to map the lineaments and to know their dip, but also to estimate the depths of these different anomalies. The methods used for this study are the first total horizontal derivative (FTHDT), tilt angle (TA), analytical signal (AS) and horizontal gradient magnitude (HGM). The processing of the complete Bouguer anomalies (CBA) data was done mainly through software. Data analysis using the semi-finished body depth method shows depths ranging from 7.49 m to 224.6 m. Data analysis using the AS method shows values ranging from 41.7 mGal/m to 510 mGal/m. The fractures and/or geological contacts in our study area show dips ranging from -73.73° to 68.16° and North-South orientation according to the tilt angle method. The FTHDT shows several lineaments, a NE oriented fracture of Kakobola and low dip values which suggest a tabular structure of the subsurface in our study area. According to the HGM, the study area shows several preferential directions of fractures and/or geological contacts whose the most frequent directions are the NNE-SSW and WNW.

鞍山地区磁异常研究及找矿远景分析

从鞍山地区磁异常的总体特征入手将磁异常划分为三个成矿带,针对南北成矿带开展了详细的磁源分析、磁性体边界划分、正演计算及磁异常与“鞍山式”铁矿对应关系研究,得出南北异常带和东西异常带磁异常均由磁铁矿引起的结论,并且具有规模大、连续性好、向下延深大的特点。根据此异常特征预测深部铁矿资源量潜力巨大,对该区域深部铁矿找矿方向和矿山远景规划具有一定的指导意义。

河北省承德县地区航磁异常特征及找矿前景分析

河北省承德县地区地处华北陆块区晋冀古陆块的迁西陆核与燕山裂谷复合部位,中-新生代以来,其构造演化既受特提斯构造域影响,又受环太平洋构造域控制,经历了多期次的构造热事件,地质构造复杂,多金属成矿作用集中产出,成矿条件优越。在系统分析研究区地质背景的基础之上,采取水平一阶导数、垂向一阶导数以及Tilt梯度等技术方法对获取的1∶5万航磁数据进行各种位场转换与处理,根据磁异常分布特征,对区内已有的断裂和已知矿点进行了分析与研究,得到矿点与研究区内的断裂构造分布、磁性强弱分布密切相关。结合各种地质资料,利用Tilt梯度方法进一步完善了承德县地区的断裂构造,新推断断裂6条,依据化探异常与已知矿点航磁异常特征圈定找矿靶区共7处,为该区后续进一步研究地质构造背景和找矿提供借鉴。

归一化总水平导数法在位场数据解释中的应用

本文提出归一化总水平导数法,通过对总水平导数进行空间归一化计算实现了异常体水平位置和深度的估计,此外还推导出基于归一化总水平导数的欧拉反褶积法来估算地下地质体的空间位置,两种方法反演结果的相互验证可有效地提高反演结果的可信度.理论模型试验证明空间归一化总水平导数法和归一化总水平导数欧拉反褶积法均能有效地完成异常体的水平位置和深度的估计,所获得的位置参数与理论值相一致.在利用归一化总水平导数法进行磁异常解释时,对数据进行化磁极计算可得到更加准确的结果.将其应用于实际航磁数据的解释,获得了岩脉的大致分布特征.

位场数据边界识别的新方法—增强型水平导数法

边界识别是位场数据解释的一项基本任务.现有边界识别方法大多是基于水平与垂直导数的高通滤波器,但垂直导数的计算会明显地增大噪声的干扰.为了改善这一问题,本文提出了一种新的边界识别滤波器,该方法是利用不同阶水平导数之间的线性组合来进行地质体边界的识别,由于该方法不需要垂直导数参与计算,因此其输出结果较稳定.理论模型试验表明,该方法能够更加清晰的识别地质体的边界,且与其真实边界相吻合.最后将其应用于实际数据的处理中,其结果清晰地反映出断裂的位置及构造之间的界线,并能识别出更多的细节信息.

北京平原区断裂构造重力异常识别研究

区域重力异常蕴含丰富的断裂构造特征信息.采用小波多尺度分解、归一化总水平导数垂向导数(NVDR_THDR)和剖面2.5D重力异常反演方法对北京平原区高精度区域重力资料进行了处理,获得了主要断裂构造平面位置、长度、规模、汇交关系及深浅延伸特征,分析了利用重力异常识别断裂的效果.结果表明:(1)北京平原区NE向断裂平面延展长度大、连续性强,NW向断裂分段性明显,连续性弱,但NW向断裂对NE向断裂有切割改造迹象.近EW或SN向断裂分布较为局限.(2)主控断裂平面和垂向延伸特征差异明显,顺义断裂、孙河断裂、永定河断裂等为盖层断裂;南口断裂、孙河断裂西段、二十里长山断裂和张喜庄断裂为基底断裂;黄庄—高丽营断裂南段、南苑—通县断裂、礼贤断裂、夏垫断裂和皮各庄断裂东段为地壳断裂.(3)利用NVDR_THDR峰值异常带的连续性、幅值、宽度及错切关系可有效识别断裂的平面展布特征,通过小波变换获得的不同深度等效层异常结合2.5D剖面反演可有效研究断裂在基岩内部的深浅延伸情况,但重力异常的垂向分辨能力弱,断裂在新生界内部延伸特征需结合其他地质资料进一步分析.

各向异性断块油藏水平井产能公式的推导

封闭性断块油藏在中国分布广泛,具有较多原始地质储量和剩余可采储量,因此评价断块油气藏水平井的产能方法具有重要意义。利用水电相似原理和等值渗流动阻力法,对于布井位置不同的断块油藏,在考虑油层渗透率各向异性条件下,得到了预测水平井产能的公式和水平井产量与水平井长度成正比的直线关系。通过应用实例表明,对于断块油藏,水平井布置在油层中央时的产能显著高于布置在边部的产能,这主要由于前者的流动阻力明显低于后者;不同垂向拟平面径向流的半径,对水平井产能的影响较小,且水平井的产能主要受控于线性流动区的阻力。

利用加强水平方向总水平导数对位场全张量数据进行边界识别

位场全张量梯度数据以其信息量大、含有更高频的信号成分,能更好地描述小的异常特征等优点在地球物理领域中得到广泛应用.边界检测是位场解释中不可缺少的任务,需要新的边界探测器来处理位场梯度张量数据.为了充分利用位场梯度张量数据的多信息成分,本文定义了方向总水平导数和加强方向总水平导数,并利用其定义新的边界检测器.为了能同时显示不同振幅大小异常的边界,本文对其进行了归一化处理.通过模型试验,证明了归一化方法能更加清晰准确地显示浅部和深部的地质体边界信息.最后将该边界检测方法用于加拿大圣乔治湾实际测得全张量重力梯度数据和中国朱日和地区的磁异常数据中,并得到了较好的边界检测结果.

位场总水平导数极值位置空间变化规律研究

通过对位场总水平导数函数性质的研究表明,位场总水平导数不是位函数,因而利用位场总水平导数构造新的边缘识别方法时会出现"奇点",使得计算结果的稳定性下降.对单一边界、双边界、多边界模型重力异常总水平导数和重力异常垂向导数总水平导数极值位置的空间变化规律研究表明,重力异常垂向导数总水平导数和化极磁力异常总水平导数的极值位置相同,与重力异常总水平导数的极值位置空间变化规律相似.利用位场总水平导数极大值位置能够准确识别单一直立边界地质体的边缘位置,但不能准确识别其它任何形体的边缘位置,其识别结果的偏移量大小随地质体的埋深、水平尺寸以及倾斜程度等变化,但能收敛于某一固定值;重力异常垂向导数总水平导数比重力异常总水平导数的峰值更加尖锐、横向识别能力更强,其极大值位置更靠近地质体上顶面边缘位置,但存在"次极大值"的影响.